THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this thesis is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory commite. This thesis does not include proprietary or clasified information. _________________________________ Krystal Grace Waltman Certificate of Approval: ______________________________ ______________________________ Charles H. Ray, Jr. Michael L. Wiliams, Chair Research Felow IV Profesor Entomology and Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology DECEASED ______________________________ ______________________________ Wayne E. Clark George Folkerts Profesor Profesor Entomology and Plant Pathology Biological Sciences ______________________________ George T. Flowers Interim Dean Graduate School THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) Krystal Grace Waltman A Thesis Submited to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degre of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama August 9, 2008 iii THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) Krystal Grace Waltman Permision is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions, and at their expense. The author reserves al publication rights. __________________________________ Date of Graduation iv VITA Krystal Grace Waltman was born June 30, 1984 in Fort Worth, Texas to Samuel A. and Beth E. Waltman. She graduated in the summer of 2006 from Texas A&M University with a Bachelor of Science in Entomology. Krystal was acepted into the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at Auburn University and began as a full-time student in the Fal of 2006. v THESIS ABSTRACT THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) Krystal Grace Waltman Master of Science, August 9, 2008 (B.S., Texas A&M University, 2006) 198 Typed Pages Directed by Michael L. Wiliams This thesis presents the most complete and up-to-date survey available for the armored scale insects of Alabama. Prior to this survey, the most current survey list available was completed in 1994 and included records of 76 species. This list was a result of collecting by Dr. Michael Williams and his former students since 1973. The current survey that I have completed includes 31 species not previously recorded in Alabama, bringing the total to 107 recorded armored scales. Specimens were collected from around the state and incorporated into the Auburn University Coccoidea Collection. Information presented for each species known from Alabama includes: biology, distribution across Alabama, a listing vi of host plant species, a photograph of it (before slide mounting), and a short description of morphological characters of the scale cover, for aid in simplification of field identification. The records from my survey and al information pertaining to them are presented in this thesis. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Michael L. Wiliams for the time, efort and guidance he has given me during my time at Auburn. I?d also like to thank my commite members Dr. Charles Ray and Dr. Wayne Clark, for their advice and direction. Special thanks go to Dr. Charles Ray for his continuous help and support in al areas of my research. Thanks also go to Dr. Greg Hodges, his asociates, and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services for their help in securing photographs (figures) 6, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 56, 62, 67, 68, 73, 76, 77, and 78 of the armored scale insects treated in my thesis. I especialy owe a debt of gratitude to my friends and my family who have loved and supported me from a distance. Lastly, I?d like to thank my husband, Patrick McDuff for his encouragement and love over the years. vii Computer software used: Microsoft ? Word 2004 for Mac ix TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND MAPS?????????????????????..xii LIST OF FIGURES??????????????????????????.xvii LIST OF APENDICES????????????????????????xvii INTRODUCTION???????????????????????????..1 MATERIALS AND METHODS......................????????????????.3 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF ARMORED SCALE INSECTS?????????5 TRIBE: ODONASPIDINI...........?????????????????....7 TRIBE: DIASPIDINI...........????????????????????..8 TRIBE: ASPIDIOTINI...........??????????????????.....9 GENERA??????????????????????????????..14 Genus Abgrallaspis...........?????????????????????14 Genus Acutaspis..........??????????????????????.17 Genus Aonidia..........??????????????????????...19 Genus Aonidiela..............?????????????????????20 Genus Aonidomytilus...........????????????????????.22 Genus Aspidiela...........??????????????????????26 Genus Aspidiotus...........?????????????????????..27 Genus Aulacaspis...........?????????????????????..30 Genus Carulaspis...........?????????????????????..32 x Genus Chionaspis????????????????????????..34 Genus Chortinaspis????????????????????????45 Genus Chrysomphalus??????????????????????..46 Genus Clavaspis?????????????????????????50 Genus Comstockiela???????????????????????.52 Genus Diaspidiotus????????????????????????53 Genus Diaspis??????????????????????????65 Genus Duplachionaspis??????????????????????.69 Genus Dynaspidiotus???????????????????????.70 Genus Fiorinia?????????????????????????..71 Genus Fisuraspis????????????????????????..73 Genus Froggattiela???????????????????????..74 Genus Gymnaspis????????????????????????..75 Genus Haliaspis?????????????????????????.76 Genus Hemiberlesia???????????????????????..77 Genus Kuwanaspis????????????????????????.82 Genus Lepidosaphes???????????????????????..86 Genus Lopholeucaspis??????????????????????..94 Genus Melanaspis????????????????????????..95 Genus Morganela???????????????????????..100 Genus Neopinnaspis???????????????????????.101 Genus Oceanaspidiotus?????????????????????..102 Genus Odonaspis????????????????????????.103 xi Genus Parlatoria????????????????????????.105 Genus Pinnaspis????????????????????????..107 Genus Pseudaonidia???????????????????????109 Genus Pseudaulacaspis?????????????????????..111 Genus Pseudoparlatoria?????????????????????..114 Genus Quernaspis????????????????????????115 Genus Rhizaspidiotus??????????????????????..116 Genus Selenaspidus???????????????????????.117 Genus Unachionaspis??????????????????????..118 Genus Unaspis?????????????????????????.119 Genus Velataspis????????????????????????..120 RESULTS??????????????????????????????121 DISCUSION????????????????????????????.122 REFERENCES????????????????????????????124 APENDIX A. HOST PLANTS OF ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS.....125 APENDIX B. ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS BY HOST....????..138 APENDIX C. ARMORED SCALES IN ALABAMA BY COUNTY....?????.167 xii LIST OF TABLE AND MAPS Table 1. List of the armored scale insects of Alabama.?????????????11 Map A. County map of the state of Alabama?????????????????10 Map 1. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli?????????????????????..14 Map 2. Abgrallaspis ithacae???????????????????????..15 Map 3. Abgrallaspis liriodendri??????????????????????16 Map 4. Acutaspis morrisonorum?????????????????????..17 Map 5. Acutaspis perseae????????????????????????..18 Map 6. Aonidia atlantica????????????????????????..19 Map 7. Aonidiela auranti????????????????????????.20 Map 8. Aonidiela taxus?????????????????????????.21 Map 9. Aonidomytilus crookiae??????????????????????.22 Map 10. Aonidomytilus hyperici??????????????????????23 Map 11. Aonidomytilus sabatius??????????????????????24 Map 12. Aonidomytilus solidaginis?????????????????????25 Map 13. Aspidiela sacchari???????????????????????..26 Map 14. Aspidiotus cryptomeriae?????????????????????..27 Map 15. Aspidiotus marisci???????????????????????..28 Map 16. Aspidiotus neri?????????????????????????29 Map 17. Aulacaspis rosae????????????????????????..30 xii Map 18. Aulacaspis yasumatsui??????????????????????.31 Map 19. Carulaspis juniperi???????????????????????..32 Map 20. Carulaspis minima???????????????????????..33 Map 21. Chionaspis americana??????????????????????.34 Map 22. Chionaspis furfura???????????????????????..35 Map 23. Chionaspis gleditsiae??????????????????????..36 Map 24. Chionaspis heterophylae?????????????????????37 Map 25. Chionaspis kosztarabi??????????????????????.38 Map 26. Chionaspis longiloba??????????????????????..39 Map 27. Chionaspis nysae????????????????????????40 Map 28. Chionaspis pinifoliae??????????????????????..41 Map 29. Chionaspis salicis-nigrae?????????????????????42 Map 30. Chionaspis styracis???????????????????????..43 Map 31. Chionaspis triformis???????????????????????44 Map 32. Chortinaspis subchortina?????????????????????45 Map 33. Chrysomphalus aonidum?????????????????????.46 Map 34. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus???????????????????.47 Map 35. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi???????????????????..48 Map 36. Chrysomphalus diversicolor????????????????????49 Map 37. Clavaspis crypta????????????????????????..50 Map 38. Clavaspis texana????????????????????????..51 Map 39. Comstockiela sabalis??????????????????????..52 Map 40. Diaspidiotus ancylus???????????????????????53 xiv Map 41. Diaspidiotus bumeliae??????????????????????.54 Map 42. Diaspidiotus coniferarum?????????????????????55 Map 43. Diaspidiotus crystallinus?????????????????????.56 Map 44. Diaspidiotus forbesi.???????????????????????57 Map 45. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae????????????????????.58 Map 46. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris????????????????????.59 Map 47. Diaspidiotus mcombi??????????????????????.60 Map 48. Diaspidiotus osborni??????????????????????..61 Map 49. Diaspidiotus perniciosus?????????????????????.62 Map 50. Diaspidiotus taxodii???????????????????????.63 Map 51. Diaspidiotus uvae????????????????????????64 Map 52. Diaspis boisduvali???????????????????????..65 Map 53. Diaspis bromeliae????????????????????????66 Map 54. Diaspis echinocacti???????????????????????..67 Map 55. Diaspis townsendi????????????????????????68 Map 56. Duplachionaspis divergens????????????????????..69 Map 57. Dynaspidiotus californicus????????????????????..70 Map 58. Fiorinia fioriniae????????????????????????.71 Map 59. Fiorinia theae?????????????????????????..72 Map 60. Fisuraspis ulmi????????????????????????..73 Map 61. Froggattiela penicilata?????????????????????..74 Map 62. Gymnaspis aechmeae??????????????????????..75 xv Map 63. Haliaspis spartinae???????????????????????..76 Map 64. Hemiberlesia difinis???????????????????????77 Map 65. Hemiberlesia lataniae??????????????????????..78 Map 66. Hemiberlesia neodifinis?????????????????????..79 Map 67. Hemiberlesia palmae??????????????????????..80 Map 68. Hemiberlesia rapax???????????????????????.81 Map 69. Kuwanaspis hikosani??????????????????????..82 Map 70. Kuwanaspis howardi??????????????????????..83 Map 71. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis???????????????????..84 Map 72. Kuwanaspis vermiformis?????????????????????.85 Map 73. Lepidosaphes becki???????????????????????.86 Map 74. Lepidosaphes cameliae?????????????????????..87 Map 75. Lepidosaphes gloveri??????????????????????..88 Map 76. Lepidosaphes lasianthi??????????????????????89 Map 77. Lepidosaphes newsteadi?????????????????????..90 Map 78. Lepidosaphes pallida??????????????????????..91 Map 79. Lepidosaphes ulmi???????????????????????..92 Map 80. Lopholeucaspis japonica?????????????????????.94 Map 81. Melanaspis arundinariae?????????????????????.95 Map 82. Melanaspis bromeliae??????????????????????..96 Map 83. Melanaspis obscura???????????????????????.97 Map 84. Melanaspis smilacis???????????????????????.98 Map 85. Melanaspis tenebricosa?????????????????????..99 xvi Map 86. Morganela cueroensis?????????????????????..100 Map 87. Neopinnaspis harperi??????????????????????101 Map 88. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus????????????????????..102 Map 89. Odonaspis ruthae???????????????????????..103 Map 90. Odonaspis saccharicaulis????????????????????..104 Map 91. Parlatoria cameliae??????????????????????..105 Map 92. Parlatoria pergandii??????????????????????..106 Map 93. Pinnaspis aspidistrae??????????????????????.107 Map 94. Pinnaspis strachani??????????????????????..108 Map 95. Pseudaonidia duplex??????????????????????..109 Map 96. Pseudaonidia paeoniae?????????????????????..110 Map 97. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli????????????????????111 Map 98. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona???????????????????..112 Map 99. Pseudaulacaspis prunicola????????????????????113 Map 100. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides?????????????????.114 Map 101. Quernaspis quercicola?????????????????????.115 Map 102. Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi????????????????????.116 Map 103. Selenaspidus articulatus????????????????????..117 Map 104. Unachionaspis tenuis?????????????????????..118 Map 105. Unaspis euonymi???????????????????????..119 Map 106. Velataspis dentata???????????????????????120 xvii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Morphology of the tribe Odonaspidini????????????????..7 Figure 2. Morphology of the tribe Diaspidini..?????????????????8 Figure 3. Morphology of the tribe Aspidiotini..????????????????..9 Figure 4. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret)????????????????..14 Figure 5. Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab????????????????..17 Figure 6. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel)???????????????????.20 Figure 7. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi????????????????????..21 Figure 8. Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris)??????????????????.22 Figure 9. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris???????????????????23 Figure 10. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke)?????????????????25 Figure 11. Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel)??????????????????26 Figure 12. Aspidiotus neri Bouche????????????????????..29 Figure 13. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)???????????????????..30 Figure 14. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi??????????????????.31 Figure 15. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche).??????????????????..32 Figure 16. Carulaspis minima (Signoret).??????????????????.33 Figure 17. Chionaspis americana Johnson.?????????????????..34 Figure 18. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders.??????????????????.36 Figure 19. Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley?????????????????37 xvii Figure 20. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai..??????????????38 Figure 21. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley...??????????????????39 Figure 22. Chionaspis nysae Comstock...??????????????????40 Figure 23. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)..??????????????????.41 Figure 24. Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear.??????????????44 Figure 25. Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing).????????????????..45 Figure 26. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus).???????????????.46 Figure 27. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris.???????????????..47 Figure 28. Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins..???????????????..50 Figure 29. Clavaspis texana Feris...????????????????????.51 Figure 30. Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock)..????????????????52 Figure 31. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam)...?????????????????.53 Figure 32. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris...??????????????????54 Figure 33. Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel)....??????????????.55 Figure 34. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris....????????????????..56 Figure 35. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson)....?????????????????57 Figure 36. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock)....?????????????..58 Figure 37. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky)...??????????????59 Figure 38. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel)...????????????.61 Figure 39. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)...??????????????..62 Figure 40. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris)....??????????????????63 Figure 41. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)....?????????????????.64 Figure 42. Diaspis boisduvali Signoret....??????????????????65 xix Figure 43. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner)???????????????????..6 Figure 44. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche)??????????????????..67 Figure 45. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren)????????????????.69 Figure 46. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozeti)???????????????..71 Figure 47. Fiorinia theae Gren.?????????????????????..72 Figure 48. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke)..????????????????????.73 Figure 49. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren)..????????????????..74 Figure 50. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead.?????????????????.75 Figure 51. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock)..?????????????????.76 Figure 52. Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead).?????????????????77 Figure 53. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret).?????????????????78 Figure 54. Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson.????????????..79 Figure 55. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel)?????????????????80 Figure 56. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana).?????????????????..82 Figure 57. Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley).??????????????????83 Figure 58. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana).??????????????.84 Figure 59. Lepidosaphes becki (Newman).?????????????????..86 Figure 60. Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke.??????????????????.87 Figure 61. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel).?????????????????..91 Figure 62. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus).??????????????????92 Figure 63. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel).???????????????.94 Figure 64. Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson.????????????..95 Figure 65. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)..?????????????????97 xx Figure 66. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)????????????????99 Figure 67. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock)??????????????..102 Figure 68. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky???????????????????103 Figure 69. Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner)???????????????.104 Figure 70. Parlatoria cameliae Comstock?????????????????.105 Figure 71. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock?????????????????.106 Figure 72. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret)?????????????????107 Figure 73. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)??????????????????.108 Figure 74. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel)????????????????..109 Figure 75. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley)???????????????.111 Figure 76. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti)???????????112 Figure 77. Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear?????????????115 Figure 78. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan).????????????????117 Figure 79. Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel).?????????????????118 Figure 80. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock).?????????????????..119 Figure 81. Velataspis dentata (Hoke).???????????????????.120 1 INTRODUCTION The family Diaspididae (armored scale insects), is a large and diverse family, that is widely distributed across the state of Alabama. Yet, there is no published literature available cataloging the occurrence of armored scale insects in Alabama. Owen (1925), Boyd (1932), and Tippins (1953) al did masters theses (Alabama Polytechnic Institute) pertaining to scale insects in general, or select scale insects that included Diaspididae. Tippins (1953) was the most inclusive of the thre and he listed 48 species in 17 genera as occurring in Alabama. Two later studies on the biology of tea scale and obscure scale were completed by Chiu (1974) and Hendricks & Wiliams (1992) respectively. The most current survey list available was completed in 1994 and includes records of 76 species in 32 genera. This unpublished list is a result of collecting by Dr. Michael Wiliams and his former students since 1973. In the 41 years betwen Tippins (1953) survey and the 1994 listing, there was a 58% increase in the number of armored scale insect species recorded in Alabama. Although there is a lack of published information for Alabama distributions and records, work with this family in neighboring states has been published. Comprehensive coverage of host plant relationships, distribution, and morphology was recorded for the armored scales of Florida by Dekle (1965). In Georgia, Beshear, Tippins, and Howel 2 published a short listing in 1973, in which they cited 100 species in 46 genera. There are also publications available for Misisippi & Louisiana including Herick?s (1911) listing of certain scale insects in the Misisippi region and Howard & Olivers (1985) listing of the armored scales of Louisiana. 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Al of the known literature pertaining to the family Diaspididae and its occurrence in Alabama was reviewed and any pertinent information was integrated into my research. I also reviewed literature on Diaspididae from surrounding states for comparison purposes. After reviewing the literature, al of the generic and species names recorded from Alabama were compared to the diaspidid information listed on the scale insect database, Scale Net (ww.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm). This was to insure that al of the records being generated used the most current terminology. Dried pre-collected material was gathered from around the state from diferent institutions and individuals for the purpose of identification of any species not already recorded in the state. Representative specimens were then slide mounted, examined, identified, and pertinent collection information was recorded in the Auburn University scale card catalogue. I also collected fresh material from around the state. This was done by driving to diferent regions of the state, collecting infested plants in the field, and by cutting branches from tres and shrubs to bring back to the lab and examine under a microscope. Al collected samples were kept in a cooler to keep them fresh and wel 4 preserved until they could be examined. Special atempts were made to collect armored scales that had been recorded from neighboring states that had not yet been collected in Alabama. Collected material was preserved using established slide mounting techniques, and afterward was stored and recorded. I also stored and recorded samples of infested dry plant material. After identification, information was recorded for each identified species that included: biology, distribution across Alabama, a listing of host plant species, a photograph of it (before slide mounting), and a short description of morphological characters of the cover, for aid in simplification of field identification. Names of host plant species were verified for speling by using Standardized Plant Names (Kelsey & Dayton, 1942). 5 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF ARMORED SCALE INSECTS The armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are so named because of their behavior of incorporating their shed exuviae with secretory material to form a protective cover, or armor. The males and females exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, meaning that they do not appear similar. The female develops through thre instars, the final instar being the adult. The male develops through five instars, the final instar being the adult. The first instar of both sexes is caled the crawler and has wel-developed legs and antennae. At this stage it is virtualy impossible to distinguish the sex of the insect. The second instars of both sexes are legles and may look very similar or very diferent depending on the species. They also lose their wel-developed antennae, though points or vestiges representing the antennae may remain. The third instar is the adult in the female and remains legles and in general appears as a larger version of the second instar female. The third instar male is caled the pre-pupal stage and begins to develop legs and antennae again. The fourth male instar is caled the pupal stage, and continues to develop legs, antennae, and wing buds (unles the adult is an apterous form). The fifth male instar is the adult and has fully-developed legs and antennae. It may have wings or it may also be wingles. 6 Armored scale insects can create armor of many diferent shapes (depending on the species) including circular, thin and elongate, oyster-shel shaped, and a variety of others. They also can be clasified as being one of two forms, pupilarial or non- pupilarial. Non-pupilarial forms make up the vast majority and incorporate the first and second shed exuviae into the adult armor. The pupilarial forms incorporate the first shed exuvium into the cover, but remain inside the second instar exuvium as an adult (female). Armored scale insects can be identified to tribe, genus, and species using a key, based on their morphological characters. At present, identification is based on the morphology of the adult females. Thus, for the purpose of identification, adult females must be collected. The posterier end of the insect, the pygidium, is where the primary morphological characters for identification are located. There are thre tribes represented in Alabama: Odonaspidini, Diaspidini, and Aspidiotini. These wil be examined in detail in the following section. 7 THE TRIBE ODONASPIDINI Adult females of the tribe Odonaspidini (Figure 1.) are characterized by lacking paired median lobes, but commonly having a single fused median lobe. They do not have plates or segmentaly aranged gland spines on the pygidium. They usualy have an abundance of short, smal macroducts, which are not aranged in rows. Figure 1. Adult Female Odonaspidini 8 THE TRIBE DIASPIDINI The macroducts of members of the tribe Diaspidini (Figure 2.) are described as ?two bared? meaning that they have two horizontal stripes at the top of the macroducts. They are also relatively short and thick. The antennae of the adult female commonly posses two or more setae. Figure 2. Adult Female Diaspidini 9 THE TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI Members of the tribe Aspidiotini (Figure 3.) have long slender macroducts that are described as ?one bared?. The macroducts have a single horizontal stripe at the apex. The antennae of the adult female usualy have one, or rarely more than one seta asociated with them. Figure 3. Adult Female Aspidiotini 10 MAP A. COUNTY MAP OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA 11 TABLE 1. LIST OF THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OF ALABAMA 1. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret) 2. Abgrallaspis ithacae (Feris) 3. Abgrallaspis liriodendri Miler and Howard 4. Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab 5. Acutaspis perseae (Comstock) 6. Aonidia atlantica Feris 7. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel) 8. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi 9. Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris) 10. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris 11. Aonidomytilus sabatius Tippins 12. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke) 13. Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel) 14. Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana 15. Aspidiotus marisci Tippins & Beshear 16. Aspidiotus neri Bouche 17. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) 18. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi 19. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) 20. Carulaspis minima (Signoret) 21. Chionaspis americana Johnson 22. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) 23. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders 24. Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley 25. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwana 26. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley 27. Chionaspis nysae Comstock 28. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) 29. Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) 30. Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab 31. Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear 32. Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) 33. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) 34. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris 35. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) 36. Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren) 12 37. Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins 38. Clavaspis texana Feris 39. Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock) 40. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) 41. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris 42. Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel) 43. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris 44. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) 45. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) 46. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) 47. Diaspidiotus mcombi McKenzie 48. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel) 49. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) 50. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris) 51. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) 52. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret 53. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) 54. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche) 55. Diaspis townsendi Cockerel 56. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren) 57. Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman) 58. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti) 59. Fiorinia theae Gren 60. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke) 61. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren) 62. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead 63. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock) 64. Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead) 65. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) 66. Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson 67. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel) 68. Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) 69. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana) 70. Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley) 71. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) 72. Kuwanaspis vermiformis (Takahashi) 73. Lepidosaphes becki (Newman) 74. Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke 75. Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) 76. Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) 77. Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) 78. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel) 79. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) 80. Leucaspis pini (Hartig) 81. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel) 13 82. Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson 83. elanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi) 84. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) 85. elanaspis smilacis (Comstock) 86. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) 87. organela cueroensis (Cockerel) 88. Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie 89. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) 90. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky 91. Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) 92. Parlatoria cameliae Comstock 93. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock 94. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) 95. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) 96. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) 97. Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel) 98. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley) 99. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) 100. Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskel) 101. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) 102. Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear 103. Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel) 104. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) 105. Unachionaspis tenuis (askel) 106. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) 107. Velataspis dentata (Hoke) 14 ABGRALASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret) COMON AME: Cyanophyllum Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover variably circular, white or gray in color, semitransparent, incorporated exuviae are yelow and centraly located. Male: (preadult) Cover thin and elongate, similar color to the female, exuviae subcentraly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit. HOSTS: Berchemia scandens, cactus, Celtis occidentalis, Ficus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex opaca, Ilex sp., Liriope muscari, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia virginiana, palm, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock, Chambers, Crenshaw, Escambia, Hale, Jeferson, Le, Macon, Madison, Marshal, Mobile, Montgomery, Pickens, and Randolph counties REMARKS: This scale can become a serious pest especialy on palms but is normaly kept under control by its natural enemies. Figure 4. Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret) Map 1. 15 ABGRALASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abgralaspis ithacae (Feris) COMON AME: Hemlock Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover variably circular to oval, grey to black in color with lighter margins, incorporated exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover thin, elongate, and oval, similar color to the female, exuviae submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves (needles) HOSTS: Hemlock DISTIBUTION: Lawrence and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 2. 16 ABGRALASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Abgrallaspis liriodendri Miler & Howard COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular/semicircular, yelowish in color, exuviae centraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Liriodendron tulipifera DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 3. 17 ACUTASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab COMON AME: Round Conifer Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, dark red or brown to black in color, exuviae centraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Juniperus virginiana, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus sp., Pinus virginiana DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Bibb, Cherokee, Chilton, Elmore, Le, Marshal and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be an economic pest. The armor looks similar to that of Acutaspis perseae (Comstock). Figure 5. Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab Map 4. 18 ACUTASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acutaspis perseae (Comstock) COMON AME: Red Bay Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover generaly circular, dark red to brown in color, exuviae are darkly colored and centraly located. Male: Cover is oval, smaler and thinner than the female, similar color to the female, Exuviae are dark and sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, bark, and fruit HOSTS: Ilex sp., Pinus sp., Serenoa repens DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. The armor is similar to the round conifer scale and the orchid scale. Map 5. 19 AONIDIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidia atlantica Feris COMON AME: Juniper Nedle Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oval and elongated, whitish to yelow in color, exuviae subcentraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves (needles) HOSTS: Chamaecyparis thyoides DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 6. 20 AONIDIELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidiela auranti (Maskel) COMON AME: California Red Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover variably circular, orange to brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover smaler and thinner than the female but similar in color. Exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: trunk, stems, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Citrus nobilis unshiu, Nerium sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Dalas and Escambia counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama Figure 6. Aonidiela auranti (Maskel) Map 7. 21 AONIDIELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidiela taxus Leonardi COMON AME: Asiatic Red Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, orange to brown in color, exuviae are translucent and centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is oval and elongate, grayish in color. BIOLOGY: leaves, sed covers, and receptacles HOSTS: Podocarpus macrophylus DISTRIBUTION: Montgomery county REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious pest on palms, but is not currently considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 7. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi Map 8. 22 AONIDOMYTILUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate, tapering toward the exuvial end, white to brown in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: No information available BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum DISTRIBUTION: Le, Madison and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 8. Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris) Map 9. 23 AONIDOMYTILUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris COMON AME: Hypericum Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover long and slender, white to light brown in color, exuviae terminaly located. Male: Cover thin and elongate, smaler than the female, white in color, exuviae terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, twigs, and bark HOSTS: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Le, Madison and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 9. Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris Map 10. 24 AONIDOMYTILUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidomytilus sabatius Tippins COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: Sabatia sp. DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale has been recorded from Alabama but has rarely been collected. It is not considered economicaly important. Map 11. 25 AONIDOMYTILUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke) COMON AME: Goldenrod Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover long and slender, white to light brown in color, exuviae terminaly located. Male: Cover appears similar to the female, only smaler. BIOLOGY: roots, leaves, and bark HOSTS: Asteraceae, Eupatorium capilifolium, Polygala cymosa, Solidago spp., Verbena bonariensis, weds DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Dalas, Le, Mobile and Pickens counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 10. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke) Map 12. 26 ASPIDIELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel) COMON AME: Sugarcane Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, cream to light yelow or brown in color, exuviae yelow and centraly to subcentraly located. Male: Cover elongate and oval, similar to the female in color, exuviae subcentraly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, bark, and crown HOSTS: St. Augustine gras, Stenotaphrum secundatum DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale has been recorded as a serious economic pest of sugarcane and lawn grases in other states but currently is not a major problem in Alabama. First found in Alabama in 2007. Figure 11. Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel) Map 13. 27 ASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana COMON AME: Cryptomeria Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oval and elongate, gray to brown in color, exuviae are yelow and centraly located. Male: Cover appears similar to the female, only smaler. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: unknown DISTRIBUTION: Se Map 14. (unknown) REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 14. 28 ASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aspidiotus marisci Tippins & Beshear COMON AME: Sawgras Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, grayish in color, exuviae are yelow and centraly located. Male: Cover appears similar to the female, only smaler and more elongate. BIOLOGY: leaves and stems HOSTS: Cladium jamaicense DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 15. 29 ASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aspidiotus neri Bouche COMON AME: Oleander Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover variably circular, transparent, white to light brown, exuviae are yelow and centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover appears similar to the female, only smaler and more elongate. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Aleurites fordi, Asparagus plumosus, Aucuba sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis unshiu, Cycas revoluta, Hedera helix, Hedera sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura pomifera, Magnolia sp., Melia azedarach, Nerium sp. Osmanthus fragrans, palm, Poncirus trifoliata, sage palms DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Blount, Calhoun, Cullman, Jeferson, Lauderdale, Le, Macon, Madison, Marshal, Mobile, ontgomery and organ counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 12. Aspidiotus neri Bouche Map 16. 30 AULACASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) COMON AME: Rose Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular or oval, white in color, exuviae are yelow and marginaly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover thin and paralel sided, white in color, tricarinate, exuviae are yelow to brown and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and stems HOSTS: Rosa spp., Rubus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Barbour, Jeferson, Le, Madison, Montgomery and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale can sometimes become a serious pest on roses. Figure 13. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) Map 17. 31 AULACASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi COMON AME: Aulacaspis Cycad Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular to iregular, white in color, exuviae are white to yelow and marginaly located. Male: Cover thin and paralel sided, white in color, tricarinate, exuviae are yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: needles, stems HOSTS: Cycads, Cycas revoluta DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin and Jeferson counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious problem on Cycads. The populations found in Alabama were observed to be distresing their hosts. Figure 14. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Map 18. 32 CARULASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) COMON AME: Juniper Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, white in color, exuviae are yelow and centraly located. Male: Cover paralel sided, white in color, exuviae yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves and bark HOSTS: Cupresus arizonica, Juniperus silicicola, Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Dalas, Le, Madison, Mobile, Randolph and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 15. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) Map 19. 33 CARULASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Carulaspis minima (Signoret) COMON AME: inute Cypres Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover circular, white in color, exuviae are yelow and centraly located. Male: Cover paralel sided, white in color, exuviae yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves and bark HOSTS: Cupresus sp., Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus sp., Juniperus virginiana DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Calhoun, Chilton, Coffe, Franklin, Grene, Hale, Jeferson, Le, Marshal, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 16. Carulaspis minima (Signoret) Map 20. 34 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis americana Johnson COMON AME: Elm Scurfy Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray in color, exuviae brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover elongate and slender, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Ulmus alata, Ulmus americana, Ulmus thomasi, Ulmus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Barbour, Calhoun, Cherokee, Clarke, Colbert, Dalas, Elmore, Hale, Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Macon, Madison, Marion, Morgan, Pery, St. Clair and Sumter counties REMARKS: This scale is of no known economic importance in Alabama. Figure 17. Chionaspis americana Johnson Map 21. 35 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) COMON AME: Scurfy Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray in color, exuviae brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover elongate and slender, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, fruit, and leaves HOSTS: Nysa sylvatica, Pyrus communis DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Le and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Map 22. 36 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in color, exuviae brown in color and terminaly located. Male: No available information. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Gleditsia triacanthos DISTRIBUTION: Jackson county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 18. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders Map 23. 37 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley COMON AME: Pine Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in color, exuviae yelow or brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover paralel sided, tricarinate, and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: needles HOSTS: Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Blount, Bullock, Chambers, Cherokee, Cleburne, Elmore, Houston, Le, Macon, Madison, Mobile, Morgan, Randolph, Talapoosa and Walker counties REMARKS: This scale is only found on pine tres and can become a problem if populations build up past a certain threshold. Figure 19. Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley Map 24. 38 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white, exuviae are yelow or brown and terminaly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp., Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Ulmus rubra DISTRIBUTION: Bullock, Chambers, Colbert, Coosa, Lowndes, Marengo and St. Clair counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 20. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai Map 25. 39 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis longiloba Cooley COMON AME: Longiloba Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray in color, exuviae brown or yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover tricarinate and smaler than the female, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Japanese Persimon, Salix nigra DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 21. Chionaspis longiloba Cooley Map 26. 40 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis nysae Comstock COMON AME: Sour Gum Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white or gray, exuviae brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover smal and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Ilex americana, Nysa sp., Nysa sylvatica DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Blount, Calhoun, Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Coosa, Covington, Dekalb, Elmore, Etowah, Le, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Morgan, Pery, Randolph, St. Clair, Talapoosa and Tuscaloosa counties REMARKS: This scale occurs in two diferent forms in Alabama: a bark form and a leaf form. Figure 22. Chionaspis nysae Comstock Map 27. 41 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) COMON AME: Pine Nedle Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in color, exuviae brown or yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover tricarinate, smal and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Casuarina sp., Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Elmore, Jeferson, Le, Mobile, Morgan and Tuscaloosa counties REMARKS: This scale is primarily found on pines and is not known to be economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 23. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Map 28. 42 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) COMON AME: Black Wilow Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in color, exuviae brown or yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover tricarinate, smal and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Salix nigra, Salix sp. DISTRIBUTION: Jackson, Le and Morgan counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be economicaly important in Alabama. Map 29. 43 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: Styrax americana DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 30. 44 CHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover oyster-shel shaped, white in color, exuviae brown or yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover smal and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves which results in two diferent forms HOSTS: Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana DISTRIBUTION: Bullock and St. Clair counties REMARKS: This scale occurs in two diferent forms in Alabama: a bark form and a leaf form. Figure 24. Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear Map 31. 45 CHORTINASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) COMON AME: Water Gras Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular to oval, tan to light brown, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate with exuviae terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, stems HOSTS: grases, Spartina sp., St. Augustine gras DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 25. Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) Map 32. 46 CHRYSOMPHALUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) COMON AME: Florida Red Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, reddish brown to dark brown, exuviae are centraly located. Male: Cover is elongated, similar in color to the female, exuviae terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit. HOSTS: Acer sp., Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, palms DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Le, Macon, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 26. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) Map 33. 47 CHRYSOMPHALUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, light brown to dark brown in color, exuviae are centraly located. Male: Cover is elongated, similar in color to the female, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Aspidistra sp. DISTRIBUTION: Mobile and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 27. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris Map 34. 48 CHRYSOMPHALUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) COMON AME: Dictyospermum Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, grayish to light brown in color, exuviae are centraly located. Male: Cover is similar in color to the female but smaler and more elongate, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, bark, and fruit HOSTS: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Ficus sp., Ligustrum sp., palm DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Map 35. 49 CHRYSOMPHALUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, color is extremely variable ranging from white to black, exuviae are normaly reddish and are centraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: palms DISTRIBUTION: Jeferson county REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Map 36. 50 CLAVASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, whitish to light tan in color, exuviae are golden and subcentraly located. Male: ales not observed. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Carya ilinoensis, Carya sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Calhoun, Cullman and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. First found in Alabama in 2008. Figure 28. Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins Map 37. 51 CLAVASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Clavaspis texana Feris COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular to iregular, white in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate, and the exuviae are centraly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Maclura pomifera DISTRIBUTION: Dalas county REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. First found in Alabama in 2008. Figure 29. Clavaspis texana Feris Map 38. 52 COMSTOCKIELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock) COMON AME: Palmeto Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, pure white in color, exuviae are usualy centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female in appearance, only smaler. BIOLOGY: leaves, bark, and fruit HOSTS: palm, Sabal sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Jeferson, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 30. Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock) Map 39. 53 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) COMON AME: Putnam Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to gray in color, exuviae are yelow to red and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar in appearance to the female, only smaler, and exuviae are located submarginaly. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Broad host range, se Appendix A. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock, Calhoun, Chambers, Cleburne, Clay, Covington, Dekalb, Elmore, Escambia, Hale, Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Pery, Pickens, Randolph, Russel, St. Clair, Sumter, Talapoosa, Walker REMARKS: This scale can take on several diferent morphological appearances depending on the host and the location of the scale on the host (bark, leaf, etc.) It is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 31. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) Map 40. 54 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, dark grey to brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly or submarginaly located. Male: No available information. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Maclura pomifera DISTRIBUTION: Hale county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. First collected in Alabama in 2007. Figure 32. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris Map 41. 55 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel) COMON AME: Conifer Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to grey in color, exuviae are centraly or subcentraly located. Male: ales not observed. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Juniperus virginiana, Thuja sp. DISTRIBUTION: Cleburne, Colbert, Covington, Houston, Jeferson, Le, Madison, Mobile, Montgomery and Randolph counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 33. Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel) Map 42. 56 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and oval, composed of thick white crystaline wax, exuviae are submarginaly located. Male: Covers are similar in appearance to females, only smaler. BIOLOGY: cracks in the bark, frequently found under lichens HOSTS: Alnus serulata DISTRIBUTION: Cleburne county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. This 2007 collection is only the second known occurance of this insect. It was first found in Texas. Figure 34. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris Map 43. 57 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) COMON AME: Forbes Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oval and elongate, grey in color, exuviae are submarginaly located. Male: Cover is elongate and white to grey, exuviae is located terminaly. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Betula nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus florida, Cydonia sp., Fraxinus sp., Ilex sp., Malus sp, Nysa sylvatica, Osmanthus americanus, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus serotina, Prunus sp., Pyrus sp., Quercus sp., Robinia pseudo-acacia DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Bullock, Calhoun, Dalas, Elmore, Escambia, Etowah, Fayete, Jackson, Jeferson, Le, Macon, Madison, Marshal, Mobile, ontgomery, Talapoosa and Washington counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 35. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) Map 44. 58 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) COMON AME: Walnut Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, grey to brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is oval and elongate, similar coloration as the female, exuviae are submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Alnus serulata, Celtis sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Ilex crenata, Juglans sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Malus sp., Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp., Prunus munsoniana, Prunus persica, Prunus sp., Pyrus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Barbour, Calhoun, Clay, Cleburne, Colbert, Cullman, Franklin, Jeferson, Le, Madison, Mobile, Morgan, Randolph, Tuscaloosa, Walker and Washington counties REMARKS: This scale is a minor pest of dogwoods and hollies in Alabama. Figure 36. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) Map 45. 59 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) COMON AME: Swetgum Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, white to tan in color, exuviae are centraly and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is oval, similar coloration as the female, exuviae are yelow and subcentraly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, where they forms smal gals HOSTS: Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liquidambar sp. DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is extremely widespread over the state and is primarily found on Liquidambar styraciflua. Figure 37. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) Map 46. 60 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus mcombi McKenzie COMON AME: cComb Pine Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and oval, gray or brownish, exuviae is centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, usualy lighter in color than the female, exuviae is centraly located. BIOLOGY: needles, especialy at the base within the sheath. HOSTS: Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Butler, Le and Randolph counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 47. 61 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel) COMON AME: Osborn Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, grey to brown in color, exuviae is subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female only smaler and more elongate. BIOLOGY: leaves and bark HOSTS: Alnus serulata, Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Carya ovata, Carya sp., Celtis occidentalis, Ilex decidua, Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp., Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Nysa sylvatica, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus sp., Quercus velutina, Salix nigra, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp., Vaccinium sp., Vitis sp. DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is a frequent pest on oak tres in Alabama. Figure 38. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel) Map 48. 62 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) COMON AME: San Jose Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, grey to brown in color, exuviae are centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate oval, and smaler than the female, grey to brown in color, exuviae are yelow and submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and fruit HOSTS: Broad host range, se Appendix A. DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale can be found al over the state of Alabama and can be a serious pest on a variety of hosts. Figure 39. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Map 49. 63 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris) COMON AME: Bald Cypres Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white or grey in color, exuviae is centraly or subcentraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Taxodium sp. DISTRIBUTION: Covington, Houston, Jeferson, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 40. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris) Map 50. 64 DIASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) COMON AME: Grape Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white in color, exuviae are yelow and centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar to that of the female, only more elongate and with submarginal exuviae. BIOLOGY: leaves and bark HOSTS: Betula nigra, Carya ilinoensis, Platanus occidentalis, Vitis sp. DISTRIBUTION: Le, Macon, Mobile, Montgomery, Pery, St. Clair and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 41. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) Map 51. 65 DIASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspis boisduvali Signoret COMON AME: Boisduval Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, white to tan in color, exuviae are yelow and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate, paralel sided, tricarinate, and white. The exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, stems, and fruit. HOSTS: amberglow Florida orchid, cactus, Musa sp., Strelitzia reginae, orchids, palms, Phoenix sp. DISTRIBUTION: Calhoun, Jeferson, Le, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale can be a serious pest on palms and orchids. Figure 42. Diaspis boisduvali Signoret Map 52. 66 DIASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) COMON AME: Pineapple scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, translucent white, exuviae are yelow to brown and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, white in color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves, bark and fruit HOSTS: Aehema chantinii, Cattelyea orchid DISTRIBUTION: Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 43. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) Map 53. 67 DIASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche) COMON AME: Cactus Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to tan in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Cactus, Mammilaria compresa DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Houston, Le and Tuscaloosa counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a pest on cacti. Figure 44. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche) Map 54. 68 DIASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Diaspis townsendi Cockerel COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: Quercus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 55. 69 DUPLACHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaf blades HOSTS: ornamental Bahia gras, grases, Iris sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin and Clarke counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 45. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren) Map 56. 70 DYNASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oval, dark with light edges, exuviae are centraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, dark in color, exuviae are centraly located. BIOLOGY: leaves (needles) HOSTS: Pinus echinata DISTRIBUTION: Chilton county REMARKS: This scale is not commonly collected in Alabama, and is not considered economicaly important. Map 57. 71 FIORINIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti) COMON AME: Fiorinia Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and oval, tapering at one end, amber or brown in color, the first exuvium is terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal and thin, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Camelia japonica, Camelia sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Michelia fuscata, Phoenix sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Calhoun, Hale, Jeferson, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This is a pupilarial form with the females being encased in the second exuvium. Males of this species are uncommon. Figure 46. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti) Map 58. 72 FIORINIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fiorinia theae Gren COMON AME: Tea Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and shield-shaped, dark brown in color, first exuvium is terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal and thin, paralel sided, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Aucuba sp., Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba, Camelia sasanqua, Camelia thea, Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp., Laurus nobilis, Malus sp., Prunus sp., Punica sp. DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This is a pupilarial form with the females being encased in the second exuvium. It is also a major pest of landscape plants including camelia and hollies. Figure 47. Fiorinia theae Gren Map 59. 73 FISURASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke) COMON AME: Elm Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and iregularly oval, shiny and black in color and covered with a thin white wax. Male: Cover is elongate and white. BIOLOGY: cracks and fisures in the bark HOSTS: Ulmus alata, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Bullock, Colbert, Dalas, Elmore, Lowndes, Monroe, Pickens and Wilcox counties REMARKS: This is a pupilarial form with the females being encased in the second exuvium. It is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. First collected in Alabama in 2007. Figure 48. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke) Map 60. 74 FROGATIELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Froggattiela penicilata (Gren) COMON AME: Penicilate Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and oval, tan in color, exuviae are yelow and marginaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only smaler. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Bambusa sp., Phylostachys aurea DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Jeferson and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama, although it can be found on large numbers on ornamental bamboo. Figure 49. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren) Map 61. 75 GYMNASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead COMON AME: Flyspeck Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, black and shiny. Male: Cover is oval, black in color, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Bromelia sp. DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This is a pupilarial form with the females being encased in the second exuvium. It is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 50. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead Map 62. 76 HALIASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock) COMON AME: Cord Gras Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover elongate and thin, white in color, exuviae are light yelow and terminaly located. Male: ales not observed. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: grases, marsh gras, Spartina alterniflora DISTRIBUTION: Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 51. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock) Map 63. 77 HEMIBERLESIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead) COMON AME: Difinis Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, white to gray in color, exuviae are brown and submarginaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only smaler. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Carya ilinoensis, Ficus sp., Ficus sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Dalas, Le, Madison, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: Our records on this insect are from previous collections in Alabama and are suspected to be a misidentification of Hemiberlesia neodifinis. Figure 52. Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead) Map 64. 78 HEMIBERLESIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) COMON AME: Latania Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, white to brown in color, exuviae are centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, similar coloration as the female, exuviae are submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Broad host range, se Appendix A. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Bullock, Cherokee, Clarke, Conecuh, Covington, Dalas, Houston, Jeferson, Le, Limestone, Macon, Mobile, Montgomery, organ, Pery and Washington counties REMARKS: This scale has a wide range of hosts and is a very common pest in Alabama. Figure 53. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Map 65. 79 HEMIBERLESIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, grey to brown in color, exuviae are submarginaly located. Male: Cover is elongate and oval, similar in coloration to the female, exuviae are submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Carya ilinoensis, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus sp., Fraxinus sp., Lespedeza cuneata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris DISTRIBUTION: Calhoun, Clay, Dalas, Escambia, Henry, Lowndes and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 54. Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson Map 66. 80 HEMIBERLESIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel) COMON AME: Tropical Palm Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, light to dark brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only smaler and more elongate. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Bromeliad DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 55. Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel) Map 67. 81 HEMIBERLESIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) COMON AME: Gredy Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to grey in color, exuviae are darker and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female only smaler and thinner. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Citrus limon, Euonymus sp., Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Lonicera sp., Pyrus pyrifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Dekalb, Grene, Jeferson, Le, Mobile, Montgomery, Talapoosa and Tuscaloosa counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious pest. Map 68. 82 KUWANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is extremely thin and elongate, white to tan in color, exuviae are brown to yelow and terminaly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Arundinaria gigantea, Bambusa sp., Indocalamus teselatus DISTRIBUTION: Cleburne, Jeferson, Le and Macon counties REMARKS: This scale is not known to be of economic importance. Figure 56. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana) Map 69. 83 KUWANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley) COMON AME: Bamboo White Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is extremely thin and elongate, white to tan in color, exuviae are brown to yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female only smaler and thinner. BIOLOGY: base of stems, near the nodes HOSTS: Bambusa sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Elmore, Escambia, Le, Lowndes, Macon, Marshal, Montgomery, St. Clair and Talapoosa counties REMARKS: This scale has only been found on bamboo and is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 57. Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley) Map 70. 84 KUWANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) COMON AME: Bamboo Diaspidid Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is slender and elongate, white in color, exuviae are brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover is paralel sided, tricarinate and smaler than the female, white in color, exuviae are light brown and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: surface (bark) of bamboo canes, near the nodes HOSTS: Bambusa sp. DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This scale has only been found on bamboo and is not known to be of economic importance in Alabama. Figure 58. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) Map 71. 85 KUWANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Kuwanaspis vermiformis (Takahashi) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is elongate and thin, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Bambusa sp. DISTRIBUTION: Le and Russel counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama at present. Map 72. 86 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes becki (Newman) COMON AME: Purple Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brown in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: Cover is slender and smaler than the female, brown in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves and fruit HOSTS: Camelia japonica, Citrus reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Citrus limon ponderosa, Citrus sp., Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliate x Fortunela (citrange-quat), Elaeagnus pungens, Fortunela sp., japonica tre, Malus sp., Passiflora sp., Poncirus trifoliate, zairai satsuma DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Dekalb, Escambia, Jeferson, Le, Mobile, Monroe, Talapoosa and Walker counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious pest on citrus. Figure 59. Lepidosaphes becki (Newman) Map 73. 87 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke COMON AME: Camelia Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brown in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only more slender and smaler. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba, Camelia sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Butler, Chambers, Clarke, Covington, Dale, Hale, Henry, Le, Mobile, Pickens, Tuscaloosa and Washington counties REMARKS: This scale can be a serious pest on camelia and hollies. Figure 60. Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke Map 74. 88 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) COMON AME: Glover Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is slender and elongate, brown in color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only smaler. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Euonymus sp., Ficus sp., Magnolia sp., Prunus sp., Sabal palmeto, Vaccinum sp., palms, zairai satsuma DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Map 75. 89 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: DISTRIBUTION: Se Map 76. (unknown) REMARKS: It is questionable whether this scale actualy occurs in Alabama. None were collected during this survey and there are currently no slides of it in the Auburn University Coccoidea Collection. Map 76. 90 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No information available. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: Cryptomeria japonica, Juniperus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Barbour and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Map 77. 91 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel) COMON AME: askel Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oyster-shel shaped and slender, varying shades of brown, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female only smaler. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Leyland cypres DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Coffe, Houston, Jeferson, Le, Mobile and Montgomery counties REMARKS: This scale can be a serious pest. Figure 61. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel) Map 78. 92 LEPIDOSAPHES SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) COMON AME: Oystershel Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oyster-shel shaped with transverse ridges across it, brown in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, but smaler and exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Acer rubrum, Camelia japonica, Cryptomeria japonica, Malus sp., Prunus persica, Ulmus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Bullock, Chambers, Clay, Covington, Dalas, Franklin, Le Pery and Winston counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious pest. Figure 62. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) Map 79. 93 LEUCASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Leucaspis pini (Hartig) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: No available information. Male: No available information. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: unknown DISTRIBUTION: unknown REMARKS: This scale was not collected during the current survey but has been recorded as being found in Alabama. It is questionable whether this scale actualy occurs in Alabama. 94 LOPHOLEUCASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oyster-shel shaped, brownish red in color with thin gray layer of wax over it, first exuvium is terminaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, but smaler. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Alnus serulata, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Fayete, Jeferson, Lamar and Marion counties REMARKS: This is a pupilarial form with the females being encased in the second exuvium. This scale is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. First collected in Alabama in 2007. Figure 63. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel) Map 80. 95 MELANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, light brown in color, exuviae are centraly or subcentraly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: stems and leaf sheaths HOSTS: Smilax sp., Arundinariae gigantea DISTRIBUTION: Crenshaw, Jackson and Le counties REMARKS: This scale was first found in Alabama in 2008. It is not considered to be economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 64. Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson Map 81. 96 MELANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi) COMON AME: Ananas Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly located. Male: Cover is slender, similar in color to the female, exuviae is terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves and fruit HOSTS: pineapple DISTRIBUTION: Le county REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Map 82. 97 MELANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) COMON AME: Obscure Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, grayish in color, exuviae are normaly shiny, black, and centraly or subcentraly located. Figure 65. shows and unusual color form. Male: Cover is oval, smaler than the female, grayish in color, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Carya ilinoensis, Castanea sp., Castanea mollisima, Citrus sp., Magnolia obovata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus phelos, Quercus sp., Japanese magnolia DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is commonly found on oaks, and is frequently a serious pest, especialy on pin oaks. Figure 65. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) Map 83. 98 MELANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock) COMON AME: Smilax Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly or centraly located. Male: Cover is smaler and more slender than the female although similar in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Smilax sp., grases DISTRIBUTION: Elmore, Le and Sumter counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Map 84. 99 MELANASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) COMON AME: Gloomy Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, darkly colored, usualy blends in with the bark around it, exuviae are black and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is oval and smaler than the female although similar in color, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Alnus serulata, Castila sp., Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp., Japanese magnolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Malus sp., Morus sp., Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus sp., Umbrela palm DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is common on multiple hosts in Alabama. It is frequently a serious pest on maple. Figure 66. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) Map 85. 100 MORGANELA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel) COMON AME: Cuero Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular or oval, white in color, exuviae are brown and subcentraly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is slender and smaler than the female. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Acer spp. DISTRIBUTION: Calhoun, Covington, Elmore and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale was first found in Alabama in 2008 and is not considered economicaly important. Figure 67. Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel) Map 86. 101 NEOPINASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie COMON AME: Harper Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is slender and elongate, brownish in color, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: ales not observed. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Acer sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Covington, Escambia, Houston and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale has only been found in the southernmost counties in Alabama. It is not considered to be of economic importance. First found in Alabama in 2006. Figure 67. Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie Map 87. 102 OCEANASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) COMON AME: Spinose Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, white to brown in color, exuviae are centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is elongate and more oval than the female, although similar in coloration, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Ilex cornuta burfordii, Persea palustris DISTRIBUTION: Barbour and Le counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered to be an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 67. Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) Map 88. 103 ODONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky COMON AME: Bermuda Gras Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oval, white to tan in color, exuviae are submarginaly, or marginaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only more elongate and smaler. BIOLOGY: leaves and roots HOSTS: Andropogon sp., Cynodon dactylon, Vetiveria zizanioides DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Butler, Chambers, Clarke, Coffe, Colbert, Dale, Le, Lowndes Madison, Mobile and Morgan counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a pest of lawns and grases. Figure 68. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky Map 89. 104 ODONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) COMON AME: Para Gras Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oval and elongated, white to tan in color, exuviae are marginaly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is smaler and thinner than the female, concolorous, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: stems HOSTS: grases DISTRIBUTION: Mobile county REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 69. Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) Map 90. 105 PARLATORIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Parlatoria cameliae Comstock COMON AME: Camelia Parlatoria Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is iregularly oval, white to gray in color, exuviae are marginaly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is smaler and thinner than the female, paralel sided, white in color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Camelia japonica, Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., Ilex sp. DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Barbour, Jeferson, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 70. Parlatoria cameliae Comstock Map 91. 106 PARLATORIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Parlatoria pergandii Comstock COMON AME: Chaf Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, varying shades of brown in color, exuviae are marginaly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is smaler and thinner than the female, similar in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Camelia sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus paradisi, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Codiaeum sp., Cycas sp., Euonymus sp., Fortunela sp., Psidium sp., Satsuma, Viburnum sp., zairai DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Baldwin, Bibb, Conecuh, Hale, Le, Macon, Mobile, Shelby and Wilcox counties REMARKS: This species can be an economic pest on Citrus spp. Figure 71. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock Map 92. 107 PINASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) COMON AME: Fern Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably oyster-shel shaped, tan in color, exuviae are tan to brown in color, and terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal, paralel sided, and tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Aspidistra elatior, Asplenium nidus, Camelia sp., Liriope muscari, Liriope sp., Lycopersicon esculentum, fern, Ophiopogon sp., Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis, Saintpaulia sp., Zebrina pendula DISTRIBUTION: Baldwin, Barbour, Chilton, Cullman, Dale, Dekalb, Houston, Jeferson, Lamar, Le, Madison, Mobile, Montgomery, Pery, Russel, Sumter, Talapoosa and Walker counties REMARKS: This scale has the potential to be a serious pest of ferns and foliage plants. Figure 72. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Map 93. 108 PINASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) COMON AME: Leser Snow Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is iregularly oyster-shel shaped, white to brown in color, exuviae are brown or yelow and terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal, paralel sided, and tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Colbert, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale can be a serious pest on many hosts, including Hibiscus spp. Figure 73. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) Map 94. 109 PSEUDAONIDIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) COMON AME: Camphor Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, gray to brown in color, exuviae are submarginaly located. Male: Cover is oval, smaler than the female, although similar in coloration, exuviae are marginaly or submarginaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Acer sp., Baccharis halimifolia, Baccharis sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia sp., Carya ilinoensis, Chinese talow, Cinnamomum sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sp., Diospyros sp., Diospyros virginiana, Ficus sp., Ilex decidua, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia grandiflora, Myrica cerifera, Nysa sylvatica, palm, Photinia sp., Poncirus trifoliate, Punica granatum, Pyrus calleryana, Quercus sp., Sasafras sp., Solidago sp., Ulmus rubra, Vaccinum sp. DISTRIBUTION: This scale has mainly been found in the southern half of the state. REMARKS: Although this scale has a wide host range, it is not a serious pest in Alabama. Figure 74. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) Map 95. 110 PSEUDAONIDIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel) COMON AME: Peony Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, brown in color, exuviae are subcentraly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is similar to the female, only smaler and more slender. BIOLOGY: bark HOSTS: Azalea sp., Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., purple-leafed white flower, Rhododendron indicum, Rhododendron sp. DISTRIBUTION: Le, Mobile, Jeferson and Taladega counties REMARKS: This pest can be a serious pest on azalea and camelia. Map 96. 111 PSEUDAULACASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley) COMON AME: False Oleander Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is pear-shaped, white in color, exuviae are yelow to brown and terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal, thin, and paralel sided, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: leaves HOSTS: Aucuba japonica, Aucuba sp. , Camelia japonica, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Michelia fuscata, Pachysandra sp., palm, Persea palustris, Strelitzia reginae, Umbrela palm DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Coosa, Dale, Houston, Le, Mobile, Montgomery and Russel counties REMARKS: This scale can be a serious pest on ornamentals, and is a common problem on Magnolia spp. Figure 75. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley) Map 97. 112 PSEUDAULACASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) COMON AME: White Peach Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to grey in color, exuviae are yelow to brown in color and subcentraly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is oval and elongate, white in color, exuviae are terminal. BIOLOGY: bark, leaves, and fruit HOSTS: Broad host range, se Appendix A. DISTRIBUTION: Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Calhoun, Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Cleburne, Colbert, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Dalas, Dekalb, Elmore, Escambia, Geneva, Houston, Jackson, Le, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshal, obile, ontgomery, Morgan, Pery, Pickens, Pike, Russel, Taladega and Winston counties REMARKS: This is a widespread pest on many plant species in Alabama. Figure 76. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Map 98. 113 PSEUDAULACASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskel) COMON AME: White Prunicola Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to grey in color, exuviae are yelow to brown in color and subcentraly or submarginaly located. Male: Cover is oval and elongate, white in color, exuviae are terminal. BIOLOGY: unknown HOSTS: flowering chery DISTRIBUTION: Elmore county REMARKS: This scale looks very similar to Pseudaulacaspis pentagona although its host range is more limited, and can be dificult to distinguish from it, even with the use of keys. Map 99. 114 PSEUDOPARLATORIA SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) COMON AME: False Parlatoria Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is variably circular, yelow to brown in color, exuviae are submarginaly or marginaly located. Male: Cover is oval, yelow to brown in color, exuviae are yelow and terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark and leaves HOSTS: Hemlock DISTRIBUTION: Lawrence county REMARKS: This species is not commonly collected and is not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Figure 77. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) Map 100. 115 QUERNASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is thin and elongate, grey in color and tends to blend in with the bark around it, exuviae are terminaly located. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: crevices and cracks in bark, often beneath the epidermis. HOSTS: Quercus falcata DISTRIBUTION: Dalas and Le counties REMARKS: This insect has been collected in two locations in Alabama. Currently it has only been found in Georgia and Alabama worldwide. It is not considered economicaly important. Figure 77. Quernaspis quercicola Tippins & Beshear Map 101. 116 RHIZASPIDIOTUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel) COMON AME: Dearnes Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is oval, tan to brown in color, exuviae are yelow and subcentraly located. Male: Cover is similar in shape and coloration to the female, but smaler, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: stems HOSTS: Eupatorium capilifolium, Solidago sp. DISTRIBUTION: Barbour, Le and Mobile counties REMARKS: This scale in not considered an economic pest in Alabama. Map 102. 117 SELENASPIDUS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) COMON AME: Rufous Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is circular, white to brown in color, exuviae are orange to brown and centraly or subcentraly located. Male: Cover is smaler and more elongate than the female, white to brown in color, exuviae are sublateraly located. BIOLOGY: bark, fruit, and leaves HOSTS: Citrus sp. DISTRIBUTION: Houston county REMARKS: This scale is not considered economicaly important in Alabama. Figure 78. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Map 103. 118 UNACHIONASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel) COMON AME: None Known DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover widens at one end, white in color. Male: No information available. BIOLOGY: leaves, near the base HOSTS: Bambusa sp. DISTRIBUTION: Blount, Cleburne, Elmore, Jeferson, Marshal and St. Clair counties REMARKS: This scale can be a pest on bamboo. First found in Alabama in 2006. This collection was the first documented landscape presence in the western hemisphere. Figure 79. Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel) Map 104. 119 UNASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) COMON AME: Citrus Snow Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is pear-shaped, narowing at the exuvial end, gray to brown in color, exuviae are brownish orange and terminaly located. Male: Cover is smal, thin, paralel sided, and tricarinate, white in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: bark, fruit, and leaves HOSTS: Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus americanus, Euonymus fortunei, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus japonica var. aureovariegata (gold spot euonymus), Euonymus japonica microphyla, Euonymus kiautschovicus, Euonymus sieboldiana, Euonymus sp., evergrens, Pachysandra sp., Quercus nigra, shrubbery, sugar plant DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is a widespread pest in Alabama, especialy on Euonymus spp. Figure 80. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Map 105. 120 VELATASPIS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Velataspis dentata (Hoke) COMON AME: Dentate Scale DESCRIPTION OF ARMOR: Female: Cover is extremely thin and elongate, varying shades of brown in color, although sometimes it appears white, exuviae are darkly colored and terminaly located. Male: Cover is shorter and not as slender as the female, although similar in color, exuviae are terminaly located. BIOLOGY: Leaves, stems, and smal branches HOSTS: Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Berchemia scandens, Celtis sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Cycas revoluta, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Ilex cornuta burfordii, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Myrica cerifera, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Salix nigra, Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp. DISTRIBUTION: This scale is widely distributed over the state of Alabama. REMARKS: This scale is commonly collected around the state although usualy in very smal numbers per sample. Figure 81. Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Map 106. 121 RESULTS Prior to this study only 76 species belonging to 32 genera were recorded in Alabama. This study has added 31 previously unrecorded species. As a result of this survey, Alabama now has recorded 107 species in 42 genera. It is important to note that there are no specimens of Leucaspis pini (Hartig) (H.. Tippins reference), or Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) in the Auburn University Coccoidea Collection that were actualy collected in Alabama. Both of these scales are referenced as having been found in Alabama by other sources and waranted inclusion in this thesis. 122 DISCUSION This survey fils in many of the gaps in the knowledge of the diaspidid fauna of Alabama. The post-survey number of 107 diaspidid species is a more acurate depiction of the species present in this state. Yet, there is much more work that could be done that is beyond the scope of this master?s thesis. Alabama now ranks as number 2 in terms of number of species of diaspidids in the southeastern United States. Alabama trails only Florida with its 150+ species. The only other state in our region that has recorded anywhere near as many species as Alabama is our neighbor Georgia with 105 diaspidids recorded. Although our other neighbors (Misisippi, Tennese, Louisiana and Kentucky) have recorded much lower numbers of species (al below 70), I have no doubt that this is largely due to a lack of collecting with this particular group of insects in those states. Some of the more notable diaspidids that were not previously collected in Alabama include Melanaspis arundinariae, which had previously only been collected in South Carolina as far as U.S. records are concerned. They also include Quernaspis quercicola, which worldwide had only been collected in Georgia and is quite a rare find. Lastly, Diaspidiotus crystallinus has been found in Alabama in a single location and was previously known from a single Texas collection in 1938. The discovery of these and several other newly recorded diaspidids have great implications for Alabama and the surrounding states. Species that were previously thought to be primarily of western distribution like Diaspidiotus crystallinus and Clavaspis texana may actualy be distributed across the United States. Species that are considered serious pests in other states like the newly recorded Aspidiela sacchari, may be newly introduced or may simply be inhibited by some unsen factor keeping it from 123 reaching pest status in Alabama. More research and surveys in other states would help answer these questions and many more for the beterment of state-wide integrated pest management programs. 124 REFERENCES 1. Beshear, R. J., Tippins, H. H., Howel, J. O. 1973. The Armored Scale Insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of Georgia and Their Hosts. University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations. Bull. 146. 15p. , ilus. 2. Boyd, C.P. 1932. A partial list of the scale insects of Le County, Alabama. M.S. Thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama, 42p. , ilus. 3. Chiu, C. H. 1974. Biological Studies on Tea Scale Fiorinia theae Gren (Homoptera: Diaspididae). M.S. Thesis, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 76p. , ilus. 4. Dekle, G. W. 1965. Florida Armored Scale Insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land areas, Vol 3. 342p. , ilus. 5. Hendricks, H.J. & Wiliams, M.L. 1992. Life history of Melanaspis obscura (Homoptera: Diaspididae) infesting pin oak in Alabama. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85(4): 452-457. 6. Herick, G.W. 1911. Some Scale Insects of Misisippi with notes on certain species from Texas. Misisippi Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 2: 1-78. 7. Howard, F.W. & Oliver, A.D. 1985. Armored Scale Insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of Louisiana. Bulletin of the Louisiana Experiment Station 767: 1- 125. 8. Owen, W. L. 1925. A preliminary list of the scale insects of Alabama. M.S. Thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. 46p. , ilus. 9. Tippins, H. H. 1953. The Scale Insects of Alabama. M.S. Thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. 70p. , ilus. 10. SCALE NET (http:/ww.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm) 11. Kelsey, H.P., Dayton, W.A. 1942. Standardized Plant Names. Second Edition. J. Horace McFarland Company, Harisburg, PA. For the American Joint Commite on Horticultural Nomenclature. 125 12. Muse, B.J., 1980. A Taxonomic Revision of the Armored Scale Insect Genus Aonidomytilus Leonardi (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Ph.D isertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 234 p. , ilus. 13. Miler, D.R., Davidson, J.A., 1998. A New Species of Armored Scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) Previously confused with Hemiberlesia Neodifinis (Newstead). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100(2), 1998, pp.193-201 126 APENDIX A. HOST PLANTS OF ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret) ? cyanophyllum scale Host Plants: Berchemia scandens, cactus, Celtis occidentalis, Ficus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex opaca, Ilex sp., Liriope muscari, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia virginiana, palm, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp. Abgrallaspis ithacae (Feris) ? hemlock scale Host Plants: Hemlock Abgrallaspis liriodendri (Miler and Howard) ? no common name known Host Plants: Liriodendron tulipifera Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab ? round conifer scale Host Plants: Juniperus virginiana, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus sp., Pinus virginiana Acutaspis perseae (Comstock) ? red bay scale Host Plants: Ilex sp., Pinus sp., Serenoa repens Aonidia atlantica Feris ? Juniper needle scale Host Plants: Chamaecyparis thyoides Aonidiela auranti (Maskel) ? California red scale Host Plants: Citrus nobilis unshiu, Nerium sp. Aonidiela taxus Leonardi ? Asiatic red scale Host Plants: Podocarpus macrophylus 127 Aonidomytilus crookiae (Feris) ? no common name known Host Plants: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum Aonidomytilus hyperici Feris ? hypericum scale Host Plants: Hypericum fasciculatum, Hypericum prolificum Aonidomytilus sabatius Tipins ? no common name known Host Plants: Sabatia sp. Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke) ? goldenrod scale Host Plants: Asteraceae, Eupatorium capilifolium, Polygala cymosa, Solidago sp., Verbena bonariensis, weds Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel) ? sugarcane scale Host Plants: Stenotaphrum secundatum Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana ? cryptomeria scale Host Plants: Unknown Aspidiotus marisci Tipins & Beshear ? sawgras scale Host Plants: Cladium jamaicense Aspidiotus neri Bouche ? no common name known Host Plants: Aleurites fordi, Asparagus plumosus, Aucuba sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis unshiu, Cycas revoluta, Hedera helix, Hedera sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura pomifera, Magnolia sp., Melia azedarach, Nerium sp. Osmanthus fragrans, palm, Poncirus trifoliata, sage palms Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) ? rose scale Host Plants: Rosa spp., Rubus sp. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi ? Aulacaspis Cycad scale Host Plants: Cycads, Cycas revoluta Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) ? juniper scale 128 Host Plants: Cupresus arizonica, Juniperus silicicola, Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus sp. Carulaspis minima (Signoret) ? minute cypres scale Host Plants: Cupresus sp., Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus sp., Juniperus virginiana Chionaspis americana Johnson ? elm scurfy scale Host Plants: Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Ulmus alata, Ulmus americana, Ulmus thomasi, Ulmus sp. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) ? scurfy scale Host Plants: Nysa sylvatica, Pyrus communis Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders ? no common name known Host Plants: Gleditsia triacanthos Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley ? pine scale Host Plants: Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp. Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kuwai ? no comon name known Host Plants: Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp., Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Ulmus rubra Chionaspis longiloba Cooley ? longiloba scale Host Plants: Japanese persimon, Salix nigra Chionaspis nysae Comstock ? sour-gum scale Host Plants: Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Ilex americana, Nysa sp., Nysa sylvatica Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) ? pine needle scale Host Plants: Casuarina sp., Pinus caribaea, Pinus echinata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus sp. Chionaspis salicis (Linaeus) ? black wilow scale 129 Host Plants: Salix nigra, Salix sp. Chionaspis styracis Liu & Kosztarab ? no common name known Host Plants: Styrax americana Chionaspis triformis Tipins & Beshear ? no common name known Host Plants: Carpinus caroliniana Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) ? no common name known Host Plants: grases, Spartina sp., St. Augustine gras Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linaeus) ? Florida red scale Host Plants: Acer sp., Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, palms Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Feris ? no common name known Host Plants: Aspidistra sp. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) ? dictyospermum scale Host Plants: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Ficus sp., Ligustrum sp., palm, Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren) ? no common name known Host Plants: palm Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tipins ? no common name known Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Carya sp. Clavaspis texana Feris ? no common name known Host Plants: Maclura pomifera Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock) ? palmeto scale Host Plants: palm, Sabal sp. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) ? putnam scale 130 Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Acer sp., Aesculus pavia, Alnus serulata, Betula nigra, Carya ilinoensis, Carya ovata, Carya sp., Celtis ocidentalis, Cercis canadensis, Cornus asperifolia, Cornus florida, Crataegus sanguinea, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Halesia carolina, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex sp., Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Malus sp., Myrica cerifera, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea palustris, Prunus americana, Prunus persica, Prunus serotina, Prunus sp., Quercus sp., Salix nigra, Smilax sp., Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp, Vaccinum sp., Vitis sp., Wisteria sp. Diaspidiotus bumeliae Feris Host Plants: unknown Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel) ? conifer scale Host Plants: Juniperus virginiana, Thuja sp. Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris ? no common name known Host Plants: Alnus serulata Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) ? forbes scale Host Plants: Betula nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus florida, Cydonia sp., Fraxinus sp., Ilex sp., Malus sp, Nysa sylvatica, Osmanthus americanus, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus serotina, Prunus sp., Pyrus sp., Quercus sp., Robinia pseudo-acacia, fern Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) ? walnut scale Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Celtis sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Ilex crenata, Juglans sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Malus sp., Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp., Prunus munsoniana, Prunus persica, Prunus sp., Pyrus sp. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) ? swetgum scale Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liquidambar sp. Diaspidiotus mcombi Mckenzie ? McComb pine scale Host Plants: Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus sp. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel) ? Osborn scale 131 Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Carya ovata, Carya sp., Celtis occidentalis, Ilex decidua, Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp., Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Nysa sylvatica, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus sp., Quercus velutina, Salix nigra, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp., Vaccinium sp., Vitis sp. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) ? San Jose scale Host Plants: Broussonetia papyrifera, Buxus sp., Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ilinoensis, Chaenomeles japonica, Chinese Chery, Cornus sp., Cotoneaster divaricata, Cotoneaster sp., Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus sp., Ilex sp., Japanese magnolia, Japanese walnut, Juglans nigra, Juglans sp., Ligustrum sp., Maclura pomifera, Malus sp., Malus var. red delicious, Malus var. golden delicious, Morus sp., Photinia fraseri, Photinia glabra, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sp. (chery), Prunus sp. (plum), Prunus sp. (flowering peach), Pyracantha sp., Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus sp., Quercus sp., Rosa sp., Ulmus sp., Vitis sp., Ziziphus sp. Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris) ? bald cypres scale Host Plants: Taxodium sp. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) ? grape scale Host Plants: Betula nigra, Carya ilinoensis, Platanus occidentalis, Vitis sp. Diaspis boisduvali Signoret ? boisduval scale Host Plants: amberglow Florida orchid, cactus, Musa sp., Strelitzia reginae, orchid, palm, Phoenix sp. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) ? pineapple scale Host Plants: Aehema chantinii, Cattelyea orchid Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche) ? cactus scale Host Plants: Cactus, Mammilaria compresa Diaspis townsendi Cockerel Host Plants: Quercus sp. Duplachionaspis divergens (Gren) 132 Host Plants: ornamental Bahia gras, grases, Iris sp. Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman) Host Plants: Pinus echinata Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti) ? fiorinia scale Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Camelia sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Michelia fuscata, Phoenix sp. Fiorinia theae Gren ? tea scale Host Plants: Aucuba sp., Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba, Camelia sasanqua, Camelia thea, Camelia sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus sp., Ilex cornuta, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp., Laurus nobilis, Malus sp., Prunus sp., Punica sp. Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke) ? elm scale Host Plants: Ulmus alata, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus sp. Froggattiela penicilata (Gren) ? penicilate scale Host Plants: Bambusa sp., Phylostachys aurea Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead ? flyspeck scale Host Plants: Bromelia sp. Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock) ? cord gras scale Host Plants: grases, marsh gras, Spartina alterniflora Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead) ? difinis scale Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Ficus sp., Ficus sp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras albidum, Ulmus sp. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ? latania scale Host Plants: Albizia sp., Aleurites fordi, Areca sp., Baccharis sp., Buxus sp., Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus asperifolia, Deutzia scabra, Diervila sesilifolia, Euonymus japonica microphyla, Eupatorium 133 capilifolium, Fatshedera lizei, Fatsia sp., Ficus sp., Hedera helix, Hypericum prolificum, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex crenata, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex sp. Lespedeza cuneata, Lespedeza sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Melia azedarach, Mimosa sp., Morus rubra, palm, Prunus persica, Punica granatum, Pyracantha sp., Salix nigra, Umbrela palm, Vaccinum sp. Hemiberlesia neodifinis (Miler & Davidson) Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Celtis occidentalis, Cornus sp., Fraxinus sp., Lespedeza cuneata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerel) ? tropical palm scale Host Plants: Bromeliad Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) ? gredy scale Host Plants: Citrus limon, Euonymus sp., Ilex crenata, Ilex vomitoria, Lonicera sp., Pyrus pyrifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp. Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana) ? no common name known Host Plants: Arundinaria gigantea, Bambusa sp., Indocalamus teselatus Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley) ? bamboo white scale Host Plants: Bambusa sp. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) ? bamboo diaspidid scale Host Plants: Bambusa sp. Kuwanaspis vermiformis (Takagi) ? no common name known Host Plants: Bambusa sp. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) ? purple scale Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Citrus reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Citrus limon ponderosa, Citrus sp., Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliate x Fortunela (citrange-quat), Elaeagnus pungens, Fortunela sp., japonica tre, Malus sp., Passiflora sp., Poncirus trifoliate, zairai satsuma Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke ? camelia scale 134 Host Plants: Azalea sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia japonica alba, Camelia sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Ilex cornuta burfordii, Ilex sp. Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) ? glover scale Host Plants: Buxus sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Euonymus sp., Ficus sp., Magnolia sp., Prunus sp., Sabal palmeto, Vaccinum sp., palms, zairai satsuma Lepidosaphes lasianthi (Gren) ? no common name Host Plants: Unknown Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) ? no common name known Host Plants: Cryptomeria japonica, Juniperus sp. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel) ? Maskel scale Host Plants: Leyland cypres Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linaeus) ? oystershel scale Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Camelia japonica, Cryptomeria japonica, Malus sp., Prunus persica, Ulmus sp. Leucaspis pini (Hartig) (Tippins reference) ? no common name known Host Plants: Unknown Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel) Host Plants: Alnus serulata, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus sp. Melanaspis arundinariae Davidson & Deitz Host Plants: Smilax sp., Arundinariae gigantea Melanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi) ? ananas scale Host Plants: Bromeliads Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) ? obscure scale 135 Host Plants: Carya ilinoensis, Castanea sp., Castanea mollisima, Citrus sp., Magnolia obovata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus phelos, Quercus sp., Japanese magnolia Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock) ? smilax scale Host Plants: Smilax sp., grases Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) ? gloomy scale Host Plants: Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Alnus serulata, Castila sp., Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Cornus florida, Fraxinus sp., Japanese magnolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Malus sp., Morus sp., Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus sp., Umbrela palm Morganela ceuroensis (Cockerel) Host Plants: Acer sp. Neopinaspis harperi McKenzie ? harper scale Host Plants: Acer sp., Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock) ? spinose scale Host Plants: Ilex cornuta burfordii, Persea palustris Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky ? Bermuda gras scale Host Plants: Andropogon sp., Cynodon dactylon, Vetiveria zizanioides Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) ? para gras scale Host Plants: grases Parlatoria cameliae Comstock ? camelia parlatoria scale Host Plants: Camelia japonica, Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., Ilex sp. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock ? chaf scale Host Plants: Camelia sp., Citrus limon, Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus paradisi, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sp., Codiaeum sp., Cycas sp., Euonymus sp., Fortunela sp., Psidium sp., Satsuma, Viburnum sp., zairai 136 Pinaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) ? fern scale Host Plants: Aspidistra elatior, Asplenium nidus, Camelia sp., Liriope muscari, Liriope sp., Lycopersicon esculentum, fern, Ophiopogon sp., Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis, Saintpaulia sp., Zebrina pendula Pinaspis strachani (Cooley) ? leser snow scale Host Plants: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sp. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) ? camphor scale Host Plants: Acer sp., Baccharis halimifolia, Baccharis sp., Camelia japonica, Camelia sp., Carya ilinoensis, Chinese talow, Cinnamomum sp., Citrus nobilis unshiu, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sp., Diospyros sp., Diospyros virginiana, Ficus sp., Ilex decidua, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lyonia ligustrina, Magnolia grandiflora, Myrica cerifera, Nysa sylvatica, palm, Photinia sp., Poncirus trifoliate, Punica granatum, Pyrus calleryana, Quercus sp., Sassafras sp., Solidago sp., Ulmus rubra, Vaccinum sp. Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel) ? peony scale Host Plants: Azalea sp., Camelia sasanqua, Camelia sp., purple-leafed white flower, Rhododendron indicum, Rhododendron sp. Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley) ? false oleander scale Host Plants: Aucuba japonica, Aucuba sp. , Camelia japonica, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Michelia fuscata, Pachysandra sp., palm, Persea palustris, Strelitzia reginae, Umbrela palm Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) ? white peach scale Host Plants: Acer sp., Alnus serulata, Broussonetia papyrifera, Carya ilinoensis, Carya sp., Catalpa bignonioides, Catalpa sp., Cercis canadensis, Cercis sp., Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cydonia sp., Diospyros kaki var. tanenashi (tanenashi kaki persimon), Diospyros virginiana, Diospyros sp., Euonymus alata compacta, Euonymus sp., Firmiana simplex, Fortunei sp., Fraxinus sp., Gleditsia triacanthos, Ilex sp., Juglans nigra, Juglans sp., Koelreuteria paniculata var. apiculata (golden rain tre), Lespedeza cuneata, Ligustrum amurense, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Ligustrum sinense, Ligustrum sp., Melia azedarach, Morus rubra, Morus sp., Osmanthus fortunei, palm, Platanus sp., Populus, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Prunus sp. (chery), Prunus sp. (flowering peach), Prunus sp. (plum), Pueraria sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix nigra, Syringa sp., varnish tre 137 Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskel) ? no common name known Host Plants: flowering chery Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) ? false parlatoria scale Host Plants: Hemlock Quernaspis quercicola Tipins & Beshear ? no common name known Host Plants: Quercus falcata Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel) ? dearnes scale Host Plants: Eupatorium capilifolium, Solidago sp. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) ? rufous scale Host Plants: Citrus sp. Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel) ? no common name known Host Plants: Bambusa sp. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) ? euonymus scale Host Plants: Citrus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Euonymus americanus, Euonymus fortunei, Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus japonica var. aureovariegata (gold spot euonymus), Euonymus japonica microphyla, Euonymus kiautschovicus, Euonymus sieboldiana, Euonymus sp., evergrens, Pachysandra sp., Quercus nigra, shrubbery, sugar plant Velataspis dentata (Hoke) ? dentate scale Host Plants: Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer sp., Berchemia scandens, Celtis sp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Cycas revoluta, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus sp., Ilex cornuta burfordii, Liriodendron tulipifera, Maclura pomifera, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia sp., Myrica cerifera, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Salix nigra, Smilax sp., Vaccinium sp. 138 APENDIX B. ALABAMA RMORED SCALE INSECTS BY HOST Acer negundo (boxelder maple) Melanaspis tenebricosa Acer palmatum (Japanese red maple) Parlatoria sp. Acer rubrum (red maple) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus liquidambaris, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Acer saccharinum (silver maple) Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Acer sp. (maple) Chrysomphalus aonidum, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Morganela cueroensis, Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata Aehema chantini Diaspis bromeliae Aesculus pavia (red buckeye) Diaspidiotus ancylus Albizia sp. Hemiberlesia lataniae Aleurites fordi (tung tres) Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae Alnus serulata (hazel alder) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus crystallinus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus osborni, Lopholeucaspis japonica, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Amberglow Florida Orchid Diaspis boisduvali 139 American Holly Se Ilex opaca American Hornbeam Se Carpinus caroliniana American Swetgum Se Liquidambar styraciflua Amur privet Se Ligustrum amurense Andropogon sp. (broom sedge) Odonaspis ruthae Aple Se Malus sp. Areca sp. (areca palm) Hemiberlesia lataniae Arizona Cypres Se Cupresus arizonica Arundinaria gigantea Kuwanaspis hikosani, Melanaspis arundinariae Ash Se Fraxinus sp. Asparagus fern Se Asparagus plumosus Asparagus plumosus (asparagus fern) Aspidiotus neri Aspidistra elatior Pinnaspis aspidistrae Aspidistra sp. (aspidistra) Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Asplenium nidus (bird?s nest fern) Pinnaspis aspidistrae 140 Asteraceae sp. Aonidomytilus solidaginis Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba) Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Aucuba sp. (aucuba) Aspidiotus neri, Fiorinia theae, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Australian Pine Se Casuarina sp. Azalea sp. (azalea) Aspidiotus sp., Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Pseudaonidia paeoniae Baccharis halimifolia (Eastern baccharis) Diaspidiotus sp., Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex Baccharis sp. (baccharis) Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex Bahia Grass Duplachionaspis divergens Bamboo Se Bambusa sp. Bambusa sp. (bamboo) Froggattiela penicilata, Kuwanaspis howardi, Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis, Unachionaspis tenuis Bay Shrub Se Laurus nobilis Bay Tre Chrysomphalus sp. Berchemia scandens Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Velataspis dentata Bermuda Grass Se Cynodon dactylon Betula nigra 141 Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus uvae Big Blue Liriope Se Liriope muscari Bird?s Nest Fern Se Asplenium nidus Black Walnut Se Juglans nigra Box Elder Maple Se Acer negundo Boxwood Se Buxus sp. Bromelia sp. (bromelia) Gymnaspis aechmeae Bromeliad (unidentified) Hemiberlesia palmae Brook Euonymus Se Euonymus americanus Broom sedge Se Andropogon sp. Brousonetia papyrifera (paper mulbery) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Burford Holly Se Ilex cornuta burfordii Butonbush (common) Se Cephalanthus occidentalis Buxus sp. (boxwood) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri Cactus Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspis boisduvali, Diaspis echinocacti 142 California Privet Se Ligustrum ovalifolium Camelia japonica (common camelia) Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Camelia japonica alba (white common camelia) Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae Camelia sasanqua (sasanqua camelia) Fiorinia theae, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaonidia paeoniae Camelia sp. (camelia) Chrysomphalus aonidum, Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Parlatoria cameliae, Parlatoria pergandii, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaonidia paeoniae Camelia thea (thea) Fiorinia theae Camphor Se Cinnamomum sp. Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam) Chionaspis kosztarabi, Chionaspis nysae (bark form), Chionaspis triformis, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Lopholeucaspis japonica Carya ilinoensis (pecan) Chionaspis nysae (bark form), Clavaspis crypta, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspidiotus uvae, Hemiberlesia difinis, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis obscura, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Carya ovata (shagbark hickory) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni Carya sp. (hickory) Clavaspis crypta, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Castanea mollisima (Chinese chestnut) Melanaspis obscura 143 Castanea sp. (chestnut) Melanaspis obscura Castila sp. (gumtre) Melanaspis tenebricosa Casuarina sp. (Australian pine) Chionaspis pinifoliae Catalpa bignonioides (southern catalpa) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Catalpa sp. (catalpa) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Cattelyea orchid Diaspis bromeliae Celeste Fig Hemiberlesia difinis Celtis laevigata (hackbery) Chionaspis americana, Hemiberlesia lataniae Celtis occidentalis (hackbery) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis tenebricosa Celtis sp. (hackbery) Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Cephalanthus occidentalis (common butonbush) Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Cercis canadensis (redbud) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata Cercis sp. (redbud) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Chaenomeles japonica (flowering Japanese quince) Diaspidiotus perniciosus 144 Chamaecyparis thyoides (white cedar) Aonidia atlantica Chestnut Se Castanea sp. Chinese Chery Diaspidiotus perniciosus Chinese Chestnut Se Castanea mollisima Chinese Hibiscus Se Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese Holly Se Ilex cornuta Chinese Lespedeza Se Lespedeza cuneata Chinese Privet Se Ligustrum sinense Chinese Tallow Pseudaonidia duplex Cinamomum sp. (camphor) Pseudaonidia duplex Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) Parlatoria sp. Citrus limon (lemon) Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia rapax, Parlatoria pergandii Citrus limon ponderosa (lemon) Lepidosaphes becki Citrus nobilis unshiu (satsuma orange) Aonidiela auranti, Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaonidia duplex Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) 145 Lepidosaphes becki, Parlatoria pergandii Citrus reticulata (Tangerine) Lepidosaphes becki, Pseudaonidia duplex Citrus sinensis (swet orange) Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii Citrus sp. Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Melanaspis obscura, Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaonidia duplex, Selenaspidus articulatus, Unaspis euonymi Cladium jamaicense Aspidiotus marisci Coastal Bermuda Grass Odonaspis ruthae Codiaeum sp. (croton) Parlatoria pergandii Corky Elm Chionaspis americana Cornus asperifolia Diaspidiotus ancylus, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Melanaspis sp. Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia sp., Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Cornus sp. (dogwood) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia neodifinis Cotoneaster divaricata (spreading cotoneaster) Diaspidiotus perniciosus Cotoneaster sp. (cotoneaster) Diaspidiotus perniciosus Cottonwood Se Populus sp. Crataegus sanguinea (redhaw hawthorn) 146 Diaspidiotus ancylus Crataegus sp. Diaspidiotus sp. Croton Se Codiaeum sp. Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Unaspis euonymi Cupresus arizonica (Arizona cypres) Carulaspis juniperi Cupresus sp. Carulaspis minima Cycad Se Cycas sp. Cycas revoluta (sago palm) Aspidiotus neri, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Velataspis dentata Cycas sp. (cycad) Aspidiotus sp., Parlatoria pergandii Cydonia sp. (quince) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) Odonaspis ruthae Deutzia scabra (fuzy deutzia) Hemiberlesia lataniae Diervila sesilifolia (southern bush honeysuckle) Hemiberlesia lataniae Diospyros sp. (persimon) Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Diospyros virginiana (common persimon) Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata 147 Dogfenel Eupatorium See Eupatorium capilifolium Dogwood Se Cornus spp. Dwarf Japanese Euonymus Se Euonymus japonica microphyla Eastern Baccharis Se Baccharis halimifolia Eastern Red Cedar Se Juniperus virginiana Elaeagnus pungens (thorny elaeagnus) Lepidosaphes becki Elm Se Ulmus spp. English Ivy Se Hedera helix Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) Diaspidiotus perniciosus Euonymus alata compacta (winged euonymus) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Euonymus americanus (brook euonymus) Unaspis euonymi Euonymus fortunei (winter creper euonymus) Unaspis euonymi Euonymus japonicus (evergren euonymus) Fiorinia theae, Unaspis euonymi Euonymus japonica microphyla (dwarf Japanese euonymus) Hemiberlesia lataniae, Unaspis euonymi Euonymus kiautschovicus (spreading euonymus) Unaspis euonymi 148 Euonymus sieboldianus (siebold euonymus) Unaspis euonymi Euonymus sp. (euonymus) Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Unaspis euonymi Eupatorium capilifolium (dogfenel eupatorium) Aonidomytilus solidaginis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi Evergren Euonymus Se Euonymus japonicus Fatshedera lizei (Fatsia japonica x Hedera helix, fatshedera) Hemiberlesia lataniae Fatsia sp. (fatsia) Hemiberlesia lataniae Fern Diaspidiotus forbesi, Pinnaspis aspidistrae Ficus sp. (fig) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Aspidiotus sp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia difinis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia duplex Ficus sp. (celeste fig) Hemiberlesia difinis Fig Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Firethorn Se Pyracantha sp. Firmiana simplex Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Flowering Chery Pseudaulacaspis prunicola Flowering Japanese Quince Se Chaenomeles japonica 149 Flowering Peach Se Prunus sp. Fortunei sp. (shrub fortunes osmanthus) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Fortunela sp. (kumquat) Lepidosaphes becki, Parlatoria pergandii Fraxinus sp. (ash) Chionaspis kosztarabi, Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata Gentian sp. Lepidosaphes sp. Gleditsia triacanthos Chionaspis gleditsiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Grapefruit Se Citrus paradisi Grape Vine Se Vitis sp. Grass Chortinaspis subchortina, Duplachionaspis divergens, Haliaspis spartinae, Odonaspis saccharicaulis, Melanaspis smilacis Guava Se Psidium spp. Gumtre Se Castila spp. Hackbery Se Celtis spp. Halesia carolina Diaspidiotus ancylus Hazel Alder Se Alnus serulata 150 Hedera helix (English ivy) Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae Hedera sp. (ivy) Aspidiotus neri Hemlock Abgrallaspis ithacae, Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus) Pinnaspis strachani Hibiscus sp. (hibiscus) Pinnaspis strachani Hickory Se Carya spp. Holly Se Ilex spp. Honeysuckle Se Lonicera sp. Hucklebery Se Lyonia ligustrina Hypericum fasciculatum (sandbush St. Johns wort) Aonidomytilus crookiae, Aonidomytilus hyperici Hypericum prolificum Aonidomytilus crookiae, Aonidomytilus hyperici, Hemiberlesia lataniae Ilex americana (holly) Chionaspis nysae Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Fiorinia theae Ilex cornuta burfordii (burford holly) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Velataspis dentata Ilex crenata (Japanese holly) Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia rapax 151 Ilex decidua (holly) Diaspidiotus osborni, Pseudaonidia duplex Ilex opaca (American holly) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Hemiberlesia lataniae Ilex sp. (foster hybrid holly) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus Ilex sp. (holly) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Acutaspis perseae, Aspidiotus sp., Chrysomphalus sp., Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Parlatoria cameliae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly) Fiorinia theae, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia rapax Indocalamus teselatus Kuwanaspis hikosani Iris sp. Duplachionaspis divergens Japanese Aucuba Se Aucuba japonica Japanese Cedar Se Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Holly Se Ilex crenata Japanese magnolia Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis obscura, Melanaspis tenebricosa Japanese persimon Chionaspis longiloba Japanese Red Maple Se Acer palmatum Japanese Walnut Diaspidiotus perniciosus 152 Japonica Fiorinia fioriniae, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes cameliae, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria pergandii, Unaspis euonymi Japonica tre Lepidosaphes becki Juglans nigra (black walnut) Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Juglans sp. (Japanese walnut) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Juglans sp. (walnut) Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Juniper Se Juniperus sp. Juniperus chinensis (Juniper) Carulaspis minima Juniperus silicicola (southern red cedar) Carulaspis juniperi Juniperus sp. (Juniper) Carulaspis juniperi, Carulaspis minima, Lepidosaphes newsteadi Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar) Acutaspis morrisonorum, Carulaspis juniperi, Carulaspis minima, Diaspidiotus coniferarum Koelreuteria apiculata (gold rain tre) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Kudzu vine Se Pueraria sp. Kumquat Se Fortunela sp. Lagerstroemia indica Pseudaonidia duplex Laurus nobilis (bay shrub) 153 Fiorinia theae Lemon Tre Se Citrus limon Lespedeza cuneata (Chinese lespedeza) Hemiberlesia lataniae, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Lespedeza sp. (lespedeza) Hemiberlesia lataniae Leyland Cypres Lepidosaphes pallida, Neopinnaspis harperi Ligustrum amurense (amur privet) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Ligustrum ovalifolium (California privet) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Ligustrum sp. (privet) Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Lime Se Citrus aurantifolia Liquidambar sp. (swetgum) Diaspidiotus liquidambaris Liquidambar styraciflua (American swetgum) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus liquidambaris, Pseudaonidia duplex Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptre) Abgrallaspis liriodendri, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia difinis, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Liriope muscari (big blue liriope) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Pinnaspis aspidistrae Liriope sp. (monkey grass) 154 Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Pinnaspis sp. Lonicera sp. (honeysuckle) Hemiberlesia rapax Loquat Se Eriobotrya japonica Lycopersicon esculentum (common tomato) Pinnaspis aspidistrae Lyonia ligustrina (hucklebery) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Pseudaonidia duplex Maclura pomifera (osage orange) Aspidiotus neri, Clavaspis texana, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Velataspis dentata Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia) Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis dentata Magnolia obovata (Japanese magnolia) Melanaspis obscura Magnolia sp. (magnolia) Aspidiotus neri, Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus ancylus, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis dentata Magnolia stelata (star magnolia) Diaspidiotus ancylus Magnolia virginiana (swetbay magnolia) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli Malmasson Rose Aulacaspis rosae Malus sp. (apple) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis tenebricosa Malus sp. (flowering crabapple) 155 Diaspidiotus perniciosus Mammilaria compresa (mother of hundreds) Diaspis echinocacti Maple Se Acer spp. Marsh grass Haliaspis spartinae Melia azedarach (chinabery) Aspidiotus neri, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Michelia fuscata (banana shrub) Fiorinia fioriniae, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Mimosa sp. (miosa) Hemiberlesia lataniae Mondo japonicum Pinnaspis sp. Mondo sp. Pinnaspis aspidistrae Monkeygrass Se Liriope sp. Morus rubra (red mulbery) Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Morus sp. (mulbery) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Musa sp. (banana) Diaspis boisduvali Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Pseudaonidia duplex, Velataspis dentata Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis Pinnaspis aspidistrae Nerium sp. (oleander shrub) 156 Aonidiela auranti, Aspidiotus neri Nysa sp. Chionaspis nysae Nysa sylvatica (black gum) Chionaspis furfura, Chionaspis nysae, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Pseudaonidia duplex Oak Se Quercus spp. Ophiopogon sp. (lilyturf) Pinnaspis aspidistrae Orange Tre Se Citrus spp. Orchid Diaspis boisduvali Osmanthus americanus (devilwood osmanthus) Diaspidiotus forbesi Osmanthus fortunei Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Osmanthus fragrans (swet olive) Aspidiotus neri Ostrya virginiana Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus osborni Oxydendrum arboreum Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Velataspis dentata Pachysandra sp. (pachysandra) Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Unaspis euonymi Palm Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Aspidiotus neri, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Chrysomphalus diversicolor, Comstockiela sabalis, Diaspis boisduvali, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia duplex, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 157 Paper Mulbery Se Broussonetia papyrifera Passiflora sp. (passion plants) Lepidosaphes becki Peach Tre Se Prunus persica Pecan Se Carya ilinoensis Persea borbonia (Red Bay) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Velataspis dentata Persea palustris Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Hemiberlesia neodifinis, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli, Velataspis dentata Persea sp. Aspidiotus sp. Persimon Se Diospyros sp. Phoenix sp. (palm date) Diaspis boisduvali, Fiorinia fioriniae Photinia fraseri (redtop photinia) Diaspidiotus perniciosus Photinia glabra (Japanese photinia) Diaspidiotus perniciosus Photinia sp. (photinia) Pseudaonidia duplex Phylostachys aurea (golden bamboo) Froggattiela penicilata Pineapple Melanaspis bromeliae Pinus caribaea (slash pine) Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae 158 Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi, Dynaspidiotus californicus Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae Pinus sylvestris (scotch pine) Chionaspis pinifoliae Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi Pinus sp. Acutaspis morrisonorum, Acutaspis perseae, Chionaspis heterophylae, Chionaspis pinifoliae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine) Acutaspis morrisonorum, Chionaspis heterophylae, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus mcombi Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore) Diaspidiotus uvae Platanus sp. (sycamore) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Podocarpus macrophylus (yew podocarpus) Aonidiela taxus Polygala cymosa Aonidomytilus solidaginis Pomegranate Se Punicia sp. Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) Aspidiotus neri, Lepidosaphes becki, Pseudaonidia duplex Populus sp. (cottonwood) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Privet Se Ligustrum sp. 159 Prunus americana Diaspidiotus ancylus Prunus angustifolia (Chickasaw plum) Diaspidiotus forbesi Prunus armeniaca (apricot) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Melanaspis tenebricosa Prunus munsoniana (wild-goose plum) Diaspidiotus juglansregiae Prunus persica (peach) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Prunus salicina (Japanese plum) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Prunus serotina (black chery) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi Prunus sp. Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus perniciosus Prunus sp. (chery) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Prunus sp. (laurel chery) Fiorinia theae, Lepidosaphes gloveri Prunus sp. (flowering peach) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Prunus sp. (plum) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Prunus sp. (wayland plum) Diaspidiotus forbesi Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino chery) Diaspidiotus perniciosus 160 Psidium sp. (guava) Parlatoria pergandii Pueraria sp. (kudzu vine) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Punicia granatum Hemiberlesia lataniae, Pseudaonidia duplex Punicia sp. (pomegranate) Fiorinia theae Purple-leafed white flower Pseudaonidia paeoniae Pyracantha sp. (firethorn) Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia lataniae Pyrus calleryana Pseudaonidia duplex Pyrus communis (common pear) Chionaspis furfura Pyrus pyrifolia (sand pear) Aspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiberlesia rapax Pyrus sp. (pear) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus Quercus alba (white oak) Diaspidiotus osborni Quercus falcata (oak) Diaspidiotus osborni,Quernaspis quercicola Quercus laurifolia (laurel oak) Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura Quercus lyrata (overcup oak) Diaspidiotus osborni Quercus nigra (water oak) Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura, Unaspis euonymi 161 Quercus palustris (pin oak) Diaspidiotus osborni, Melanaspis obscura Quercus phelos (wilow oak) Melanaspis obscura Quercus sp. (oak) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus forbesi, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspis townsendi, Melanaspis obscura, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaonidia duplex Quercus velutina (black oak) Diaspidiotus osborni Quercus virginiana (live oak) Aspidiotus sp. Quince Se Cydonia sp. Rabbitfoot Fern Pinnaspis sp. Red Buckeye Se Aesculus pavia Redbud Se Cercis sp. Redhaw Hawthorn Se Crataegus sanguinea Red Maple Se Acer rubrum Rhododendron indicum (indicum azalea) Pseudaonidia paeoniae Rhododendron sp. (rhododendron) Pseudaonidia paeoniae Robinia pseudoacacia (black tupelo) Diaspidiotus forbesi, Hemiberlesia rapax, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 162 Rosa noisetiana Aulacaspis rosae Rosa sp. (rose) Aulacaspis rosae, Diaspidiotus perniciosus Rose Se Rosa sp. Rubus sp. Aulacaspis rosae Sabal minor (dwarf palmeto) Chrysomphalus sp. Sabal palmeto (cabbage palm) Lepidosaphes gloveri Sabal sp. Comstockiela sabalis Sabatia sp. Aonidomytilus sabatius Sage palm Aspidiotus neri Saintpaulia sp. (African violets) Pinnaspis aspidistrae Salix nigra (black wilow) Chionaspis longiloba, Chionaspis salicis-nigrae, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Neopinnaspis harperi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Velataspis dentata Salix sp. (wilow) Chionaspis salicis-nigrae, Hemiberlesia rapax Sassafras albidum (common sassafras) Diaspidiotus osborni, Hemiberlesia difinis Sassafras sp. (sassafras) Pseudaonidia duplex Satsuma Orange 163 Se Citrus nobilis unshiu Serenoa repens (palmeto) Acutaspis perseae Shagbark Hickory Se Carya ovata Shrub Fortunes Osmanthus Se Fortunei sp. Siebold Euonymus Se Euonymus sieboldiana Silver Maple Se Acer saccharinum Smilax sp. (grenbrier) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus (leaf form on stems), Melanaspis arundinariae, Melanaspis smilacis, Velataspis dentata Solidago sp. (goldenrod) Aonidomytilus solidaginis, Pseudaonidia duplex, Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi Southern Bush Honeysuckle Se Diervila sesilifolia Southern Catalpa Se Catalpa bignonioides Southern Red Cedar Se Juniperus silicicola Southern Red Oak Se Quercus quercicola Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) Haliaspis spartinae Spartina sp. Chortinaspis subchortina Spreading Euonymus Se Euonymus kiautschovicus 164 St. Augustine Aspidiela sacchari, Chortinaspis subchortina Stenotaphrum secundatum Aspidiela sacchari Strelitzia reginae (quens bird of paradise flower) Diaspis boisduvali, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Styrax americana Chionaspis styracis Sugar plant Unaspis euonymi Swetgum Tre Se Liquidambar sp. Syringa sp. (lilac) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Tangerine Se Citrus reticulata Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypres) Diaspidiotus taxodii Taxodium sp. Diaspidiotus taxodii Thea sinensis Fiorinia theae Thuja sp. Diaspidiotus coniferarum Tomato Se Lycopersicon esculentum Tuliptre Se Liriodendron tulipifera Tung Tre Se Aleurites fordi 165 Ulmus alata Chionaspis americana, Fisuraspis ulmi Ulmus americana (American elm) Chionaspis americana Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) Aspidiotus sp. Ulmus rubra Chionaspis kosztarabi, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Fisuraspis ulmi, Pseudaonidia duplex Ulmus sp. (elm) Chionaspis americana, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Fisuraspis ulmi, Hemiberlesia difinis, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis tenebricosa Ulmus thomasi (cork elm) Chionaspis americana Umbrela palm Hemiberlesia lataniae, Melanaspis tenebricosa, Pseudaulacaspis cockereli Vaccinum sp. (bluebery) Abgrallaspis cyanophyli, Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni. Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia duplex, Velataspis dentata Varnish tre Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Verbena bonariensis Aonidomytilus solidaginis Vetiveria zizanioides (anatherum) Odonaspis ruthae Viburnum sp. (viburnum) Parlatoria pergandii Vitis sp. (grape) Diaspidiotus ancylus, Diaspidiotus osborni, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspidiotus uvae Walnut Se Juglans sp. 166 Wax Myrtle Se Myrica cerifera White Cedar Se Chamaecyparis thyoides Winged Euonymus Se Euonymus alata compacta Winter Creper Euonymus Se Euonymus fortunei Wisteria sp. (wisteria) Diaspidiotus ancylus Yaupon Holly Se Ilex vomitoria Zairai Satsuma Lepidosaphes becki, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria pergandii Zebrina pendula (wandering jew plant) Pinnaspis aspidistrae Zizyphus sp. (jujube) Diaspidiotus perniciosus 167 APENDIX C. ARMORED SCALES IN ALABAMA BY COUNTY Autauga: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Baldwin: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis longiloba (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Barbour: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Aonidomytilus hyperici (Feris), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel) 168 Bib: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Blount: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Bulock: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi& Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) Butler: Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky) Calhoun: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis nysae Comstock (bark form), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus osborni (Johnson), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Chambers: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) Cheroke: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Chilton: Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab, Carulaspis minima (Targioni-Tozzeti), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Choctaw: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Velataspis dentata (Hoke) 169 Clarke: Chionaspis americana Johnson, Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke) Clay: Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Cleburne: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus crystallinus Feris, Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), Unachionaspis tenuis (Maskel) Coffe: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Colbert: Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzeti) Conecuh: Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Coosa: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock (leaf form), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Covington: Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus taxodii (Feris), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Crenshaw: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Culman: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Dale: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), 170 Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Dallas: Aonidiela auranti (Maskel), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Clavaspis texana Feris, Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) DeKalb: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) Elmore: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Escambia: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Aonidiela auranti (Maskel), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson, Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Etowah: Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) Fayete: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel) Franklin: Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Geneva: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Grene: Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) 171 Hale: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke, Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Henry: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke) Houston: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Jackson: Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Jeferson: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, Carulaspis minima (Targioni-Tozzeti), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Gren), Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali Signoret, Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Kuwanaspis hikosani (Kuwana), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Lamar: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Lauderdale: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Lawrence: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) Le: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Carulaspis minima (Targioni-Tozzeti), Chionaspis americana (Johnson), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chionaspis 172 pinifoliae (Fitch), Chionaspis salicis (Walsh), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Dynaspidiotus californicus (Coleman), Fiorinia theae Gren, Gymnaspis aechmeae (Newstead), Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis arundinariae Deitz & Davidson, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), (black pine leaf scale), Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pinnaspis caricis (Feris), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Limestone: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Lowndes: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Hemiberlesia neodifinis (Miler & Davidson), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Macon: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Madison: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) (swetgum scale), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis 173 tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis caricis (Feris), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Marengo: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Marion: Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerel), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) Marshall: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzeti) Mobile: Abgrallaspis cyanophyli (Signoret), Acutaspis perseae (Comstock), Aonidia atlantica (Feris), Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Aspidiela sacchari (Cockerel), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Carulaspis minima (Targioni), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus (Feris), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Clavaspis crypta Howel & Tippins, Comstockiela sabalis (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus taxodii Feris, Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Diaspis townsendi (Cockerel), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Froggattiela penicilata (Gren), Haliaspis spartinae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Hemiberlesia neodifinis Miler & Davidson, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard), Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc), Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskel), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Morganela cueroensis (Cockerel), Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae (Kotinsky), Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner), Parlatoria cameliae (Comstock), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Rhizaspidiotus dearnesi (Cockerel), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Monroe: Chionaspis nysae Comstock (bark form), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel) 174 Montgomery: Aonidiela taxus (Leonardi), Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret), Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzeti), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia difinis (Newstead), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Morgan: Aspidiotus neri (Bouche), Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae Comstock, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Pery: Chionaspis americana Johnson, Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis sp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Pickens: Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Pike: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Randolph: Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus coniferarum (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus mcombi (McKenzie), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) Rusel: Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis cockereli (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzeti) Shelby: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) 175 St. Clair: Chionaspis kosztarabi Takagi & Kawai, Chionaspis nysae Comstock (bark form), Chionaspis triformis Tippins & Beshear, Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus sp., Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) Sumter: Carulaspis sp., Fiorinia theae Gren, Melanaspis smilacis (Comstock), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Talladega: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Fiorinia theae Gren, Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Tallapoosa: Acutaspis morrisonorum (Kosztarab), Chionaspis heterophylae Cooley, Chionaspis nysae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Tuscaloosa: Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus osborni (Newel & Cockerel), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), Lepidosaphes cameliae (Hoke), Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) Walker: Chionaspis heterophylae (Cooley), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Lepidosaphes becki (Newman), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Washington: Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Fiorinia theae Gren, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes cameliae Hoke Wilcox: Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Diaspidiotus sp., Fiorinia theae Gren, Fisuraspis ulmi (Hoke), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerel), Velataspis dentata (Hoke) Winston: Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus)