THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA
(HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this thesis is
my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory commite. This thesis does not
include proprietary or clasified information.
_________________________________
Krystal Grace Waltman
Certificate of Approval:
______________________________ ______________________________
Charles H. Ray, Jr. Michael L. Wiliams, Chair
Research Felow IV Profesor
Entomology and Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology
DECEASED
______________________________ ______________________________
Wayne E. Clark George Folkerts
Profesor Profesor
Entomology and Plant Pathology Biological Sciences
______________________________
George T. Flowers
Interim Dean
Graduate School
THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA
(HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Krystal Grace Waltman
A Thesis
Submited to
the Graduate Faculty of
Auburn University
in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the
Degre of
Master of Science
Auburn, Alabama
August 9, 2008
iii
THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA
(HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Krystal Grace Waltman
Permision is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion,
upon request of individuals or institutions, and at their expense. The author
reserves al publication rights.
__________________________________
Date of Graduation
iv
VITA
Krystal Grace Waltman was born June 30, 1984 in Fort Worth, Texas to Samuel A.
and Beth E. Waltman. She graduated in the summer of 2006 from Texas A&M
University with a Bachelor of Science in Entomology. Krystal was acepted into
the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at Auburn University and began as a
full-time student in the Fal of 2006.
v
THESIS ABSTRACT
THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA
(HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Krystal Grace Waltman
Master of Science, August 9, 2008
(B.S., Texas A&M University, 2006)
198 Typed Pages
Directed by Michael L. Wiliams
This thesis presents the most complete and up-to-date survey available for the
armored scale insects of Alabama. Prior to this survey, the most current survey
list available was completed in 1994 and included records of 76 species. This
list was a result of collecting by Dr. Michael Williams and his former students
since 1973. The current survey that I have completed includes 31 species not
previously recorded in Alabama, bringing the total to 107 recorded armored
scales. Specimens were collected from around the state and incorporated into
the Auburn University Coccoidea Collection. Information presented for each
species known from Alabama includes: biology, distribution across Alabama, a listing
vi
of host plant species, a photograph of it (before slide mounting), and a short
description of morphological characters of the scale cover, for aid in simplification of
field identification. The records from my survey and al information pertaining to
them are presented in this thesis.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Michael L. Wiliams for the
time, efort and guidance he has given me during my time at Auburn. I?d also like to
thank my commite members Dr. Charles Ray and Dr. Wayne Clark, for their advice and
direction. Special thanks go to Dr. Charles Ray for his continuous help and support in al
areas of my research. Thanks also go to Dr. Greg Hodges, his asociates, and the Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services for their help in securing
photographs (figures) 6, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 56, 62, 67, 68, 73, 76, 77, and 78 of the
armored scale insects treated in my thesis. I especialy owe a debt of gratitude to my
friends and my family who have loved and supported me from a distance. Lastly, I?d like
to thank my husband, Patrick McDuff for his encouragement and love over the years.
vii
Computer software used: Microsoft ? Word 2004 for Mac
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES AND MAPS?????????????????????..xii
LIST OF FIGURES??????????????????????????.xvii
LIST OF APENDICES????????????????????????xvii
INTRODUCTION???????????????????????????..1
MATERIALS AND METHODS......................????????????????.3
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF ARMORED SCALE INSECTS?????????5
TRIBE: ODONASPIDINI...........?????????????????....7
TRIBE: DIASPIDINI...........????????????????????..8
TRIBE: ASPIDIOTINI...........??????????????????.....9
GENERA??????????????????????????????..14
Genus Abgrallaspis...........?????????????????????14
Genus Acutaspis..........??????????????????????.17
Genus Aonidia..........??????????????????????...19
Genus Aonidiela..............?????????????????????20
Genus Aonidomytilus...........????????????????????.22
Genus Aspidiela...........??????????????????????26
Genus Aspidiotus...........?????????????????????..27
Genus Aulacaspis...........?????????????????????..30
Genus Carulaspis...........?????????????????????..32
x
Genus Chionaspis????????????????????????..34
Genus Chortinaspis????????????????????????45
Genus Chrysomphalus??????????????????????..46
Genus Clavaspis?????????????????????????50
Genus Comstockiela???????????????????????.52
Genus Diaspidiotus????????????????????????53
Genus Diaspis??????????????????????????65
Genus Duplachionaspis??????????????????????.69
Genus Dynaspidiotus???????????????????????.70
Genus Fiorinia?????????????????????????..71
Genus Fisuraspis????????????????????????..73
Genus Froggattiela???????????????????????..74
Genus Gymnaspis????????????????????????..75
Genus Haliaspis?????????????????????????.76
Genus Hemiberlesia???????????????????????..77
Genus Kuwanaspis????????????????????????.82
Genus Lepidosaphes???????????????????????..86
Genus Lopholeucaspis??????????????????????..94
Genus Melanaspis????????????????????????..95
Genus Morganela???????????????????????..100
Genus Neopinnaspis???????????????????????.101
Genus Oceanaspidiotus?????????????????????..102
Genus Odonaspis????????????????????????.103
xi
Genus Parlatoria????????????????????????.105
Genus Pinnaspis????????????????????????..107
Genus Pseudaonidia???????????????????????109
Genus Pseudaulacaspis?????????????????????..111
Genus Pseudoparlatoria?????????????????????..114
Genus Quernaspis????????????????????????115
Genus Rhizaspidiotus??????????????????????..116
Genus Selenaspidus???????????????????????.117
Genus Unachionaspis??????????????????????..118
Genus Unaspis?????????????????????????.119
Genus Velataspis????????????????????????..120
RESULTS??????????????????????????????121
DISCUSION????????????????????????????.122
REFERENCES????????????????????????????124
APENDIX A. HOST PLANTS OF ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS.....125
APENDIX B. ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS BY HOST....????..138
APENDIX C. ARMORED SCALES IN ALABAMA BY COUNTY....?????.167
xii
LIST OF TABLE AND MAPS
Table 1. List of the armored scale insects of Alabama.?????????????11
Map A. County map of the state of Alabama?????????????????10
Map 1. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli?????????????????????..14
Map 2. Abgrallaspis ithacae???????????????????????..15
Map 3. Abgrallaspis liriodendri??????????????????????16
Map 4. Acutaspis morrisonorum?????????????????????..17
Map 5. Acutaspis perseae????????????????????????..18
Map 6. Aonidia atlantica????????????????????????..19
Map 7. Aonidiela auranti????????????????????????.20
Map 8. Aonidiela taxus?????????????????????????.21
Map 9. Aonidomytilus crookiae??????????????????????.22
Map 10. Aonidomytilus hyperici??????????????????????23
Map 11. Aonidomytilus sabatius??????????????????????24
Map 12. Aonidomytilus solidaginis?????????????????????25
Map 13. Aspidiela sacchari???????????????????????..26
Map 14. Aspidiotus cryptomeriae?????????????????????..27
Map 15. Aspidiotus marisci???????????????????????..28
Map 16. Aspidiotus neri?????????????????????????29
Map 17. Aulacaspis rosae????????????????????????..30
xii
Map 18. Aulacaspis yasumatsui??????????????????????.31
Map 19. Carulaspis juniperi???????????????????????..32
Map 20. Carulaspis minima???????????????????????..33
Map 21. Chionaspis americana??????????????????????.34
Map 22. Chionaspis furfura???????????????????????..35
Map 23. Chionaspis gleditsiae??????????????????????..36
Map 24. Chionaspis heterophylae?????????????????????37
Map 25. Chionaspis kosztarabi??????????????????????.38
Map 26. Chionaspis longiloba??????????????????????..39
Map 27. Chionaspis nysae????????????????????????40
Map 28. Chionaspis pinifoliae??????????????????????..41
Map 29. Chionaspis salicis-nigrae?????????????????????42
Map 30. Chionaspis styracis???????????????????????..43
Map 31. Chionaspis triformis???????????????????????44
Map 32. Chortinaspis subchortina?????????????????????45
Map 33. Chrysomphalus aonidum?????????????????????.46
Map 34. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus???????????????????.47
Map 35. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi???????????????????..48
Map 36. Chrysomphalus diversicolor????????????????????49
Map 37. Clavaspis crypta????????????????????????..50
Map 38. Clavaspis texana????????????????????????..51
Map 39. Comstockiela sabalis??????????????????????..52
Map 40. Diaspidiotus ancylus???????????????????????53
xiv
Map 41. Diaspidiotus bumeliae??????????????????????.54
Map 42. Diaspidiotus coniferarum?????????????????????55
Map 43. Diaspidiotus crystallinus?????????????????????.56
Map 44. Diaspidiotus forbesi.???????????????????????57
Map 45. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae????????????????????.58
Map 46. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris????????????????????.59
Map 47. Diaspidiotus mcombi??????????????????????.60
Map 48. Diaspidiotus osborni??????????????????????..61
Map 49. Diaspidiotus perniciosus?????????????????????.62
Map 50. Diaspidiotus taxodii???????????????????????.63
Map 51. Diaspidiotus uvae????????????????????????64
Map 52. Diaspis boisduvali???????????????????????..65
Map 53. Diaspis bromeliae????????????????????????66
Map 54. Diaspis echinocacti???????????????????????..67
Map 55. Diaspis townsendi????????????????????????68
Map 56. Duplachionaspis divergens????????????????????..69
Map 57. Dynaspidiotus californicus????????????????????..70
Map 58. Fiorinia fioriniae????????????????????????.71
Map 59. Fiorinia theae?????????????????????????..72
Map 60. Fisuraspis ulmi????????????????????????..73
Map 61. Froggattiela penicilata?????????????????????..74
Map 62. Gymnaspis aechmeae??????????????????????..75
xv
Map 63. Haliaspis spartinae???????????????????????..76
Map 64. Hemiberlesia difinis???????????????????????77
Map 65. Hemiberlesia lataniae??????????????????????..78
Map 66. Hemiberlesia neodifinis?????????????????????..79
Map 67. Hemiberlesia palmae??????????????????????..80
Map 68. Hemiberlesia rapax???????????????????????.81
Map 69. Kuwanaspis hikosani??????????????????????..82
Map 70. Kuwanaspis howardi??????????????????????..83
Map 71. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis???????????????????..84
Map 72. Kuwanaspis vermiformis?????????????????????.85
Map 73. Lepidosaphes becki???????????????????????.86
Map 74. Lepidosaphes cameliae?????????????????????..87
Map 75. Lepidosaphes gloveri??????????????????????..88
Map 76. Lepidosaphes lasianthi??????????????????????89
Map 77. Lepidosaphes newsteadi?????????????????????..90
Map 78. Lepidosaphes pallida??????????????????????..91
Map 79. Lepidosaphes ulmi???????????????????????..92
Map 80. Lopholeucaspis japonica?????????????????????.94
Map 81. Melanaspis arundinariae?????????????????????.95
Map 82. Melanaspis bromeliae??????????????????????..96
Map 83. Melanaspis obscura???????????????????????.97
Map 84. Melanaspis smilacis???????????????????????.98
Map 85. Melanaspis tenebricosa?????????????????????..99
xvi
Map 86. Morganela cueroensis?????????????????????..100
Map 87. Neopinnaspis harperi??????????????????????101
Map 88. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus????????????????????..102
Map 89. Odonaspis ruthae???????????????????????..103
Map 90. Odonaspis saccharicaulis????????????????????..104
Map 91. Parlatoria cameliae??????????????????????..105
Map 92. Parlatoria pergandii??????????????????????..106
Map 93. Pinnaspis aspidistrae??????????????????????.107
Map 94. Pinnaspis strachani??????????????????????..108
Map 95. Pseudaonidia duplex??????????????????????..109
Map 96. Pseudaonidia paeoniae?????????????????????..110
Map 97. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli????????????????????111
Map 98. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona???????????????????..112
Map 99. Pseudaulacaspis prunicola????????????????????113
Map 100. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides?????????????????.114
Map 101. Quernaspis quercicola?????????????????????.115
Map 102. Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi????????????????????.116
Map 103. Selenaspidus articulatus????????????????????..117
Map 104. Unachionaspis tenuis?????????????????????..118
Map 105. Unaspis euonymi???????????????????????..119
Map 106. Velataspis dentata???????????????????????120
xvii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Morphology of the tribe Odonaspidini????????????????..7
Figure 2. Morphology of the tribe Diaspidini..?????????????????8
Figure 3. Morphology of the tribe Aspidiotini..????????????????..9
Figure 4. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret)????????????????..14
Figure 5. Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab????????????????..17
Figure 6. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel)???????????????????.20
Figure 7. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi????????????????????..21
Figure 8. Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris)??????????????????.22
Figure 9. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris???????????????????23
Figure 10. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke)?????????????????25
Figure 11. Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel)??????????????????26
Figure 12. Aspidiotus neri Bouche????????????????????..29
Figure 13. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)???????????????????..30
Figure 14. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi??????????????????.31
Figure 15. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche).??????????????????..32
Figure 16. Carulaspis minima (Signoret).??????????????????.33
Figure 17. Chionaspis americana Johnson.?????????????????..34
Figure 18. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders.??????????????????.36
Figure 19. Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley?????????????????37
xvii
Figure 20. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai..??????????????38
Figure 21. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley...??????????????????39
Figure 22. Chionaspis nysae Comstock...??????????????????40
Figure 23. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)..??????????????????.41
Figure 24. Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear.??????????????44
Figure 25. Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing).????????????????..45
Figure 26. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus).???????????????.46
Figure 27. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris.???????????????..47
Figure 28. Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins..???????????????..50
Figure 29. Clavaspis texana Feris...????????????????????.51
Figure 30. Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock)..????????????????52
Figure 31. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam)...?????????????????.53
Figure 32. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris...??????????????????54
Figure 33. Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel)....??????????????.55
Figure 34. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris....????????????????..56
Figure 35. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson)....?????????????????57
Figure 36. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock)....?????????????..58
Figure 37. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky)...??????????????59
Figure 38. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel)...????????????.61
Figure 39. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)...??????????????..62
Figure 40. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris)....??????????????????63
Figure 41. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)....?????????????????.64
Figure 42. Diaspis boisduvali Signoret....??????????????????65
xix
Figure 43. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner)???????????????????..6
Figure 44. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche)??????????????????..67
Figure 45. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren)????????????????.69
Figure 46. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozeti)???????????????..71
Figure 47. Fiorinia theae Gren.?????????????????????..72
Figure 48. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke)..????????????????????.73
Figure 49. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren)..????????????????..74
Figure 50. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead.?????????????????.75
Figure 51. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock)..?????????????????.76
Figure 52. Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead).?????????????????77
Figure 53. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret).?????????????????78
Figure 54. Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson.????????????..79
Figure 55. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel)?????????????????80
Figure 56. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana).?????????????????..82
Figure 57. Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley).??????????????????83
Figure 58. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana).??????????????.84
Figure 59. Lepidosaphes becki (Newman).?????????????????..86
Figure 60. Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke.??????????????????.87
Figure 61. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel).?????????????????..91
Figure 62. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus).??????????????????92
Figure 63. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel).???????????????.94
Figure 64. Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson.????????????..95
Figure 65. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)..?????????????????97
xx
Figure 66. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)????????????????99
Figure 67. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock)??????????????..102
Figure 68. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky???????????????????103
Figure 69. Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner)???????????????.104
Figure 70. Parlatoria cameliae Comstock?????????????????.105
Figure 71. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock?????????????????.106
Figure 72. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)?????????????????107
Figure 73. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)??????????????????.108
Figure 74. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel)????????????????..109
Figure 75. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley)???????????????.111
Figure 76. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)???????????112
Figure 77. Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear?????????????115
Figure 78. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan).????????????????117
Figure 79. Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel).?????????????????118
Figure 80. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock).?????????????????..119
Figure 81. Velataspis dentata (Hoke).???????????????????.120
1
INTRODUCTION
The family Diaspididae (armored scale insects), is a large and diverse family,
that is widely distributed across the state of Alabama. Yet, there is no published
literature available cataloging the occurrence of armored scale insects in Alabama. Owen
(1925), Boyd (1932), and Tippins (1953) al did masters theses (Alabama Polytechnic
Institute) pertaining to scale insects in general, or select scale insects that included
Diaspididae. Tippins (1953) was the most inclusive of the thre and he listed 48 species
in 17 genera as occurring in Alabama. Two later studies on the biology of tea scale and
obscure scale were completed by Chiu (1974) and Hendricks & Wiliams (1992)
respectively. The most current survey list available was completed in 1994 and includes
records of 76 species in 32 genera. This unpublished list is a result of collecting by Dr.
Michael Wiliams and his former students since 1973. In the 41 years betwen Tippins
(1953) survey and the 1994 listing, there was a 58% increase in the number of
armored scale insect species recorded in Alabama.
Although there is a lack of published information for Alabama distributions and
records, work with this family in neighboring states has been published. Comprehensive
coverage of host plant relationships, distribution, and morphology was recorded for the
armored scales of Florida by Dekle (1965). In Georgia, Beshear, Tippins, and Howel
2
published a short listing in 1973, in which they cited 100 species in 46 genera. There are
also publications available for Misisippi & Louisiana including Herick?s (1911) listing
of certain scale insects in the Misisippi region and Howard & Olivers (1985) listing of
the armored scales of Louisiana.
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Al of the known literature pertaining to the family Diaspididae and its
occurrence in Alabama was reviewed and any pertinent information was integrated
into my research. I also reviewed literature on Diaspididae from surrounding states
for comparison purposes. After reviewing the literature, al of the generic and species
names recorded from Alabama were compared to the diaspidid information listed on
the scale insect database, Scale Net (ww.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm).
This was to insure that al of the records being generated used the most current
terminology.
Dried pre-collected material was gathered from around the state from diferent
institutions and individuals for the purpose of identification of any species not already
recorded in the state. Representative specimens were then slide mounted, examined,
identified, and pertinent collection information was recorded in the Auburn
University scale card catalogue.
I also collected fresh material from around the state. This was done by
driving to diferent regions of the state, collecting infested plants in the field, and by
cutting branches from tres and shrubs to bring back to the lab and examine under a
microscope. Al collected samples were kept in a cooler to keep them fresh and wel
4
preserved until they could be examined. Special atempts were made to collect
armored scales that had been recorded from neighboring states that had not yet been
collected in Alabama. Collected material was preserved using established slide
mounting techniques, and afterward was stored and recorded. I also stored and
recorded samples of infested dry plant material.
After identification, information was recorded for each identified species that
included: biology, distribution across Alabama, a listing of host plant species, a
photograph of it (before slide mounting), and a short description of morphological
characters of the cover, for aid in simplification of field identification. Names of
host plant species were verified for speling by using Standardized Plant Names
(Kelsey & Dayton, 1942).
5
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF ARMORED SCALE INSECTS
The armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are so named because of their
behavior of incorporating their shed exuviae with secretory material to form a protective
cover, or armor.
The males and females exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, meaning that they do
not appear similar. The female develops through thre instars, the final instar being the
adult. The male develops through five instars, the final instar being the adult. The first
instar of both sexes is caled the crawler and has wel-developed legs and antennae. At
this stage it is virtualy impossible to distinguish the sex of the insect. The second instars
of both sexes are legles and may look very similar or very diferent depending on the
species. They also lose their wel-developed antennae, though points or vestiges
representing the antennae may remain. The third instar is the adult in the female and
remains legles and in general appears as a larger version of the second instar female.
The third instar male is caled the pre-pupal stage and begins to develop legs and
antennae again. The fourth male instar is caled the pupal stage, and continues to develop
legs, antennae, and wing buds (unles the adult is an apterous form). The fifth male
instar is the adult and has fully-developed legs and antennae. It may have wings or it
may also be wingles.
6
Armored scale insects can create armor of many diferent shapes (depending on
the species) including circular, thin and elongate, oyster-shel shaped, and a variety of
others. They also can be clasified as being one of two forms, pupilarial or non-
pupilarial. Non-pupilarial forms make up the vast majority and incorporate the first and
second shed exuviae into the adult armor. The pupilarial forms incorporate the first shed
exuvium into the cover, but remain inside the second instar exuvium as an adult (female).
Armored scale insects can be identified to tribe, genus, and species using a key,
based on their morphological characters. At present, identification is based on the
morphology of the adult females. Thus, for the purpose of identification, adult females
must be collected. The posterier end of the insect, the pygidium, is where the primary
morphological characters for identification are located. There are thre tribes represented
in Alabama: Odonaspidini, Diaspidini, and Aspidiotini. These wil be examined in detail
in the following section.
7
THE TRIBE ODONASPIDINI
Adult females of the tribe Odonaspidini (Figure 1.) are characterized by lacking
paired median lobes, but commonly having a single fused median lobe. They do not have
plates or segmentaly aranged gland spines on the pygidium. They usualy have an
abundance of short, smal macroducts, which are not aranged in rows.
Figure 1. Adult Female Odonaspidini
8
THE TRIBE DIASPIDINI
The macroducts of members of the tribe Diaspidini (Figure 2.) are described as
?two bared? meaning that they have two horizontal stripes at the top of the macroducts.
They are also relatively short and thick. The antennae of the adult female commonly
posses two or more setae.
Figure 2. Adult Female Diaspidini
9
THE TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI
Members of the tribe Aspidiotini (Figure 3.) have long slender macroducts that
are described as ?one bared?. The macroducts have a single horizontal stripe at the
apex. The antennae of the adult female usualy have one, or rarely more than one seta
asociated with them.
Figure 3. Adult Female Aspidiotini
10
MAP A.
COUNTY MAP OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA
11
TABLE 1.
LIST OF THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA
1. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret)
2. Abgrallaspis ithacae (Feris)
3. Abgrallaspis liriodendri Miler and Howard
4. Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab
5. Acutaspis perseae (Comstock)
6. Aonidia atlantica Feris
7. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel)
8. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi
9. Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris)
10. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris
11. Aonidomytilus sabatius Tippins
12. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke)
13. Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel)
14. Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana
15. Aspidiotus marisci Tippins & Beshear
16. Aspidiotus neri Bouche
17. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)
18. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi
19. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche)
20. Carulaspis minima (Signoret)
21. Chionaspis americana Johnson
22. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch)
23. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders
24. Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley
25. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwana
26. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley
27. Chionaspis nysae Comstock
28. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)
29. Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus)
30. Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab
31. Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear
32. Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing)
33. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)
34. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris
35. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan)
36. Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren)
12
37. Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins
38. Clavaspis texana Feris
39. Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock)
40. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam)
41. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris
42. Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel)
43. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris
44. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson)
45. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock)
46. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky)
47. Diaspidiotus mcombi McKenzie
48. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel)
49. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
50. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris)
51. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)
52. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret
53. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner)
54. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche)
55. Diaspis townsendi Cockerel
56. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren)
57. Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman)
58. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti)
59. Fiorinia theae Gren
60. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke)
61. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren)
62. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead
63. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock)
64. Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead)
65. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)
66. Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson
67. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel)
68. Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock)
69. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana)
70. Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley)
71. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana)
72. Kuwanaspis vermiformis (Takahashi)
73. Lepidosaphes becki (Newman)
74. Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke
75. Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard)
76. Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren)
77. Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc)
78. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel)
79. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus)
80. Leucaspis pini (Hartig)
81. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel)
13
82. Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson
83. elanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi)
84. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)
85. elanaspis smilacis (Comstock)
86. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)
87. organela cueroensis (Cockerel)
88. Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie
89. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock)
90. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky
91. Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner)
92. Parlatoria cameliae Comstock
93. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock
94. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
95. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)
96. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel)
97. Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel)
98. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley)
99. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
100. Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskel)
101. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock)
102. Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear
103. Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel)
104. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan)
105. Unachionaspis tenuis (askel)
106. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
107. Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
14
ABGRALASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret)
COMON AME:
Cyanophyllum Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover variably circular, white or gray in
color, semitransparent, incorporated
exuviae are yelow and centraly located.
Male: (preadult)
Cover thin and elongate, similar color to
the female, exuviae subcentraly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit.
HOSTS:
Berchemia scandens, cactus, Celtis
occidentalis, Ficus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex
cornuta burfordii, Ilex opaca, Ilex sp.,
Liriope muscari, Lyonia ligustrina,
Magnolia virginiana, palm, Persea
borbonia, Persea palustris, Smilax sp.,
Vaccinium sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock, Chambers,
Crenshaw, Escambia, Hale, Jeferson,
Le, Macon, Madison, Marshal, Mobile,
Montgomery, Pickens, and Randolph
counties
REMARKS:
This scale can become a serious pest
especialy on palms but is normaly
kept under control by its natural
enemies.
Figure 4. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli
(Signoret)
Map 1.
15
ABGRALASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Abgralaspis ithacae (Feris)
COMON AME:
Hemlock Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover variably circular to oval, grey to
black in color with lighter margins,
incorporated exuviae are subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover thin, elongate, and oval, similar
color to the female, exuviae
submarginaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves (needles)
HOSTS:
Hemlock
DISTIBUTION:
Lawrence and Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an
economic pest in Alabama.
Map 2.
16
ABGRALASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Abgrallaspis liriodendri
Miler & Howard
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular/semicircular, yelowish in
color, exuviae centraly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Liriodendron tulipifera
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an
economic pest in Alabama.
Map 3.
17
ACUTASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab
COMON AME:
Round Conifer Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, dark red or brown to
black in color, exuviae centraly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Juniperus virginiana, Pinus echinata,
Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus sp.,
Pinus virginiana
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Bibb, Cherokee, Chilton,
Elmore, Le, Marshal and Talapoosa
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be an
economic pest. The armor looks similar
to that of Acutaspis perseae (Comstock).
Figure 5. Acutaspis morrisonorum
Kosztarab
Map 4.
18
ACUTASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Acutaspis perseae (Comstock)
COMON AME:
Red Bay Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover generaly circular, dark red to
brown in color, exuviae are darkly
colored and centraly located.
Male:
Cover is oval, smaler and thinner than
the female, similar color to the female,
Exuviae are dark and sublateraly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, bark, and fruit
HOSTS:
Ilex sp., Pinus sp., Serenoa repens
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama. The armor is similar
to the round conifer scale and the
orchid scale.
Map 5.
19
AONIDIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidia atlantica Feris
COMON AME:
Juniper Nedle Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oval and elongated, whitish to
yelow in color, exuviae subcentraly
located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves (needles)
HOSTS:
Chamaecyparis thyoides
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 6.
20
AONIDIELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidiela auranti (Maskel)
COMON AME:
California Red Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover variably circular, orange to brown
in color, exuviae are subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover smaler and thinner than the
female but similar in color. Exuviae are
sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
trunk, stems, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Citrus nobilis unshiu, Nerium sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Dalas and Escambia counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama
Figure 6. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel)
Map 7.
21
AONIDIELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidiela taxus Leonardi
COMON AME:
Asiatic Red Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, orange to brown in color,
exuviae are translucent and centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is oval and elongate, grayish in
color.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, sed covers, and receptacles
HOSTS:
Podocarpus macrophylus
DISTRIBUTION:
Montgomery county
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be
a serious pest on palms, but is not
currently considered economicaly
important in Alabama.
Figure 7. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi
Map 8.
22
AONIDOMYTILUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate, tapering toward the
exuvial end, white to brown in color,
exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
No information available
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum
prolificum
DISTRIBUTION:
Le, Madison and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 8. Aonidomytilus crookiae
(Feris)
Map 9.
23
AONIDOMYTILUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris
COMON AME:
Hypericum Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover long and slender, white to light
brown in color, exuviae terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover thin and elongate, smaler than the
female, white in color, exuviae
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, twigs, and bark
HOSTS:
Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum
prolificum
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Le, Madison and Mobile
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 9. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris
Map 10.
24
AONIDOMYTILUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidomytilus sabatius Tippins
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
Sabatia sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale has been recorded from
Alabama but has rarely been collected.
It is not considered economicaly
important.
Map 11.
25
AONIDOMYTILUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke)
COMON AME:
Goldenrod Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover long and slender, white to light
brown in color, exuviae terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover appears similar to the female,
only smaler.
BIOLOGY:
roots, leaves, and bark
HOSTS:
Asteraceae, Eupatorium capilifolium,
Polygala cymosa, Solidago spp.,
Verbena bonariensis, weds
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Dalas, Le, Mobile and
Pickens counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 10. Aonidomytilus solidaginis
(Hoke)
Map 12.
26
ASPIDIELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Sugarcane Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, cream to light yelow or
brown in color, exuviae yelow and
centraly to subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover elongate and oval, similar to the
female in color, exuviae subcentraly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, bark, and crown
HOSTS:
St. Augustine gras, Stenotaphrum
secundatum
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale has been recorded as a serious
economic pest of sugarcane and lawn
grases in other states but currently is
not a major problem in Alabama. First
found in Alabama in 2007.
Figure 11. Aspidiela sacchari
(Cockerel)
Map 13.
27
ASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana
COMON AME:
Cryptomeria Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oval and elongate, gray to brown
in color, exuviae are yelow and
centraly located.
Male:
Cover appears similar to the female,
only smaler.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
unknown
DISTRIBUTION:
Se Map 14.
(unknown)
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 14.
28
ASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aspidiotus marisci Tippins & Beshear
COMON AME:
Sawgras Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, grayish in color, exuviae
are yelow and centraly located.
Male:
Cover appears similar to the female,
only smaler and more elongate.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and stems
HOSTS:
Cladium jamaicense
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 15.
29
ASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aspidiotus neri Bouche
COMON AME:
Oleander Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover variably circular, transparent,
white to light brown, exuviae are yelow
and centraly or subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover appears similar to the female,
only smaler and more elongate.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Aleurites fordi, Asparagus plumosus,
Aucuba sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis
unshiu, Cycas revoluta, Hedera helix,
Hedera sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura
pomifera, Magnolia sp., Melia
azedarach, Nerium sp. Osmanthus
fragrans, palm, Poncirus trifoliata, sage
palms
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Blount,
Calhoun, Cullman, Jeferson,
Lauderdale, Le, Macon, Madison,
Marshal, Mobile, ontgomery and
organ counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 12. Aspidiotus neri Bouche
Map 16.
30
AULACASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)
COMON AME:
Rose Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular or oval, white in color,
exuviae are yelow and marginaly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover thin and paralel sided, white in
color, tricarinate, exuviae are yelow to
brown and terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and stems
HOSTS:
Rosa spp., Rubus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Barbour, Jeferson, Le,
Madison, Montgomery and Talapoosa
counties
REMARKS:
This scale can sometimes become a
serious pest on roses.
Figure 13. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)
Map 17.
31
AULACASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi
COMON AME:
Aulacaspis Cycad Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular to iregular, white in
color, exuviae are white to yelow and
marginaly located.
Male:
Cover thin and paralel sided, white in
color, tricarinate, exuviae are yelow and
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
needles, stems
HOSTS:
Cycads, Cycas revoluta
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin and Jeferson counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a
serious problem on Cycads. The
populations found in Alabama were
observed to be distresing their hosts.
Figure 14. Aulacaspis yasumatsui
Takagi
Map 18.
32
CARULASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche)
COMON AME:
Juniper Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, white in color, exuviae
are yelow and centraly located.
Male:
Cover paralel sided, white in color,
exuviae yelow and terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and bark
HOSTS:
Cupresus arizonica, Juniperus
silicicola, Juniperus virginiana,
Juniperus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Dalas, Le, Madison, Mobile, Randolph
and Talapoosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 15. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche)
Map 19.
33
CARULASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Carulaspis minima (Signoret)
COMON AME:
inute Cypres Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover circular, white in color, exuviae
are yelow and centraly located.
Male:
Cover paralel sided, white in color,
exuviae yelow and terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and bark
HOSTS:
Cupresus sp., Juniperus chinensis,
Juniperus sp., Juniperus virginiana
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Calhoun, Chilton, Coffe,
Franklin, Grene, Hale, Jeferson, Le,
Marshal, Mobile and Montgomery
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 16. Carulaspis minima
(Signoret)
Map 20.
34
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis americana Johnson
COMON AME:
Elm Scurfy Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray
in color, exuviae brown and terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover elongate and slender, white in
color, exuviae are light yelow and
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis,
Celtis sp., Ulmus alata, Ulmus
americana, Ulmus thomasi, Ulmus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Barbour, Calhoun, Cherokee,
Clarke, Colbert, Dalas, Elmore, Hale,
Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Macon,
Madison, Marion, Morgan, Pery, St.
Clair and Sumter counties
REMARKS:
This scale is of no known economic
importance in Alabama.
Figure 17. Chionaspis americana
Johnson
Map 21.
35
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch)
COMON AME:
Scurfy Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray
in color, exuviae brown and terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover elongate and slender, white in
color, exuviae are light yelow and
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, fruit, and leaves
HOSTS:
Nysa sylvatica, Pyrus communis
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Le and Montgomery
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 22.
36
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in
color, exuviae brown in color and
terminaly located.
Male:
No available information.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Gleditsia triacanthos
DISTRIBUTION:
Jackson county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 18. Chionaspis gleditsiae
Sanders
Map 23.
37
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley
COMON AME:
Pine Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in
color, exuviae yelow or brown and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover paralel sided, tricarinate, and
thin, white in color, exuviae are light
yelow and terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
needles
HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus
palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana,
Pinus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Blount, Bullock,
Chambers, Cherokee, Cleburne, Elmore,
Houston, Le, Macon, Madison, Mobile,
Morgan, Randolph, Talapoosa and
Walker counties
REMARKS:
This scale is only found on pine tres
and can become a problem if populations
build up past a certain threshold.
Figure 19. Chionaspis heterophylae
Cooley
Map 24.
38
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis kosztarabi
Takagi & Kuwai
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white,
exuviae are yelow or brown and
terminaly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp.,
Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum
arboreum, Ulmus rubra
DISTRIBUTION:
Bullock, Chambers, Colbert, Coosa,
Lowndes, Marengo and St. Clair
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 20. Chionaspis kosztarabi
Takagi & Kuwai
Map 25.
39
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis longiloba Cooley
COMON AME:
Longiloba Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray
in color, exuviae brown or yelow and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover tricarinate and smaler than the
female, white in color, exuviae are light
yelow and terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Japanese Persimon, Salix nigra
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 21. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley
Map 26.
40
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis nysae Comstock
COMON AME:
Sour Gum Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray,
exuviae brown and terminaly located.
Male:
Cover smal and thin, white in color,
exuviae are light yelow and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana,
Carya ilinoensis, Diospyros virginiana,
Fraxinus sp., Ilex americana, Nysa sp.,
Nysa sylvatica
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Blount, Calhoun,
Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Coosa,
Covington, Dekalb, Elmore, Etowah,
Le, Macon, Madison, Marengo,
Mobile, Monroe, Morgan, Pery,
Randolph, St. Clair, Talapoosa and
Tuscaloosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale occurs in two diferent forms
in Alabama: a bark form and a leaf form.
Figure 22. Chionaspis nysae Comstock
Map 27.
41
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)
COMON AME:
Pine Nedle Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in
color, exuviae brown or yelow and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover tricarinate, smal and thin, white
in color, exuviae are light yelow and
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Casuarina sp., Pinus caribaea, Pinus
echinata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda,
Pinus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Elmore, Jeferson, Le, Mobile, Morgan
and Tuscaloosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale is primarily found on pines
and is not known to be economicaly
important in Alabama.
Figure 23. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)
Map 28.
42
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus)
COMON AME:
Black Wilow Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in
color, exuviae brown or yelow and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover tricarinate, smal and thin, white
in color, exuviae are light yelow and
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Salix nigra, Salix sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Jackson, Le and Morgan counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 29.
43
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
Styrax americana
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 30.
44
CHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chionaspis triformis
Tippins & Beshear
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in
color, exuviae brown or yelow and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover smal and thin, white in color,
exuviae are light yelow and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves which results in two
diferent forms
HOSTS:
Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana
DISTRIBUTION:
Bullock and St. Clair counties
REMARKS:
This scale occurs in two diferent forms
in Alabama: a bark form and a leaf form.
Figure 24. Chionaspis triformis
Tippins & Beshear
Map 31.
45
CHORTINASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing)
COMON AME:
Water Gras Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular to oval, tan to light
brown, exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate with exuviae
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, stems
HOSTS:
grases, Spartina sp., St. Augustine gras
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 25. Chortinaspis subchortina
(Laing)
Map 32.
46
CHRYSOMPHALUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)
COMON AME:
Florida Red Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, reddish brown to dark
brown, exuviae are centraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongated, similar in color to
the female, exuviae terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit.
HOSTS:
Acer sp., Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis
unshiu, palms
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Le, Macon, Mobile and
Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 26. Chrysomphalus aonidum
(Linnaeus)
Map 33.
47
CHRYSOMPHALUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, light brown to dark
brown in color, exuviae are centraly
located.
Male:
Cover is elongated, similar in color to
the female, exuviae are terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Aspidistra sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile and Talapoosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 27. Chrysomphalus
bifasciculatus Feris
Map 34.
48
CHRYSOMPHALUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi
(Morgan)
COMON AME:
Dictyospermum Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, grayish to light brown
in color, exuviae are centraly located.
Male:
Cover is similar in color to the female
but smaler and more elongate, exuviae
are terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, bark, and fruit
HOSTS:
Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Ficus
sp., Ligustrum sp., palm
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Map 35.
49
CHRYSOMPHALUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Chrysomphalus diversicolor
(Gren)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, color is
extremely variable ranging from white to
black, exuviae are normaly reddish and
are centraly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
palms
DISTRIBUTION:
Jeferson county
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Map 36.
50
CLAVASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Clavaspis crypta
Howel & Tippins
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, whitish to light tan in
color, exuviae are golden and
subcentraly located.
Male:
ales not observed.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Carya ilinoensis, Carya sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Calhoun, Cullman and Mobile
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama. First
found in Alabama in 2008.
Figure 28. Clavaspis crypta Howel &
Tippins
Map 37.
51
CLAVASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Clavaspis texana Feris
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular to iregular, white in
color, exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate, and the exuviae are
centraly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Maclura pomifera
DISTRIBUTION:
Dalas county
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama. First
found in Alabama in 2008.
Figure 29. Clavaspis texana Feris
Map 38.
52
COMSTOCKIELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Comstockiela sabalis
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Palmeto Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, pure white in color,
exuviae are usualy centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female in
appearance, only smaler.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, bark, and fruit
HOSTS:
palm, Sabal sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Jeferson, Le and Mobile
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 30. Comstockiela sabalis
(Comstock)
Map 39.
53
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam)
COMON AME:
Putnam Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to gray in color,
exuviae are yelow to red and
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is similar in appearance to the
female, only smaler, and exuviae are
located submarginaly.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Broad host range, se Appendix A.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock,
Calhoun, Chambers, Cleburne, Clay,
Covington, Dekalb, Elmore, Escambia,
Hale, Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Lowndes,
Macon, Madison, Marengo, Pery,
Pickens, Randolph, Russel, St. Clair,
Sumter, Talapoosa, Walker
REMARKS:
This scale can take on several diferent
morphological appearances depending
on the host and the location of the scale
on the host (bark, leaf, etc.) It is not
known to be of economic importance in
Alabama.
Figure 31. Diaspidiotus ancylus
(Putnam)
Map 40.
54
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus bumeliae
Feris
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, dark grey to brown in
color, exuviae are subcentraly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
No available information.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Maclura pomifera
DISTRIBUTION:
Hale county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama. First collected in
Alabama in 2007.
Figure 32. Diaspidiotus bumeliae
Feris
Map 41.
55
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus coniferarum
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Conifer Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to grey in color,
exuviae are centraly or subcentraly
located.
Male:
ales not observed.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Juniperus virginiana, Thuja sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Cleburne, Colbert, Covington, Houston,
Jeferson, Le, Madison, Mobile,
Montgomery and Randolph counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 33. Diaspidiotus coniferarum
(Cockerel)
Map 42.
56
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and oval, composed of
thick white crystaline wax, exuviae are
submarginaly located.
Male:
Covers are similar in appearance to
females, only smaler.
BIOLOGY:
cracks in the bark, frequently found
under lichens
HOSTS:
Alnus serulata
DISTRIBUTION:
Cleburne county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama. This 2007 collection is
only the second known occurance of this
insect. It was first found in Texas.
Figure 34. Diaspidiotus crystallinus
Feris
Map 43.
57
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus forbesi
(Johnson)
COMON AME:
Forbes Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oval and elongate, grey in
color, exuviae are submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and white to grey,
exuviae is located terminaly.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Betula nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus
florida, Cydonia sp., Fraxinus sp., Ilex
sp., Malus sp, Nysa sylvatica,
Osmanthus americanus, Prunus
angustifolia, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus
persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus
serotina, Prunus sp., Pyrus sp., Quercus
sp., Robinia pseudo-acacia
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Bullock, Calhoun, Dalas,
Elmore, Escambia, Etowah, Fayete,
Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Macon,
Madison, Marshal, Mobile,
ontgomery, Talapoosa and
Washington counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 35. Diaspidiotus forbesi
(Johnson)
Map 44.
58
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Walnut Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, grey to brown in color,
exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is oval and elongate, similar
coloration as the female, exuviae are
submarginaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Alnus serulata, Celtis sp., Cercis
canadensis, Cornus florida, Ilex crenata,
Juglans sp., Liriodendron tulipifera,
Malus sp., Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda,
Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp., Prunus
munsoniana, Prunus persica, Prunus
sp., Pyrus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Barbour, Calhoun, Clay,
Cleburne, Colbert, Cullman, Franklin,
Jeferson, Le, Madison, Mobile,
Morgan, Randolph, Tuscaloosa, Walker
and Washington counties
REMARKS:
This scale is a minor pest of dogwoods
and hollies in Alabama.
Figure 36. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comstock)
Map 45.
59
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris
(Kotinsky)
COMON AME:
Swetgum Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, white to tan in
color, exuviae are centraly and
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is oval, similar coloration as the
female, exuviae are yelow and
subcentraly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, where they forms smal gals
HOSTS:
Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua,
Liquidambar sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is extremely widespread over
the state and is primarily found on
Liquidambar styraciflua.
Figure 37. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris
(Kotinsky)
Map 46.
60
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus mcombi
McKenzie
COMON AME:
cComb Pine Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and oval, gray or
brownish, exuviae is centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, usualy
lighter in color than the female, exuviae
is centraly located.
BIOLOGY:
needles, especialy at the base within the
sheath.
HOSTS:
Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus
virginiana, Pinus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Butler, Le and Randolph counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 47.
61
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus osborni
(Newel & Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Osborn Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, grey to brown
in color, exuviae is subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female only
smaler and more elongate.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and bark
HOSTS:
Alnus serulata, Betula nigra, Carpinus
caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Carya
ovata, Carya sp., Celtis occidentalis,
Ilex decidua, Cornus florida, Fraxinus
sp., Juglans nigra, Liriodendron
tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Nysa
sylvatica, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus
alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus
laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, Quercus
nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus sp.,
Quercus velutina, Salix nigra, Sassafras
albidum, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp.,
Vaccinium sp., Vitis sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is a frequent pest on oak tres
in Alabama.
Figure 38. Diaspidiotus osborni
(Newel & Cockerel)
Map 48.
62
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
San Jose Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, grey to brown
in color, exuviae are centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate oval, and smaler than
the female, grey to brown in color,
exuviae are yelow and submarginaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and fruit
HOSTS:
Broad host range, se Appendix A.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale can be found al over the state
of Alabama and can be a serious pest on
a variety of hosts.
Figure 39. Diaspidiotus perniciosus
(Comstock)
Map 49.
63
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus taxodii
(Feris)
COMON AME:
Bald Cypres Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white or grey in color,
exuviae is centraly or subcentraly
located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Taxodium sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Covington, Houston, Jeferson, Le and
Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 40. Diaspidiotus taxodii
(Feris)
Map 50.
64
DIASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspidiotus uvae
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Grape Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white in color, exuviae
are yelow and centraly or subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to that of the female,
only more elongate and with
submarginal exuviae.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and bark
HOSTS:
Betula nigra, Carya ilinoensis, Platanus
occidentalis, Vitis sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Le, Macon, Mobile, Montgomery,
Pery, St. Clair and Talapoosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 41. Diaspidiotus uvae
(Comstock)
Map 51.
65
DIASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspis boisduvali
Signoret
COMON AME:
Boisduval Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, white to tan in
color, exuviae are yelow and
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate, paralel sided,
tricarinate, and white. The exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, stems, and fruit.
HOSTS:
amberglow Florida orchid, cactus, Musa
sp., Strelitzia reginae, orchids, palms,
Phoenix sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Calhoun, Jeferson, Le, Mobile and
Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a serious pest on palms
and orchids.
Figure 42. Diaspis boisduvali
Signoret
Map 52.
66
DIASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspis bromeliae
(Kerner)
COMON AME:
Pineapple scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, translucent white,
exuviae are yelow to brown and
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, white in
color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, bark and fruit
HOSTS:
Aehema chantinii, Cattelyea orchid
DISTRIBUTION:
Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 43. Diaspis bromeliae
(Kerner)
Map 53.
67
DIASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspis echinocacti
(Bouche)
COMON AME:
Cactus Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to tan in color,
exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, white in
color, exuviae are terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Cactus, Mammilaria compresa
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Houston, Le and Tuscaloosa
counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a pest
on cacti.
Figure 44. Diaspis echinocacti
(Bouche)
Map 54.
68
DIASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Diaspis townsendi
Cockerel
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
Quercus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 55.
69
DUPLACHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Duplachionaspis divergens
(Gren)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaf blades
HOSTS:
ornamental Bahia gras, grases, Iris sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin and Clarke counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 45. Duplachionaspis divergens
(Gren)
Map 56.
70
DYNASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oval, dark with light edges,
exuviae are centraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, dark in
color, exuviae are centraly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves (needles)
HOSTS:
Pinus echinata
DISTRIBUTION:
Chilton county
REMARKS:
This scale is not commonly collected in
Alabama, and is not considered
economicaly important.
Map 57.
71
FIORINIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Fiorinia fioriniae
(Targioni-Tozzeti)
COMON AME:
Fiorinia Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and oval, tapering at
one end, amber or brown in color, the
first exuvium is terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal and thin, white in color,
exuviae are terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Camelia japonica, Camelia sp.,
Cryptomeria japonica, Michelia fuscata,
Phoenix sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Calhoun, Hale, Jeferson,
Mobile and Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
This is a pupilarial form with the
females being encased in the second
exuvium. Males of this species are
uncommon.
Figure 46. Fiorinia fioriniae
(Targioni-Tozzeti)
Map 58.
72
FIORINIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Fiorinia theae Gren
COMON AME:
Tea Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and shield-shaped,
dark brown in color, first exuvium is
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal and thin, paralel sided,
white in color, exuviae are terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Aucuba sp., Azalea sp., Camelia
japonica, Camelia japonica alba,
Camelia sasanqua, Camelia thea,
Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu,
Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica,
Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus sp., Ilex
cornuta, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex
crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp., Laurus
nobilis, Malus sp., Prunus sp., Punica
sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This is a pupilarial form with the
females being encased in the second
exuvium. It is also a major pest of
landscape plants including camelia and
hollies.
Figure 47. Fiorinia theae Gren
Map 59.
73
FISURASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Fisuraspis ulmi
(Hoke)
COMON AME:
Elm Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and iregularly oval,
shiny and black in color and covered
with a thin white wax.
Male:
Cover is elongate and white.
BIOLOGY:
cracks and fisures in the bark
HOSTS:
Ulmus alata, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Bullock, Colbert, Dalas, Elmore,
Lowndes, Monroe, Pickens and Wilcox
counties
REMARKS:
This is a pupilarial form with the
females being encased in the second
exuvium. It is not considered an
economic pest in Alabama. First
collected in Alabama in 2007.
Figure 48. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke)
Map 60.
74
FROGATIELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Froggattiela penicilata
(Gren)
COMON AME:
Penicilate Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and oval, tan in color,
exuviae are yelow and marginaly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only
smaler.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Bambusa sp., Phylostachys aurea
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Jeferson and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama,
although it can be found on large
numbers on ornamental bamboo.
Figure 49. Froggattiela penicilata
(Gren)
Map 61.
75
GYMNASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Gymnaspis aechmeae
Newstead
COMON AME:
Flyspeck Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, black and shiny.
Male:
Cover is oval, black in color, exuviae are
sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Bromelia sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This is a pupilarial form with the
females being encased in the second
exuvium. It is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 50. Gymnaspis aechmeae
Newstead
Map 62.
76
HALIASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Haliaspis spartinae
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Cord Gras Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover elongate and thin, white in color,
exuviae are light yelow and terminaly
located.
Male:
ales not observed.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
grases, marsh gras, Spartina
alterniflora
DISTRIBUTION:
Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Figure 51. Haliaspis spartinae
(Comstock)
Map 63.
77
HEMIBERLESIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hemiberlesia difinis
(Newstead)
COMON AME:
Difinis Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, white to gray
in color, exuviae are brown and
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only
smaler.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Carya ilinoensis, Ficus sp., Ficus sp.,
Liriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras
albidum, Ulmus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Dalas, Le, Madison, Mobile and
Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
Our records on this insect are from
previous collections in Alabama and are
suspected to be a misidentification of
Hemiberlesia neodifinis.
Figure 52. Hemiberlesia difinis
(Newstead)
Map 64.
78
HEMIBERLESIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret)
COMON AME:
Latania Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, white to
brown in color, exuviae are centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, similar
coloration as the female, exuviae are
submarginaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Broad host range, se Appendix A.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb,
Bullock, Cherokee, Clarke, Conecuh,
Covington, Dalas, Houston, Jeferson,
Le, Limestone, Macon, Mobile,
Montgomery, organ, Pery and
Washington counties
REMARKS:
This scale has a wide range of hosts and
is a very common pest in Alabama.
Figure 53. Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret)
Map 65.
79
HEMIBERLESIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hemiberlesia neodifinis
Miler & Davidson
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, grey to brown
in color, exuviae are submarginaly
located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and oval, similar in
coloration to the female, exuviae are
submarginaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Carya ilinoensis, Celtis occidentalis,
Cornus sp., Fraxinus sp., Lespedeza
cuneata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Persea
borbonia, Persea palustris
DISTRIBUTION:
Calhoun, Clay, Dalas, Escambia, Henry,
Lowndes and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 54. Hemiberlesia neodifinis
Miler & Davidson
Map 66.
80
HEMIBERLESIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hemiberlesia palmae
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Tropical Palm Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, light to dark brown in
color, exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only
smaler and more elongate.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Bromeliad
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 55. Hemiberlesia palmae
(Cockerel)
Map 67.
81
HEMIBERLESIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hemiberlesia rapax
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Gredy Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to grey in color,
exuviae are darker and subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female only
smaler and thinner.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Citrus limon, Euonymus sp., Ilex
crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Lonicera sp.,
Pyrus pyrifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia,
Salix sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Dekalb, Grene, Jeferson,
Le, Mobile, Montgomery, Talapoosa
and Tuscaloosa counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a
serious pest.
Map 68.
82
KUWANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Kuwanaspis hikosani
(Kuwana)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is extremely thin and elongate,
white to tan in color, exuviae are brown
to yelow and terminaly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Arundinaria gigantea, Bambusa sp.,
Indocalamus teselatus
DISTRIBUTION:
Cleburne, Jeferson, Le and Macon
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not known to be of
economic importance.
Figure 56. Kuwanaspis hikosani
(Kuwana)
Map 69.
83
KUWANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Kuwanaspis howardi
(Cooley)
COMON AME:
Bamboo White Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is extremely thin and elongate,
white to tan in color, exuviae are brown
to yelow and terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female only
smaler and thinner.
BIOLOGY:
base of stems, near the nodes
HOSTS:
Bambusa sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Elmore, Escambia, Le,
Lowndes, Macon, Marshal,
Montgomery, St. Clair and Talapoosa
counties
REMARKS:
This scale has only been found on
bamboo and is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 57. Kuwanaspis howardi
(Cooley)
Map 70.
84
KUWANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis
(Kuwana)
COMON AME:
Bamboo Diaspidid Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is slender and elongate, white in
color, exuviae are brown and terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover is paralel sided, tricarinate and
smaler than the female, white in color,
exuviae are light brown and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
surface (bark) of bamboo canes, near the
nodes
HOSTS:
Bambusa sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This scale has only been found on
bamboo and is not known to be of
economic importance in Alabama.
Figure 58. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis
(Kuwana)
Map 71.
85
KUWANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Kuwanaspis vermiformis
(Takahashi)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is elongate and thin, white in
color, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Bambusa sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Le and Russel counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered an economic
pest in Alabama at present.
Map 72.
86
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes becki
(Newman)
COMON AME:
Purple Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brown in
color, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is slender and smaler than the
female, brown in color, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves and fruit
HOSTS:
Camelia japonica, Citrus reticulata,
Citrus paradisi, Citrus limon ponderosa,
Citrus sp., Citrus reticulata, Citrus
sinensis, Citrus sinensis x Poncirus
trifoliate x Fortunela (citrange-quat),
Elaeagnus pungens, Fortunela sp.,
japonica tre, Malus sp., Passiflora sp.,
Poncirus trifoliate, zairai satsuma
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Dekalb, Escambia, Jeferson,
Le, Mobile, Monroe, Talapoosa and
Walker counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a
serious pest on citrus.
Figure 59. Lepidosaphes becki
(Newman)
Map 73.
87
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes cameliae
Hoke
COMON AME:
Camelia Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brown in
color, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only more
slender and smaler.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia
japonica alba, Camelia sp.,
Cryptomeria japonica, Ilex cornuta
burfordii, Ilex sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Butler,
Chambers, Clarke, Covington, Dale,
Hale, Henry, Le, Mobile, Pickens,
Tuscaloosa and Washington counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a serious pest on
camelia and hollies.
Figure 60. Lepidosaphes cameliae
Hoke
Map 74.
88
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes gloveri
(Packard)
COMON AME:
Glover Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is slender and elongate, brown in
color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only
smaler.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus
sinensis, Citrus sp., Euonymus sp., Ficus
sp., Magnolia sp., Prunus sp., Sabal
palmeto, Vaccinum sp., palms, zairai
satsuma
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Mobile and Montgomery
counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 75.
89
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes lasianthi
(Gren)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
DISTRIBUTION:
Se Map 76.
(unknown)
REMARKS:
It is questionable whether this scale
actualy occurs in Alabama. None were
collected during this survey and there are
currently no slides of it in the Auburn
University Coccoidea Collection.
Map 76.
90
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes newsteadi
(Sulc)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No information available.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
Cryptomeria japonica, Juniperus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 77.
91
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes pallida
(Maskel)
COMON AME:
askel Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oyster-shel shaped and slender,
varying shades of brown, exuviae are
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female only
smaler.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Leyland cypres
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Coffe, Houston, Jeferson,
Le, Mobile and Montgomery counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a serious pest.
Figure 61. Lepidosaphes pallida
(Maskel)
Map 78.
92
LEPIDOSAPHES
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lepidosaphes ulmi
(Linnaeus)
COMON AME:
Oystershel Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oyster-shel shaped with
transverse ridges across it, brown in
color, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, but
smaler and exuviae are terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Acer rubrum, Camelia japonica,
Cryptomeria japonica, Malus sp.,
Prunus persica, Ulmus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Bullock, Chambers, Clay,
Covington, Dalas, Franklin, Le Pery
and Winston counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a
serious pest.
Figure 62. Lepidosaphes ulmi
(Linnaeus)
Map 79.
93
LEUCASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Leucaspis pini
(Hartig)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
No available information.
Male:
No available information.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
unknown
DISTRIBUTION:
unknown
REMARKS:
This scale was not collected during the
current survey but has been recorded as
being found in Alabama. It is
questionable whether this scale actualy
occurs in Alabama.
94
LOPHOLEUCASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Lopholeucaspis japonica
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brownish
red in color with thin gray layer of wax
over it, first exuvium is terminaly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, but
smaler.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Alnus serulata, Carpinus caroliniana,
Fraxinus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Fayete, Jeferson, Lamar and Marion
counties
REMARKS:
This is a pupilarial form with the
females being encased in the second
exuvium. This scale is not considered an
economic pest in Alabama. First
collected in Alabama in 2007.
Figure 63. Lopholeucaspis japonica
(Cockerel)
Map 80.
95
MELANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Melanaspis arundinariae
Deitz & Davidson
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, light brown in color,
exuviae are centraly or subcentraly
located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
stems and leaf sheaths
HOSTS:
Smilax sp., Arundinariae gigantea
DISTRIBUTION:
Crenshaw, Jackson and Le counties
REMARKS:
This scale was first found in Alabama in
2008. It is not considered to be
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 64. Melanaspis arundinariae
Deitz & Davidson
Map 81.
96
MELANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Melanaspis bromeliae
(Leonardi)
COMON AME:
Ananas Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, brown in color,
exuviae are subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is slender, similar in color to the
female, exuviae is terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and fruit
HOSTS:
pineapple
DISTRIBUTION:
Le county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 82.
97
MELANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)
COMON AME:
Obscure Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, grayish in color,
exuviae are normaly shiny, black, and
centraly or subcentraly located. Figure
65. shows and unusual color form.
Male:
Cover is oval, smaler than the female,
grayish in color, exuviae are sublateraly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Carya ilinoensis, Castanea sp.,
Castanea mollisima, Citrus sp.,
Magnolia obovata, Quercus laurifolia,
Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris,
Quercus phelos, Quercus sp., Japanese
magnolia
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is commonly found on oaks,
and is frequently a serious pest,
especialy on pin oaks.
Figure 65. Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock)
Map 83.
98
MELANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Melanaspis smilacis
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Smilax Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, brown in color,
exuviae are subcentraly or centraly
located.
Male:
Cover is smaler and more slender than
the female although similar in color,
exuviae are terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Smilax sp., grases
DISTRIBUTION:
Elmore, Le and Sumter counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Map 84.
99
MELANASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Melanaspis tenebricosa
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Gloomy Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, darkly colored, usualy
blends in with the bark around it,
exuviae are black and subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover is oval and smaler than the
female although similar in color, exuviae
are sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer
saccharinum, Acer sp., Alnus serulata,
Castila sp., Celtis occidentalis, Celtis
sp., Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp.,
Japanese magnolia, Liriodendron
tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Malus sp.,
Morus sp., Prunus armeniaca, Prunus
persica, Quercus sp., Robinia
pseudoacacia, Ulmus sp., Umbrela
palm
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is common on multiple hosts
in Alabama. It is frequently a serious
pest on maple.
Figure 66. Melanaspis tenebricosa
(Comstock)
Map 85.
100
MORGANELA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Morganela cueroensis
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Cuero Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular or oval, white in color,
exuviae are brown and subcentraly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is slender and smaler than the
female.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Acer spp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Calhoun, Covington, Elmore and Mobile
counties
REMARKS:
This scale was first found in Alabama in
2008 and is not considered economicaly
important.
Figure 67. Morganela cueroensis
(Cockerel)
Map 86.
101
NEOPINASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Neopinnaspis harperi
McKenzie
COMON AME:
Harper Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is slender and elongate, brownish
in color, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
ales not observed.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Acer sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Salix
nigra
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Covington, Escambia, Houston
and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale has only been found in the
southernmost counties in Alabama. It is
not considered to be of economic
importance. First found in Alabama in
2006.
Figure 67. Neopinnaspis harperi
McKenzie
Map 87.
102
OCEANASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Oceanaspidiotus spinosus
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Spinose Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, white to
brown in color, exuviae are centraly or
subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is elongate and more oval than the
female, although similar in coloration,
exuviae are sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Ilex cornuta burfordii, Persea palustris
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour and Le counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered to be an
economic pest in Alabama.
Figure 67. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus
(Comstock)
Map 88.
103
ODONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Odonaspis ruthae
Kotinsky
COMON AME:
Bermuda Gras Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oval, white to tan in color,
exuviae are submarginaly, or marginaly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only more
elongate and smaler.
BIOLOGY:
leaves and roots
HOSTS:
Andropogon sp., Cynodon dactylon,
Vetiveria zizanioides
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Butler, Chambers, Clarke,
Coffe, Colbert, Dale, Le, Lowndes
Madison, Mobile and Morgan counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a pest
of lawns and grases.
Figure 68. Odonaspis ruthae
Kotinsky
Map 89.
104
ODONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Odonaspis saccharicaulis
(Zehntner)
COMON AME:
Para Gras Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oval and elongated, white to tan
in color, exuviae are marginaly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is smaler and thinner than the
female, concolorous, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
stems
HOSTS:
grases
DISTRIBUTION:
Mobile county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 69. Odonaspis saccharicaulis
(Zehntner)
Map 90.
105
PARLATORIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Parlatoria cameliae
Comstock
COMON AME:
Camelia Parlatoria Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is iregularly oval, white to gray
in color, exuviae are marginaly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is smaler and thinner than the
female, paralel sided, white in color,
exuviae are yelow and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Camelia japonica, Camelia sasanqua,
Camelia sp., Ilex sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Barbour, Jeferson, Le and
Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 70. Parlatoria cameliae
Comstock
Map 91.
106
PARLATORIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock
COMON AME:
Chaf Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, varying
shades of brown in color, exuviae are
marginaly or submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is smaler and thinner than the
female, similar in color, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Camelia sp., Citrus limon, Citrus
nobilis unshiu, Citrus paradisi, Citrus
sinensis, Citrus sp., Codiaeum sp.,
Cycas sp., Euonymus sp., Fortunela sp.,
Psidium sp., Satsuma, Viburnum sp.,
zairai
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Baldwin, Bibb, Conecuh, Hale,
Le, Macon, Mobile, Shelby and Wilcox
counties
REMARKS:
This species can be an economic pest on
Citrus spp.
Figure 71. Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock
Map 92.
107
PINASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
COMON AME:
Fern Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably oyster-shel shaped,
tan in color, exuviae are tan to brown in
color, and terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal, paralel sided, and
tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Aspidistra elatior, Asplenium nidus,
Camelia sp., Liriope muscari, Liriope
sp., Lycopersicon esculentum, fern,
Ophiopogon sp., Nephrolepis exaltata
bostoniensis, Saintpaulia sp., Zebrina
pendula
DISTRIBUTION:
Baldwin, Barbour, Chilton, Cullman,
Dale, Dekalb, Houston, Jeferson,
Lamar, Le, Madison, Mobile,
Montgomery, Pery, Russel, Sumter,
Talapoosa and Walker counties
REMARKS:
This scale has the potential to be a
serious pest of ferns and foliage plants.
Figure 72. Pinnaspis aspidistrae
(Signoret)
Map 93.
108
PINASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pinnaspis strachani
(Cooley)
COMON AME:
Leser Snow Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is iregularly oyster-shel shaped,
white to brown in color, exuviae are
brown or yelow and terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal, paralel sided, and
tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Colbert, Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a serious pest on many
hosts, including Hibiscus spp.
Figure 73. Pinnaspis strachani
(Cooley)
Map 94.
109
PSEUDAONIDIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudaonidia duplex
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Camphor Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, gray to brown in color,
exuviae are submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is oval, smaler than the female,
although similar in coloration, exuviae
are marginaly or submarginaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Acer sp., Baccharis halimifolia,
Baccharis sp., Camelia japonica,
Camelia sp., Carya ilinoensis, Chinese
talow, Cinnamomum sp., Citrus nobilis
unshiu, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sp.,
Diospyros sp., Diospyros virginiana,
Ficus sp., Ilex decidua, Liquidambar
styraciflua, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia
grandiflora, Myrica cerifera, Nysa
sylvatica, palm, Photinia sp., Poncirus
trifoliate, Punica granatum, Pyrus
calleryana, Quercus sp., Sasafras sp.,
Solidago sp., Ulmus rubra, Vaccinum sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale has mainly been found in the
southern half of the state.
REMARKS:
Although this scale has a wide host
range, it is not a serious pest in Alabama.
Figure 74. Pseudaonidia duplex
(Cockerel)
Map 95.
110
PSEUDAONIDIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudaonidia paeoniae
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Peony Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, brown in color,
exuviae are subcentraly or
submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is similar to the female, only
smaler and more slender.
BIOLOGY:
bark
HOSTS:
Azalea sp., Camelia sasanqua, Camelia
sp., purple-leafed white flower,
Rhododendron indicum, Rhododendron
sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Le, Mobile, Jeferson and Taladega
counties
REMARKS:
This pest can be a serious pest on azalea
and camelia.
Map 96.
111
PSEUDAULACASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
(Cooley)
COMON AME:
False Oleander Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is pear-shaped, white in color,
exuviae are yelow to brown and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal, thin, and paralel sided,
white in color, exuviae are terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
leaves
HOSTS:
Aucuba japonica, Aucuba sp. , Camelia
japonica, Magnolia grandiflora,
Magnolia sp., Michelia fuscata,
Pachysandra sp., palm, Persea palustris,
Strelitzia reginae, Umbrela palm
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Coosa, Dale,
Houston, Le, Mobile, Montgomery and
Russel counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a serious pest on
ornamentals, and is a common problem
on Magnolia spp.
Figure 75. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
(Cooley)
Map 97.
112
PSEUDAULACASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti)
COMON AME:
White Peach Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to grey in color,
exuviae are yelow to brown in color and
subcentraly or submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is oval and elongate, white in
color, exuviae are terminal.
BIOLOGY:
bark, leaves, and fruit
HOSTS:
Broad host range, se Appendix A.
DISTRIBUTION:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Calhoun,
Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Cleburne,
Colbert, Conecuh, Covington,
Crenshaw, Dale, Dalas, Dekalb,
Elmore, Escambia, Geneva, Houston,
Jackson, Le, Limestone, Lowndes,
Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshal,
obile, ontgomery, Morgan, Pery,
Pickens, Pike, Russel, Taladega and
Winston counties
REMARKS:
This is a widespread pest on many plant
species in Alabama.
Figure 76. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti)
Map 98.
113
PSEUDAULACASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudaulacaspis prunicola
(Maskel)
COMON AME:
White Prunicola Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to grey in color,
exuviae are yelow to brown in color and
subcentraly or submarginaly located.
Male:
Cover is oval and elongate, white in
color, exuviae are terminal.
BIOLOGY:
unknown
HOSTS:
flowering chery
DISTRIBUTION:
Elmore county
REMARKS:
This scale looks very similar to
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona although its
host range is more limited, and can be
dificult to distinguish from it, even with
the use of keys.
Map 99.
114
PSEUDOPARLATORIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
False Parlatoria Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is variably circular, yelow to
brown in color, exuviae are
submarginaly or marginaly located.
Male:
Cover is oval, yelow to brown in color,
exuviae are yelow and terminaly
located.
BIOLOGY:
bark and leaves
HOSTS:
Hemlock
DISTRIBUTION:
Lawrence county
REMARKS:
This species is not commonly collected
and is not considered an economic pest
in Alabama.
Figure 77. Pseudoparlatoria
parlatorioides (Comstock)
Map 100.
115
QUERNASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Quernaspis quercicola
Tippins & Beshear
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is thin and elongate, grey in color
and tends to blend in with the bark
around it, exuviae are terminaly located.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
crevices and cracks in bark, often
beneath the epidermis.
HOSTS:
Quercus falcata
DISTRIBUTION:
Dalas and Le counties
REMARKS:
This insect has been collected in two
locations in Alabama. Currently it has
only been found in Georgia and
Alabama worldwide. It is not
considered economicaly important.
Figure 77. Quernaspis quercicola
Tippins & Beshear
Map 101.
116
RHIZASPIDIOTUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi
(Cockerel)
COMON AME:
Dearnes Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is oval, tan to brown in color,
exuviae are yelow and subcentraly
located.
Male:
Cover is similar in shape and coloration
to the female, but smaler, exuviae are
sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
stems
HOSTS:
Eupatorium capilifolium, Solidago sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Barbour, Le and Mobile counties
REMARKS:
This scale in not considered an economic
pest in Alabama.
Map 102.
117
SELENASPIDUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Selenaspidus articulatus
(Morgan)
COMON AME:
Rufous Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is circular, white to brown in
color, exuviae are orange to brown and
centraly or subcentraly located.
Male:
Cover is smaler and more elongate than
the female, white to brown in color,
exuviae are sublateraly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, fruit, and leaves
HOSTS:
Citrus sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Houston county
REMARKS:
This scale is not considered
economicaly important in Alabama.
Figure 78. Selenaspidus articulatus
(Morgan)
Map 103.
118
UNACHIONASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Unachionaspis tenuis
(Maskel)
COMON AME:
None Known
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover widens at one end, white in color.
Male:
No information available.
BIOLOGY:
leaves, near the base
HOSTS:
Bambusa sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
Blount, Cleburne, Elmore, Jeferson,
Marshal and St. Clair counties
REMARKS:
This scale can be a pest on bamboo. First
found in Alabama in 2006. This
collection was the first documented
landscape presence in the western
hemisphere.
Figure 79. Unachionaspis tenuis
(Maskel)
Map 104.
119
UNASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock)
COMON AME:
Citrus Snow Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is pear-shaped, narowing at the
exuvial end, gray to brown in color,
exuviae are brownish orange and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is smal, thin, paralel sided, and
tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are
terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
bark, fruit, and leaves
HOSTS:
Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica,
Euonymus americanus, Euonymus
fortunei, Euonymus japonicus,
Euonymus japonica var. aureovariegata
(gold spot euonymus), Euonymus
japonica microphyla, Euonymus
kiautschovicus, Euonymus sieboldiana,
Euonymus sp., evergrens, Pachysandra
sp., Quercus nigra, shrubbery, sugar
plant
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is a widespread pest in
Alabama, especialy on Euonymus spp.
Figure 80. Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock)
Map 105.
120
VELATASPIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
COMON AME:
Dentate Scale
DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR:
Female:
Cover is extremely thin and elongate,
varying shades of brown in color,
although sometimes it appears white,
exuviae are darkly colored and
terminaly located.
Male:
Cover is shorter and not as slender as the
female, although similar in color,
exuviae are terminaly located.
BIOLOGY:
Leaves, stems, and smal branches
HOSTS:
Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer
sp., Berchemia scandens, Celtis sp.,
Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida,
Cycas revoluta, Diospyros virginiana,
Fraxinus sp., Ilex cornuta burfordii,
Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura
pomifera, Magnolia grandiflora,
Magnolia sp., Myrica cerifera,
Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea
borbonia, Persea palustris, Salix nigra,
Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp.
DISTRIBUTION:
This scale is widely distributed over the
state of Alabama.
REMARKS:
This scale is commonly collected around
the state although usualy in very smal
numbers per sample.
Figure 81. Velataspis dentata
(Hoke)
Map 106.
121
RESULTS
Prior to this study only 76 species belonging to 32 genera were recorded in
Alabama. This study has added 31 previously unrecorded species. As a result of this
survey, Alabama now has recorded 107 species in 42 genera.
It is important to note that there are no specimens of Leucaspis pini (Hartig) (H..
Tippins reference), or Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) in the Auburn
University Coccoidea Collection that were actualy collected in Alabama. Both of these
scales are referenced as having been found in Alabama by other sources and waranted
inclusion in this thesis.
122
DISCUSION
This survey fils in many of the gaps in the knowledge of the diaspidid fauna of
Alabama. The post-survey number of 107 diaspidid species is a more acurate depiction
of the species present in this state. Yet, there is much more work that could be done that
is beyond the scope of this master?s thesis. Alabama now ranks as number 2 in terms of
number of species of diaspidids in the southeastern United States. Alabama trails only
Florida with its 150+ species. The only other state in our region that has recorded
anywhere near as many species as Alabama is our neighbor Georgia with 105 diaspidids
recorded. Although our other neighbors (Misisippi, Tennese, Louisiana and
Kentucky) have recorded much lower numbers of species (al below 70), I have no doubt
that this is largely due to a lack of collecting with this particular group of insects in those
states.
Some of the more notable diaspidids that were not previously collected in
Alabama include Melanaspis arundinariae, which had previously only been collected in
South Carolina as far as U.S. records are concerned. They also include Quernaspis
quercicola, which worldwide had only been collected in Georgia and is quite a rare find.
Lastly, Diaspidiotus crystallinus has been found in Alabama in a single location and was
previously known from a single Texas collection in 1938.
The discovery of these and several other newly recorded diaspidids have great
implications for Alabama and the surrounding states. Species that were previously
thought to be primarily of western distribution like Diaspidiotus crystallinus and
Clavaspis texana may actualy be distributed across the United States. Species that are
considered serious pests in other states like the newly recorded Aspidiela sacchari, may
be newly introduced or may simply be inhibited by some unsen factor keeping it from
123
reaching pest status in Alabama. More research and surveys in other states would help
answer these questions and many more for the beterment of state-wide integrated pest
management programs.
124
REFERENCES
1. Beshear, R. J., Tippins, H. H., Howel, J. O. 1973. The Armored Scale Insects
(Homoptera: Diaspididae) of Georgia and Their Hosts. University of Georgia,
College of Agriculture Experiment Stations. Bull. 146. 15p. , ilus.
2. Boyd, C.P. 1932. A partial list of the scale insects of Le County, Alabama. M.S.
Thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama, 42p. , ilus.
3. Chiu, C. H. 1974. Biological Studies on Tea Scale Fiorinia theae Gren
(Homoptera: Diaspididae). M.S. Thesis, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
76p. , ilus.
4. Dekle, G. W. 1965. Florida Armored Scale Insects. Arthropods of Florida and
Neighboring Land areas, Vol 3. 342p. , ilus.
5. Hendricks, H.J. & Wiliams, M.L. 1992. Life history of Melanaspis obscura
(Homoptera: Diaspididae) infesting pin oak in Alabama. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 85(4): 452-457.
6. Herick, G.W. 1911. Some Scale Insects of Misisippi with notes on certain
species from Texas. Misisippi Agricultural Experiment Station Technical
Bulletin 2: 1-78.
7. Howard, F.W. & Oliver, A.D. 1985. Armored Scale Insects (Homoptera:
Diaspididae) of Louisiana. Bulletin of the Louisiana Experiment Station 767: 1-
125.
8. Owen, W. L. 1925. A preliminary list of the scale insects of Alabama. M.S.
Thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. 46p. , ilus.
9. Tippins, H. H. 1953. The Scale Insects of Alabama. M.S. Thesis, Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. 70p. , ilus.
10. SCALE NET (http:/ww.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm)
11. Kelsey, H.P., Dayton, W.A. 1942. Standardized Plant Names. Second Edition. J.
Horace McFarland Company, Harisburg, PA. For the American Joint Commite
on Horticultural Nomenclature.
125
12. Muse, B.J., 1980. A Taxonomic Revision of the Armored Scale Insect Genus
Aonidomytilus Leonardi (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Ph.D isertation, Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama. 234 p. , ilus.
13. Miler, D.R., Davidson, J.A., 1998. A New Species of Armored Scale (Hemiptera:
Coccoidea: Diaspididae) Previously confused with Hemiberlesia Neodifinis
(Newstead). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100(2), 1998, pp.193-201
126
APENDIX A.
HOST PLANTS OF ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret) ? cyanophyllum scale
Host Plants: Berchemia scandens, cactus, Celtis occidentalis, Ficus sp., Ilex cornuta,
Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex opaca, Ilex sp., Liriope muscari, Lyonia ligustrina,
Magnolia virginiana, palm, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Smilax sp., Vaccinium
sp.
Abgrallaspis ithacae (Feris) ? hemlock scale
Host Plants: Hemlock
Abgrallaspis liriodendri (Miler and Howard) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Liriodendron tulipifera
Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab ? round conifer scale
Host Plants: Juniperus virginiana, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus
sp., Pinus virginiana
Acutaspis perseae (Comstock) ? red bay scale
Host Plants: Ilex sp., Pinus sp., Serenoa repens
Aonidia atlantica Feris ? Juniper needle scale
Host Plants: Chamaecyparis thyoides
Aonidiela auranti (Maskel) ? California red scale
Host Plants: Citrus nobilis unshiu, Nerium sp.
Aonidiela taxus Leonardi ? Asiatic red scale
Host Plants: Podocarpus macrophylus
127
Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum
Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris ? hypericum scale
Host Plants: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum
Aonidomytilus sabatius Tipins ? no common name known
Host Plants: Sabatia sp.
Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke) ? goldenrod scale
Host Plants: Asteraceae, Eupatorium capilifolium, Polygala cymosa, Solidago sp.,
Verbena bonariensis, weds
Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel) ? sugarcane scale
Host Plants: Stenotaphrum secundatum
Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana ? cryptomeria scale
Host Plants: Unknown
Aspidiotus marisci Tipins & Beshear ? sawgras scale
Host Plants: Cladium jamaicense
Aspidiotus neri Bouche ? no common name known
Host Plants: Aleurites fordi, Asparagus plumosus, Aucuba sp., Citrus limon, Citrus
nobilis unshiu, Cycas revoluta, Hedera helix, Hedera sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura
pomifera, Magnolia sp., Melia azedarach, Nerium sp. Osmanthus fragrans, palm,
Poncirus trifoliata, sage palms
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) ? rose scale
Host Plants: Rosa spp., Rubus sp.
Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi ? Aulacaspis Cycad scale
Host Plants: Cycads, Cycas revoluta
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) ? juniper scale
128
Host Plants: Cupresus arizonica, Juniperus silicicola, Juniperus virginiana,
Juniperus sp.
Carulaspis minima (Signoret) ? minute cypres scale
Host Plants: Cupresus sp., Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus sp., Juniperus virginiana
Chionaspis americana Johnson ? elm scurfy scale
Host Plants: Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Ulmus alata, Ulmus
americana, Ulmus thomasi, Ulmus sp.
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) ? scurfy scale
Host Plants: Nysa sylvatica, Pyrus communis
Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders ? no common name known
Host Plants: Gleditsia triacanthos
Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley ? pine scale
Host Plants: Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus
virginiana, Pinus sp.
Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai ? no comon name known
Host Plants: Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp., Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum
arboreum, Ulmus rubra
Chionaspis longiloba Cooley ? longiloba scale
Host Plants: Japanese persimon, Salix nigra
Chionaspis nysae Comstock ? sour-gum scale
Host Plants: Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Diospyros
virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Ilex americana, Nysa sp., Nysa sylvatica
Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) ? pine needle scale
Host Plants: Casuarina sp., Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus
taeda, Pinus sp.
Chionaspis salicis (Linaeus) ? black wilow scale
129
Host Plants: Salix nigra, Salix sp.
Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab ? no common name known
Host Plants: Styrax americana
Chionaspis triformis Tipins & Beshear ? no common name known
Host Plants: Carpinus caroliniana
Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) ? no common name known
Host Plants: grases, Spartina sp., St. Augustine gras
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linaeus) ? Florida red scale
Host Plants: Acer sp., Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, palms
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris ? no common name known
Host Plants: Aspidistra sp.
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) ? dictyospermum scale
Host Plants: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Ficus sp., Ligustrum sp., palm,
Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren) ? no common name known
Host Plants: palm
Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tipins ? no common name known
Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Carya sp.
Clavaspis texana Feris ? no common name known
Host Plants: Maclura pomifera
Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock) ? palmeto scale
Host Plants: palm, Sabal sp.
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) ? putnam scale
130
Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Acer sp., Aesculus pavia, Alnus serulata, Betula nigra,
Carya ilinoensis, Carya ovata, Carya sp., Celtis ocidentalis, Cercis canadensis,
Cornus asperifolia, Cornus florida, Crataegus sanguinea, Diospyros virginiana,
Fraxinus sp., Halesia carolina, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex sp., Liquidambar
styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Malus sp., Myrica
cerifera, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea palustris, Prunus americana, Prunus
persica, Prunus serotina, Prunus sp., Quercus sp., Salix nigra, Smilax sp., Ulmus
rubra, Ulmus sp, Vaccinum sp., Vitis sp., Wisteria sp.
Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris
Host Plants: unknown
Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel) ? conifer scale
Host Plants: Juniperus virginiana, Thuja sp.
Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris ? no common name known
Host Plants: Alnus serulata
Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) ? forbes scale
Host Plants: Betula nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus florida, Cydonia sp., Fraxinus
sp., Ilex sp., Malus sp, Nysa sylvatica, Osmanthus americanus, Prunus angustifolia,
Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus serotina, Prunus sp.,
Pyrus sp., Quercus sp., Robinia pseudo-acacia, fern
Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) ? walnut scale
Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Celtis sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Ilex
crenata, Juglans sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Malus sp., Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda,
Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp., Prunus munsoniana, Prunus persica, Prunus sp., Pyrus
sp.
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) ? swetgum scale
Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liquidambar sp.
Diaspidiotus mcombi Mckenzie ? McComb pine scale
Host Plants: Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp.
Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel) ? Osborn scale
131
Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis,
Carya ovata, Carya sp., Celtis occidentalis, Ilex decidua, Cornus florida, Fraxinus
sp., Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Nysa sylvatica,
Ostrya virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus
lyrata, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus sp., Quercus velutina, Salix nigra,
Sassafras albidum, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp., Vaccinium sp., Vitis sp.
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) ? San Jose scale
Host Plants: Broussonetia papyrifera, Buxus sp., Carpinus caroliniana, Carya
ilinoensis, Chaenomeles japonica, Chinese Chery, Cornus sp., Cotoneaster
divaricata, Cotoneaster sp., Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus sp., Ilex sp., Japanese
magnolia, Japanese walnut, Juglans nigra, Juglans sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura
pomifera, Malus sp., Malus var. red delicious, Malus var. golden delicious, Morus
sp., Photinia fraseri, Photinia glabra, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus
yedoensis, Prunus sp. (chery), Prunus sp. (plum), Prunus sp. (flowering peach),
Pyracantha sp., Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus sp., Quercus sp., Rosa sp., Ulmus sp., Vitis
sp., Ziziphus sp.
Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris) ? bald cypres scale
Host Plants: Taxodium sp.
Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) ? grape scale
Host Plants: Betula nigra, Carya ilinoensis, Platanus occidentalis, Vitis sp.
Diaspis boisduvali Signoret ? boisduval scale
Host Plants: amberglow Florida orchid, cactus, Musa sp., Strelitzia reginae, orchid,
palm, Phoenix sp.
Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) ? pineapple scale
Host Plants: Aehema chantinii, Cattelyea orchid
Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche) ? cactus scale
Host Plants: Cactus, Mammilaria compresa
Diaspis townsendi Cockerel
Host Plants: Quercus sp.
Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren)
132
Host Plants: ornamental Bahia gras, grases, Iris sp.
Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman)
Host Plants: Pinus echinata
Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti) ? fiorinia scale
Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Camelia sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Michelia
fuscata, Phoenix sp.
Fiorinia theae Gren ? tea scale
Host Plants: Aucuba sp., Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba,
Camelia sasanqua, Camelia thea, Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sp.,
Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex cornuta
burfordii, Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp., Laurus nobilis, Malus sp., Prunus sp.,
Punica sp.
Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke) ? elm scale
Host Plants: Ulmus alata, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp.
Froggattiela penicilata (Gren) ? penicilate scale
Host Plants: Bambusa sp., Phylostachys aurea
Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead ? flyspeck scale
Host Plants: Bromelia sp.
Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock) ? cord gras scale
Host Plants: grases, marsh gras, Spartina alterniflora
Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead) ? difinis scale
Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Ficus sp., Ficus sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras
albidum, Ulmus sp.
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ? latania scale
Host Plants: Albizia sp., Aleurites fordi, Areca sp., Baccharis sp., Buxus sp., Celtis
laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus asperifolia, Deutzia
scabra, Diervila sesilifolia, Euonymus japonica microphyla, Eupatorium
133
capilifolium, Fatshedera lizei, Fatsia sp., Ficus sp., Hedera helix, Hypericum
prolificum, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex crenata, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp.
Lespedeza cuneata, Lespedeza sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Melia azedarach, Mimosa
sp., Morus rubra, palm, Prunus persica, Punica granatum, Pyracantha sp., Salix
nigra, Umbrela palm, Vaccinum sp.
Hemiberlesia neodifinis (Miler & Davidson)
Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus sp., Fraxinus sp.,
Lespedeza cuneata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris
Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel) ? tropical palm scale
Host Plants: Bromeliad
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) ? gredy scale
Host Plants: Citrus limon, Euonymus sp., Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Lonicera sp.,
Pyrus pyrifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp.
Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Arundinaria gigantea, Bambusa sp., Indocalamus teselatus
Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley) ? bamboo white scale
Host Plants: Bambusa sp.
Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) ? bamboo diaspidid scale
Host Plants: Bambusa sp.
Kuwanaspis vermiformis (Takagi) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Bambusa sp.
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) ? purple scale
Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Citrus reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Citrus limon
ponderosa, Citrus sp., Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis x Poncirus
trifoliate x Fortunela (citrange-quat), Elaeagnus pungens, Fortunela sp., japonica
tre, Malus sp., Passiflora sp., Poncirus trifoliate, zairai satsuma
Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke ? camelia scale
134
Host Plants: Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba, Camelia sp.,
Cryptomeria japonica, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex sp.
Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) ? glover scale
Host Plants: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Euonymus
sp., Ficus sp., Magnolia sp., Prunus sp., Sabal palmeto, Vaccinum sp., palms, zairai
satsuma
Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) ? no common name
Host Plants: Unknown
Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Cryptomeria japonica, Juniperus sp.
Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel) ? Maskel scale
Host Plants: Leyland cypres
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linaeus) ? oystershel scale
Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Camelia japonica, Cryptomeria japonica, Malus sp.,
Prunus persica, Ulmus sp.
Leucaspis pini (Hartig) (Tippins reference) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Unknown
Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel)
Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp.
Melanaspis arundinariae Davidson & Deitz
Host Plants: Smilax sp., Arundinariae gigantea
Melanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi) ? ananas scale
Host Plants: Bromeliads
Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) ? obscure scale
135
Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Castanea sp., Castanea mollisima, Citrus sp.,
Magnolia obovata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus
phelos, Quercus sp., Japanese magnolia
Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock) ? smilax scale
Host Plants: Smilax sp., grases
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) ? gloomy scale
Host Plants: Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Alnus
serulata, Castila sp., Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp.,
Japanese magnolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Malus sp., Morus sp.,
Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus sp.,
Umbrela palm
Morganela ceuroensis (Cockerel)
Host Plants: Acer sp.
Neopinaspis harperi McKenzie ? harper scale
Host Plants: Acer sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra
Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) ? spinose scale
Host Plants: Ilex cornuta burfordii, Persea palustris
Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky ? Bermuda gras scale
Host Plants: Andropogon sp., Cynodon dactylon, Vetiveria zizanioides
Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) ? para gras scale
Host Plants: grases
Parlatoria cameliae Comstock ? camelia parlatoria scale
Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., Ilex sp.
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock ? chaf scale
Host Plants: Camelia sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus paradisi, Citrus
sinensis, Citrus sp., Codiaeum sp., Cycas sp., Euonymus sp., Fortunela sp., Psidium
sp., Satsuma, Viburnum sp., zairai
136
Pinaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) ? fern scale
Host Plants: Aspidistra elatior, Asplenium nidus, Camelia sp., Liriope muscari,
Liriope sp., Lycopersicon esculentum, fern, Ophiopogon sp., Nephrolepis exaltata
bostoniensis, Saintpaulia sp., Zebrina pendula
Pinaspis strachani (Cooley) ? leser snow scale
Host Plants: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sp.
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) ? camphor scale
Host Plants: Acer sp., Baccharis halimifolia, Baccharis sp., Camelia japonica,
Camelia sp., Carya ilinoensis, Chinese talow, Cinnamomum sp., Citrus nobilis
unshiu, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sp., Diospyros sp., Diospyros virginiana, Ficus sp.,
Ilex decidua, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia grandiflora,
Myrica cerifera, Nysa sylvatica, palm, Photinia sp., Poncirus trifoliate, Punica
granatum, Pyrus calleryana, Quercus sp., Sassafras sp., Solidago sp., Ulmus rubra,
Vaccinum sp.
Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel) ? peony scale
Host Plants: Azalea sp., Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., purple-leafed white flower,
Rhododendron indicum, Rhododendron sp.
Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley) ? false oleander scale
Host Plants: Aucuba japonica, Aucuba sp. , Camelia japonica, Magnolia
grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Michelia fuscata, Pachysandra sp., palm, Persea
palustris, Strelitzia reginae, Umbrela palm
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) ? white peach scale
Host Plants: Acer sp., Alnus serulata, Broussonetia papyrifera, Carya ilinoensis,
Carya sp., Catalpa bignonioides, Catalpa sp., Cercis canadensis, Cercis sp.,
Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cydonia sp., Diospyros kaki var. tanenashi (tanenashi
kaki persimon), Diospyros virginiana, Diospyros sp., Euonymus alata compacta,
Euonymus sp., Firmiana simplex, Fortunei sp., Fraxinus sp., Gleditsia triacanthos,
Ilex sp., Juglans nigra, Juglans sp., Koelreuteria paniculata var. apiculata (golden
rain tre), Lespedeza cuneata, Ligustrum amurense, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Ligustrum
sinense, Ligustrum sp., Melia azedarach, Morus rubra, Morus sp., Osmanthus
fortunei, palm, Platanus sp., Populus, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus sp.
(chery), Prunus sp. (flowering peach), Prunus sp. (plum), Pueraria sp., Robinia
pseudoacacia, Salix nigra, Syringa sp., varnish tre
137
Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskel) ? no common name known
Host Plants: flowering chery
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) ? false parlatoria scale
Host Plants: Hemlock
Quernaspis quercicola Tipins & Beshear ? no common name known
Host Plants: Quercus falcata
Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel) ? dearnes scale
Host Plants: Eupatorium capilifolium, Solidago sp.
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) ? rufous scale
Host Plants: Citrus sp.
Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel) ? no common name known
Host Plants: Bambusa sp.
Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) ? euonymus scale
Host Plants: Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus americanus, Euonymus
fortunei, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus japonica var. aureovariegata (gold spot
euonymus), Euonymus japonica microphyla, Euonymus kiautschovicus, Euonymus
sieboldiana, Euonymus sp., evergrens, Pachysandra sp., Quercus nigra, shrubbery,
sugar plant
Velataspis dentata (Hoke) ? dentate scale
Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Berchemia scandens, Celtis
sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Cycas revoluta, Diospyros virginiana,
Fraxinus sp., Ilex cornuta burfordii, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera,
Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Myrica cerifera, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea
borbonia, Persea palustris, Salix nigra, Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp.
138
APENDIX B.
ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS BY HOST
Acer negundo (boxelder maple)
Melanaspis tenebricosa
Acer palmatum (Japanese red maple)
Parlatoria sp.
Acer rubrum (red maple)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus liquidambaris, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis
tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)
Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata
Acer sp. (maple)
Chrysomphalus aonidum, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Morganela
cueroensis, Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona,
Velataspis dentata
Aehema chantini
Diaspis bromeliae
Aesculus pavia (red buckeye)
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Albizia sp.
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Aleurites fordi (tung tres)
Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Alnus serulata (hazel alder)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus crystallinus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus
osborni, Lopholeucaspis japonica, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Amberglow Florida Orchid
Diaspis boisduvali
139
American Holly
Se Ilex opaca
American Hornbeam
Se Carpinus caroliniana
American Swetgum
Se Liquidambar styraciflua
Amur privet
Se Ligustrum amurense
Andropogon sp. (broom sedge)
Odonaspis ruthae
Aple
Se Malus sp.
Areca sp. (areca palm)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Arizona Cypres
Se Cupresus arizonica
Arundinaria gigantea
Kuwanaspis hikosani, Melanaspis arundinariae
Ash
Se Fraxinus sp.
Asparagus fern
Se Asparagus plumosus
Asparagus plumosus (asparagus fern)
Aspidiotus neri
Aspidistra elatior
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Aspidistra sp. (aspidistra)
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus
Asplenium nidus (bird?s nest fern)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
140
Asteraceae sp.
Aonidomytilus solidaginis
Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba)
Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Aucuba sp. (aucuba)
Aspidiotus neri, Fiorinia theae, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Australian Pine
Se Casuarina sp.
Azalea sp. (azalea)
Aspidiotus sp., Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Baccharis halimifolia (Eastern baccharis)
Diaspidiotus sp., Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex
Baccharis sp. (baccharis)
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex
Bahia Grass
Duplachionaspis divergens
Bamboo
Se Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp. (bamboo)
Froggattiela penicilata, Kuwanaspis howardi, Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis,
Unachionaspis tenuis
Bay Shrub
Se Laurus nobilis
Bay Tre
Chrysomphalus sp.
Berchemia scandens
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Velataspis dentata
Bermuda Grass
Se Cynodon dactylon
Betula nigra
141
Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus forbesi,
Diaspidiotus uvae
Big Blue Liriope
Se Liriope muscari
Bird?s Nest Fern
Se Asplenium nidus
Black Walnut
Se Juglans nigra
Box Elder Maple
Se Acer negundo
Boxwood
Se Buxus sp.
Bromelia sp. (bromelia)
Gymnaspis aechmeae
Bromeliad (unidentified)
Hemiberlesia palmae
Brook Euonymus
Se Euonymus americanus
Broom sedge
Se Andropogon sp.
Brousonetia papyrifera (paper mulbery)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Burford Holly
Se Ilex cornuta burfordii
Butonbush (common)
Se Cephalanthus occidentalis
Buxus sp. (boxwood)
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae,
Lepidosaphes gloveri
Cactus
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspis boisduvali, Diaspis echinocacti
142
California Privet
Se Ligustrum ovalifolium
Camelia japonica (common camelia)
Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes cameliae,
Lepidosaphes ulmi, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaonidia
duplex, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Camelia japonica alba (white common camelia)
Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae
Camelia sasanqua (sasanqua camelia)
Fiorinia theae, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Camelia sp. (camelia)
Chrysomphalus aonidum, Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae,
Parlatoria cameliae, Parlatoria pergandii, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Pseudaonidia duplex,
Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Camelia thea (thea)
Fiorinia theae
Camphor
Se Cinnamomum sp.
Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam)
Chionaspis kosztarabi, Chionaspis nysae (bark form), Chionaspis triformis,
Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Lopholeucaspis japonica
Carya ilinoensis (pecan)
Chionaspis nysae (bark form), Clavaspis crypta, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus
osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspidiotus uvae, Hemiberlesia difinis,
Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis obscura, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
Carya ovata (shagbark hickory)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni
Carya sp. (hickory)
Clavaspis crypta, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
Castanea mollisima (Chinese chestnut)
Melanaspis obscura
143
Castanea sp. (chestnut)
Melanaspis obscura
Castila sp. (gumtre)
Melanaspis tenebricosa
Casuarina sp. (Australian pine)
Chionaspis pinifoliae
Catalpa bignonioides (southern catalpa)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Catalpa sp. (catalpa)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Cattelyea orchid
Diaspis bromeliae
Celeste Fig
Hemiberlesia difinis
Celtis laevigata (hackbery)
Chionaspis americana, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Celtis occidentalis (hackbery)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus
forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia neodifinis,
Melanaspis tenebricosa
Celtis sp. (hackbery)
Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis
dentata
Cephalanthus occidentalis (common butonbush)
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Cercis canadensis (redbud)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona,
Velataspis dentata
Cercis sp. (redbud)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Chaenomeles japonica (flowering Japanese quince)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
144
Chamaecyparis thyoides (white cedar)
Aonidia atlantica
Chestnut
Se Castanea sp.
Chinese Chery
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Chinese Chestnut
Se Castanea mollisima
Chinese Hibiscus
Se Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Chinese Holly
Se Ilex cornuta
Chinese Lespedeza
Se Lespedeza cuneata
Chinese Privet
Se Ligustrum sinense
Chinese Tallow
Pseudaonidia duplex
Cinamomum sp. (camphor)
Pseudaonidia duplex
Citrus aurantifolia (Lime)
Parlatoria sp.
Citrus limon (lemon)
Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia rapax, Parlatoria pergandii
Citrus limon ponderosa (lemon)
Lepidosaphes becki
Citrus nobilis unshiu (satsuma orange)
Aonidiela auranti, Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Chrysomphalus
dictyospermi, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria
pergandii, Pseudaonidia duplex
Citrus paradisi (grapefruit)
145
Lepidosaphes becki, Parlatoria pergandii
Citrus reticulata (Tangerine)
Lepidosaphes becki, Pseudaonidia duplex
Citrus sinensis (swet orange)
Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii
Citrus sp.
Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Melanaspis obscura,
Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaonidia duplex, Selenaspidus articulatus, Unaspis euonymi
Cladium jamaicense
Aspidiotus marisci
Coastal Bermuda Grass
Odonaspis ruthae
Codiaeum sp. (croton)
Parlatoria pergandii
Corky Elm
Chionaspis americana
Cornus asperifolia
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Melanaspis sp.
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus
osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia sp., Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis
dentata
Cornus sp. (dogwood)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia neodifinis
Cotoneaster divaricata (spreading cotoneaster)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Cotoneaster sp. (cotoneaster)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Cottonwood
Se Populus sp.
Crataegus sanguinea (redhaw hawthorn)
146
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Crataegus sp.
Diaspidiotus sp.
Croton
Se Codiaeum sp.
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)
Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Lepidosaphes newsteadi,
Lepidosaphes ulmi, Unaspis euonymi
Cupresus arizonica (Arizona cypres)
Carulaspis juniperi
Cupresus sp.
Carulaspis minima
Cycad
Se Cycas sp.
Cycas revoluta (sago palm)
Aspidiotus neri, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Velataspis dentata
Cycas sp. (cycad)
Aspidiotus sp., Parlatoria pergandii
Cydonia sp. (quince)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)
Odonaspis ruthae
Deutzia scabra (fuzy deutzia)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Diervila sesilifolia (southern bush honeysuckle)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Diospyros sp. (persimon)
Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Diospyros virginiana (common persimon)
Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona, Velataspis dentata
147
Dogfenel Eupatorium
See Eupatorium capilifolium
Dogwood
Se Cornus spp.
Dwarf Japanese Euonymus
Se Euonymus japonica microphyla
Eastern Baccharis
Se Baccharis halimifolia
Eastern Red Cedar
Se Juniperus virginiana
Elaeagnus pungens (thorny elaeagnus)
Lepidosaphes becki
Elm
Se Ulmus spp.
English Ivy
Se Hedera helix
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Euonymus alata compacta (winged euonymus)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Euonymus americanus (brook euonymus)
Unaspis euonymi
Euonymus fortunei (winter creper euonymus)
Unaspis euonymi
Euonymus japonicus (evergren euonymus)
Fiorinia theae, Unaspis euonymi
Euonymus japonica microphyla (dwarf Japanese euonymus)
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Unaspis euonymi
Euonymus kiautschovicus (spreading euonymus)
Unaspis euonymi
148
Euonymus sieboldianus (siebold euonymus)
Unaspis euonymi
Euonymus sp. (euonymus)
Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Unaspis euonymi
Eupatorium capilifolium (dogfenel eupatorium)
Aonidomytilus solidaginis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi
Evergren Euonymus
Se Euonymus japonicus
Fatshedera lizei (Fatsia japonica x Hedera helix, fatshedera)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Fatsia sp. (fatsia)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Fern
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Ficus sp. (fig)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Aspidiotus sp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus
perniciosus, Hemiberlesia difinis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri,
Pseudaonidia duplex
Ficus sp. (celeste fig)
Hemiberlesia difinis
Fig
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi
Firethorn
Se Pyracantha sp.
Firmiana simplex
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Flowering Chery
Pseudaulacaspis prunicola
Flowering Japanese Quince
Se Chaenomeles japonica
149
Flowering Peach
Se Prunus sp.
Fortunei sp. (shrub fortunes osmanthus)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Fortunela sp. (kumquat)
Lepidosaphes becki, Parlatoria pergandii
Fraxinus sp. (ash)
Chionaspis kosztarabi, Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi,
Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis tenebricosa,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata
Gentian sp.
Lepidosaphes sp.
Gleditsia triacanthos
Chionaspis gleditsiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Grapefruit
Se Citrus paradisi
Grape Vine
Se Vitis sp.
Grass
Chortinaspis subchortina, Duplachionaspis divergens, Haliaspis spartinae, Odonaspis
saccharicaulis, Melanaspis smilacis
Guava
Se Psidium spp.
Gumtre
Se Castila spp.
Hackbery
Se Celtis spp.
Halesia carolina
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Hazel Alder
Se Alnus serulata
150
Hedera helix (English ivy)
Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Hedera sp. (ivy)
Aspidiotus neri
Hemlock
Abgrallaspis ithacae, Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus)
Pinnaspis strachani
Hibiscus sp. (hibiscus)
Pinnaspis strachani
Hickory
Se Carya spp.
Holly
Se Ilex spp.
Honeysuckle
Se Lonicera sp.
Hucklebery
Se Lyonia ligustrina
Hypericum fasciculatum (sandbush St. Johns wort)
Aonidomytilus crookiae, Aonidomytilus hyperici
Hypericum prolificum
Aonidomytilus crookiae, Aonidomytilus hyperici, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Ilex americana (holly)
Chionaspis nysae
Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Fiorinia theae
Ilex cornuta burfordii (burford holly)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae,
Lepidosaphes cameliae, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Velataspis dentata
Ilex crenata (Japanese holly)
Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia rapax
151
Ilex decidua (holly)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Pseudaonidia duplex
Ilex opaca (American holly)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Ilex sp. (foster hybrid holly)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus
Ilex sp. (holly)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Acutaspis perseae, Aspidiotus sp., Chrysomphalus sp.,
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Fiorinia theae,
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly)
Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia rapax
Indocalamus teselatus
Kuwanaspis hikosani
Iris sp.
Duplachionaspis divergens
Japanese Aucuba
Se Aucuba japonica
Japanese Cedar
Se Cryptomeria japonica
Japanese Holly
Se Ilex crenata
Japanese magnolia
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis obscura, Melanaspis tenebricosa
Japanese persimon
Chionaspis longiloba
Japanese Red Maple
Se Acer palmatum
Japanese Walnut
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
152
Japonica
Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes cameliae,
Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria pergandii, Unaspis euonymi
Japonica tre
Lepidosaphes becki
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Juglans sp. (Japanese walnut)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Juglans sp. (walnut)
Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Juniper
Se Juniperus sp.
Juniperus chinensis (Juniper)
Carulaspis minima
Juniperus silicicola (southern red cedar)
Carulaspis juniperi
Juniperus sp. (Juniper)
Carulaspis juniperi, Carulaspis minima, Lepidosaphes newsteadi
Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar)
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Carulaspis juniperi, Carulaspis minima, Diaspidiotus
coniferarum
Koelreuteria apiculata (gold rain tre)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Kudzu vine
Se Pueraria sp.
Kumquat
Se Fortunela sp.
Lagerstroemia indica
Pseudaonidia duplex
Laurus nobilis (bay shrub)
153
Fiorinia theae
Lemon Tre
Se Citrus limon
Lespedeza cuneata (Chinese lespedeza)
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Lespedeza sp. (lespedeza)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Leyland Cypres
Lepidosaphes pallida, Neopinnaspis harperi
Ligustrum amurense (amur privet)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Ligustrum ovalifolium (California privet)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Ligustrum sp. (privet)
Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Lime
Se Citrus aurantifolia
Liquidambar sp. (swetgum)
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris
Liquidambar styraciflua (American swetgum)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus liquidambaris, Pseudaonidia duplex
Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptre)
Abgrallaspis liriodendri, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus
osborni, Hemiberlesia difinis, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis tenebricosa,
Velataspis dentata
Liriope muscari (big blue liriope)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Liriope sp. (monkey grass)
154
Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Pinnaspis sp.
Lonicera sp. (honeysuckle)
Hemiberlesia rapax
Loquat
Se Eriobotrya japonica
Lycopersicon esculentum (common tomato)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Lyonia ligustrina (hucklebery)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Pseudaonidia duplex
Maclura pomifera (osage orange)
Aspidiotus neri, Clavaspis texana, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis tenebricosa,
Velataspis dentata
Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia)
Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae,
Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis
dentata
Magnolia obovata (Japanese magnolia)
Melanaspis obscura
Magnolia sp. (magnolia)
Aspidiotus neri, Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus ancylus, Lepidosaphes gloveri,
Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis dentata
Magnolia stelata (star magnolia)
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Magnolia virginiana (swetbay magnolia)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli
Malmasson Rose
Aulacaspis rosae
Malus sp. (apple)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus
perniciosus, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis
tenebricosa
Malus sp. (flowering crabapple)
155
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Mammilaria compresa (mother of hundreds)
Diaspis echinocacti
Maple
Se Acer spp.
Marsh grass
Haliaspis spartinae
Melia azedarach (chinabery)
Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Michelia fuscata (banana shrub)
Fiorinia fioriniae, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Mimosa sp. (miosa)
Hemiberlesia lataniae
Mondo japonicum
Pinnaspis sp.
Mondo sp.
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Monkeygrass
Se Liriope sp.
Morus rubra (red mulbery)
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Morus sp. (mulbery)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Musa sp. (banana)
Diaspis boisduvali
Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Pseudaonidia duplex, Velataspis dentata
Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Nerium sp. (oleander shrub)
156
Aonidiela auranti, Aspidiotus neri
Nysa sp.
Chionaspis nysae
Nysa sylvatica (black gum)
Chionaspis furfura, Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni,
Pseudaonidia duplex
Oak
Se Quercus spp.
Ophiopogon sp. (lilyturf)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Orange Tre
Se Citrus spp.
Orchid
Diaspis boisduvali
Osmanthus americanus (devilwood osmanthus)
Diaspidiotus forbesi
Osmanthus fortunei
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Osmanthus fragrans (swet olive)
Aspidiotus neri
Ostrya virginiana
Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus osborni
Oxydendrum arboreum
Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Velataspis dentata
Pachysandra sp. (pachysandra)
Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Unaspis euonymi
Palm
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Chrysomphalus
dictyospermi, Chrysomphalus diversicolor, Comstockiela sabalis, Diaspis boisduvali,
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis
cockereli, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
157
Paper Mulbery
Se Broussonetia papyrifera
Passiflora sp. (passion plants)
Lepidosaphes becki
Peach Tre
Se Prunus persica
Pecan
Se Carya ilinoensis
Persea borbonia (Red Bay)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Velataspis dentata
Persea palustris
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Hemiberlesia neodifinis,
Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis dentata
Persea sp.
Aspidiotus sp.
Persimon
Se Diospyros sp.
Phoenix sp. (palm date)
Diaspis boisduvali, Fiorinia fioriniae
Photinia fraseri (redtop photinia)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Photinia glabra (Japanese photinia)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Photinia sp. (photinia)
Pseudaonidia duplex
Phylostachys aurea (golden bamboo)
Froggattiela penicilata
Pineapple
Melanaspis bromeliae
Pinus caribaea (slash pine)
Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae
158
Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine)
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus
juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi, Dynaspidiotus californicus
Pinus palustris (longleaf pine)
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae
Pinus sylvestris (scotch pine)
Chionaspis pinifoliae
Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus
juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi
Pinus sp.
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Acutaspis perseae, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis
pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi
Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine)
Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae,
Diaspidiotus mcombi
Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore)
Diaspidiotus uvae
Platanus sp. (sycamore)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Podocarpus macrophylus (yew podocarpus)
Aonidiela taxus
Polygala cymosa
Aonidomytilus solidaginis
Pomegranate
Se Punicia sp.
Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange)
Aspidiotus neri, Lepidosaphes becki, Pseudaonidia duplex
Populus sp. (cottonwood)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Privet
Se Ligustrum sp.
159
Prunus americana
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Prunus angustifolia (Chickasaw plum)
Diaspidiotus forbesi
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Melanaspis tenebricosa
Prunus munsoniana (wild-goose plum)
Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
Prunus persica (peach)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus
perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis tenebricosa,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Prunus serotina (black chery)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi
Prunus sp.
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Prunus sp. (chery)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Prunus sp. (laurel chery)
Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes gloveri
Prunus sp. (flowering peach)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Prunus sp. (plum)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Prunus sp. (wayland plum)
Diaspidiotus forbesi
Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino chery)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
160
Psidium sp. (guava)
Parlatoria pergandii
Pueraria sp. (kudzu vine)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Punicia granatum
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex
Punicia sp. (pomegranate)
Fiorinia theae
Purple-leafed white flower
Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Pyracantha sp. (firethorn)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae
Pyrus calleryana
Pseudaonidia duplex
Pyrus communis (common pear)
Chionaspis furfura
Pyrus pyrifolia (sand pear)
Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia rapax
Pyrus sp. (pear)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Quercus alba (white oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni
Quercus falcata (oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni,Quernaspis quercicola
Quercus laurifolia (laurel oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura
Quercus lyrata (overcup oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni
Quercus nigra (water oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura, Unaspis euonymi
161
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura
Quercus phelos (wilow oak)
Melanaspis obscura
Quercus sp. (oak)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus
perniciosus, Diaspis townsendi, Melanaspis obscura, Melanaspis tenebricosa,
Pseudaonidia duplex
Quercus velutina (black oak)
Diaspidiotus osborni
Quercus virginiana (live oak)
Aspidiotus sp.
Quince
Se Cydonia sp.
Rabbitfoot Fern
Pinnaspis sp.
Red Buckeye
Se Aesculus pavia
Redbud
Se Cercis sp.
Redhaw Hawthorn
Se Crataegus sanguinea
Red Maple
Se Acer rubrum
Rhododendron indicum (indicum azalea)
Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Rhododendron sp. (rhododendron)
Pseudaonidia paeoniae
Robinia pseudoacacia (black tupelo)
Diaspidiotus forbesi, Hemiberlesia rapax, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona
162
Rosa noisetiana
Aulacaspis rosae
Rosa sp. (rose)
Aulacaspis rosae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus
Rose
Se Rosa sp.
Rubus sp.
Aulacaspis rosae
Sabal minor (dwarf palmeto)
Chrysomphalus sp.
Sabal palmeto (cabbage palm)
Lepidosaphes gloveri
Sabal sp.
Comstockiela sabalis
Sabatia sp.
Aonidomytilus sabatius
Sage palm
Aspidiotus neri
Saintpaulia sp. (African violets)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Salix nigra (black wilow)
Chionaspis longiloba, Chionaspis salicis-nigrae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus
osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona,
Velataspis dentata
Salix sp. (wilow)
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae, Hemiberlesia rapax
Sassafras albidum (common sassafras)
Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia difinis
Sassafras sp. (sassafras)
Pseudaonidia duplex
Satsuma Orange
163
Se Citrus nobilis unshiu
Serenoa repens (palmeto)
Acutaspis perseae
Shagbark Hickory
Se Carya ovata
Shrub Fortunes Osmanthus
Se Fortunei sp.
Siebold Euonymus
Se Euonymus sieboldiana
Silver Maple
Se Acer saccharinum
Smilax sp. (grenbrier)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus (leaf form on stems), Melanaspis
arundinariae, Melanaspis smilacis, Velataspis dentata
Solidago sp. (goldenrod)
Aonidomytilus solidaginis, Pseudaonidia duplex, Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi
Southern Bush Honeysuckle
Se Diervila sesilifolia
Southern Catalpa
Se Catalpa bignonioides
Southern Red Cedar
Se Juniperus silicicola
Southern Red Oak
Se Quercus quercicola
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)
Haliaspis spartinae
Spartina sp.
Chortinaspis subchortina
Spreading Euonymus
Se Euonymus kiautschovicus
164
St. Augustine
Aspidiela sacchari, Chortinaspis subchortina
Stenotaphrum secundatum
Aspidiela sacchari
Strelitzia reginae (quens bird of paradise flower)
Diaspis boisduvali, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Styrax americana
Chionaspis styracis
Sugar plant
Unaspis euonymi
Swetgum Tre
Se Liquidambar sp.
Syringa sp. (lilac)
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Tangerine
Se Citrus reticulata
Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypres)
Diaspidiotus taxodii
Taxodium sp.
Diaspidiotus taxodii
Thea sinensis
Fiorinia theae
Thuja sp.
Diaspidiotus coniferarum
Tomato
Se Lycopersicon esculentum
Tuliptre
Se Liriodendron tulipifera
Tung Tre
Se Aleurites fordi
165
Ulmus alata
Chionaspis americana, Fisuraspis ulmi
Ulmus americana (American elm)
Chionaspis americana
Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm)
Aspidiotus sp.
Ulmus rubra
Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Fisuraspis ulmi,
Pseudaonidia duplex
Ulmus sp. (elm)
Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus
perniciosus, Fisuraspis ulmi, Hemiberlesia difinis, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis
tenebricosa
Ulmus thomasi (cork elm)
Chionaspis americana
Umbrela palm
Hemiberlesia lataniae, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
Vaccinum sp. (bluebery)
Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni. Hemiberlesia
lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia duplex, Velataspis dentata
Varnish tre
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Verbena bonariensis
Aonidomytilus solidaginis
Vetiveria zizanioides (anatherum)
Odonaspis ruthae
Viburnum sp. (viburnum)
Parlatoria pergandii
Vitis sp. (grape)
Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspidiotus uvae
Walnut
Se Juglans sp.
166
Wax Myrtle
Se Myrica cerifera
White Cedar
Se Chamaecyparis thyoides
Winged Euonymus
Se Euonymus alata compacta
Winter Creper Euonymus
Se Euonymus fortunei
Wisteria sp. (wisteria)
Diaspidiotus ancylus
Yaupon Holly
Se Ilex vomitoria
Zairai Satsuma
Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii
Zebrina pendula (wandering jew plant)
Pinnaspis aspidistrae
Zizyphus sp. (jujube)
Diaspidiotus perniciosus
167
APENDIX C.
ARMORED SCALES IN ALABAMA BY COUNTY
Autauga: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis
furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia
theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke),
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis
cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock)
Baldwin: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aspidiotus
neri (Bouche), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis longiloba (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chrysomphalus aonidum
(Linnaeus), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus
liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae Gren,
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki
(Newman), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard),
Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Parlatoria cameliae
(Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret),
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Barbour: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab),
Aonidomytilus hyperici (Feris), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiotus neri
(Bouche), Aspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Chionaspis
americana (Johnson), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Diaspidiotus ancylus
(Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia
theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke),
Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis
tenebricosa (Comstock), Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii
(Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel)
168
Bib: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel &
Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret),
Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Blount: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis
nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock)
Bulock: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi& Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus
(Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock),
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel)
Butler: Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky)
Calhoun: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis nysae
Comstock (bark form), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Diaspidiotus ancylus
(Putnam), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus osborni (Johnson),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Fiorinia fioriniae
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Morganela
cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis
euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Chambers: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock) Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis
obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni)
Cheroke: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
Chilton: Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab, Carulaspis minima (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman), Fiorinia
theae Gren, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
Choctaw: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Velataspis
dentata (Hoke)
169
Clarke: Chionaspis americana Johnson, Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke)
Clay: Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock, Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis
obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Cleburne: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris, Diaspidiotus
juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Kuwanaspis hikosani
(Kuwana), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni),
Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel)
Coffe: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Odonaspis ruthae
(Kotinsky), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Colbert: Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-
Tozzeti)
Conecuh: Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Parlatoria pergandii
(Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Coosa: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock (leaf
form), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley),
Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Covington: Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni
(Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus taxodii
(Feris), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae
(Hoke), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Melanaspis
tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia duplex
(Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Crenshaw: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel &
Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
Culman: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Pinnaspis
aspidistrae (Signoret), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Dale: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret),
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Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Dallas: Aonidiela auranti (Maskel), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis
americana Johnson, Clavaspis texana Feris, Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret), Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson, Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-
Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
DeKalb: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky),
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Pinnaspis aspidistrae
(Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni)
Elmore: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis americana Johnson,
Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chionaspis
pinifoliae (Fitch), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia
theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia
duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Escambia: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Aonidiela auranti (Maskel),
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus perniciosus
(Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson,
Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie,
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Etowah: Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)
Fayete: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel)
Franklin: Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Velataspis dentata
(Hoke)
Geneva: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Grene: Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock)
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Hale: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia
fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke,
Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Henry: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke)
Houston: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret),
Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Neopinnaspis
harperi McKenzie, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli
(Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Selenaspidus articulatus
(Morgan), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Jackson: Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis
arundinariae Deitz & Davidson, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
Jeferson: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis
rosae (Bouche), Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, Carulaspis minima (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Chrysomphalus
diversicolor (Gren), Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis
boisduvali Signoret, Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren,
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Kuwanaspis hikosani
(Kuwana), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock),
Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia
paeoniae (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Lamar: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pinnaspis
aspidistrae (Signoret), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Lauderdale: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock),
Lawrence: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
Le: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab),
Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiotus neri
(Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Carulaspis minima
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch),
Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chionaspis
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pinifoliae (Fitch), Chionaspis salicis (Walsh), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus),
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie),
Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Diaspis echinocacti
(Bouche), Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman), Fiorinia theae Gren, Gymnaspis
aechmeae (Newstead), Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia difinis
(Newstead), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock),
Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz &
Davidson, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), (black pine leaf scale), Oceanaspidiotus spinosus
(Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis
aspidistrae (Signoret), Pinnaspis caricis (Feris), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley),
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis
cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus
dearnesi (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Limestone: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia
lataniae (Signoret), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa
(Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
Lowndes: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Hemiberlesia neodifinis (Miler & Davidson), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Pseudaonidia duplex
(Cockerel) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Macon: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis
nysae (Comstock), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Fiorinia theae
Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Parlatoria
pergandii (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Madison: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi
(Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) (swetgum scale), Diaspidiotus
osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae
Gren, Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis
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tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis caricis (Feris), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Marengo: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock,
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Fiorinia
theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Unaspis
euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Marion: Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni)
Marshall: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Diaspidiotus
liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-
Tozzeti)
Mobile: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aonidia
atlantica (Feris), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel),
Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche),
Carulaspis minima (Targioni), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae
(Comstock), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing),
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus (Feris),
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins,
Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel &
Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus taxodii Feris,
Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Diaspis townsendi
(Cockerel), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Froggattiela
penicilata (Gren), Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead),
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson,
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard), Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc),
Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis
tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Neopinnaspis harperi
McKenzie, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky),
Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner), Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Parlatoria
pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley),
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis
cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus
dearnesi (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Monroe: Chionaspis nysae Comstock (bark form), Diaspidiotus perniciosus
(Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Lepidosaphes becki
(Newman), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel)
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Montgomery: Aonidiela taxus (Leonardi), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae
(Bouche), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Diaspidiotus
osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae
(Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti),
Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia
duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Morgan: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis
heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch),
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Pery: Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus
ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus uvae
(Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus),
Melanaspis sp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-
Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Pickens: Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Lepidosaphes
cameliae (Hoke), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Pike: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)
Randolph: Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley),
Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus
coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus
liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie), Diaspidiotus osborni
(Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis obscura
(Comstock)
Rusel: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pinnaspis
aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targioni-Tozzeti)
Shelby: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Fiorinia theae Gren, Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
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St. Clair: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock (bark
form), Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)
Sumter: Carulaspis sp., Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock),
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
Talladega: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaonidia
paeoniae (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi
(Comstock)
Tallapoosa: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley,
Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi
(Johnson), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Melanaspis tenebricosa
(Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni),
Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Tuscaloosa: Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae
Gren, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Melanaspis
obscura (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Walker: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes becki
(Newman), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)
Washington: Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae
(Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke
Wilcox: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock),
Diaspidiotus sp., Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Parlatoria pergandii
(Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Velataspis dentata (Hoke)
Winston: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus)