ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE UPPER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, ALABAMA Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this thesis is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This thesis does not include proprietary or classified information. _____________________________________ Charles Heath Kilgore Certificate of Approval: _________________________ ________________________ Robert S. Boyd Troy L. Best, Chair Professor Professor Biological Sciences Biological Sciences _________________________ ________________________ James B. Armstrong George T. Flowers Profesor Dean Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Graduate School ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE UPPER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, ALABAMA Charles Heath Kilgore A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 19, 2008 iii ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE UPPER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, ALABAMA Charles Heath Kilgore Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ______________________________ Signature of Author ______________________________ Date of Graduation iv VITA Charles Heath Kilgore, son of Claude Marion Kilgore I and Norma Gail (Chapel) Timmons, was born 7 January 1974 in Jasper, Alabama. He graduated from Curry High School in Walker County, Alabama, in May 1992. He attended Bevill State Community College in Sumiton, Alabama, from September 1992 to May 1993. In September 1993, he enrolled in the Department of Zoology and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn University. In May 2002, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Wildlife Management. He worked as a field research assistant for Auburn University in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta until being admitted into the graduate program at Auburn University in August 2003. v THESIS ABSTRACT ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE UPPER MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, ALABAMA Charles Heath Kilgore Master of Science, December 19, 2008 (B.S., Auburn University, 2002) 61 Typed Pages Directed by Troy L. Best Relatively little is known about most of the 15 species of bats in Alabama. Especially scarce are data on species occurring in southern Alabama, including the Mobile-Tensaw Delta region. Because there are significant recent acquisitions of tracts of land into the public trust within the Mobile-Tensaw Delta region in southern Alabama, it was especially desirable to obtain an accurate biological survey. Objectives were to conduct a field survey, and to use GIS (Global Information Systems) software to identify ecological associations of bats. At each collection locality, habitat, species captured, date and time of capture, sex, age, and reproductive condition were recorded for each individual. Mist nets were used to capture bats, abandoned buildings were searched, and Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fishes provided specimens. These data were then used to create 100-m, 250- m, and 500-m buffers for spatial analysis. Seven species of bats were documented in the vi Upper Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. Statistical analysis of relationships between occurrence of bats, type of timber, and age class of timber showed both positive and negative statistical relationships at all three spatial scales (100, 250, and 500 m). These varied relationships suggest that a complex matrix of multiple timber types and age classes of timber may produce the most diverse fauna of bats. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Michael D. Gay, John L. Hunt, Lisa A. McWilliams, Paul R. Moosman, Vikki Ashe, Jeremy A. White, Laura C. Hester, Petra Redinger, L. Michelle Gilley, and Mr. Ashe for assistance in gathering field data, preparation of specimens, or both, Harold Brayes and Jimmy Brayes of Hubbard?s Landing for their endless knowledge of the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta and for their generosity, and my committee members Robert S. Boyd and James B. Armstrong for direction and support while I was conducting my research and through the writing process. I also thank the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources State Lands Division for funding, the staff of State Lands Division, Keith Gauldin, Greg Lein, Jo Lewis, and Garth Crowe for field assistance and for reference materials for the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, and especially my advisor Troy L. Best for endless encouragement and patience without which I would never have been able to complete this research. viii Style manual or journal used: Journal of Mammalogy Software used: Microsoft Word 2003, Microsoft Excel 2003, ESRI ArcGIS, and SAS. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES??????????????????????????.....x LIST OF TABLES?????????????????????????..........xi LIST OF APPENDICES??????????????????????.?.?xiii ECOLOGIGAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE MOBILE-TENSAW RIVER DELTA, ALABAMA INTRODUCTION????????????????????????...1 MATERIALS AND METHODS???????????????????.3 RESULTS????????????????????????????5 DISCUSSION??????????????????????????.7 LITERATURE CITED?????????????????????......12 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area in Mobile and Baldwin counties, southwestern Alabama. Shaded areas are state-owned properties within the delta region and boundaries delineate individual stands used in statistical analysis. Dots represent captures of bats during 2002-2004.??..????.?????17 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????????18 Table 2. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama.??...?..19 Table 3. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama.??.??20 Table 4. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????..????????????..??????????? 21 Table 5. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama..????????????????????????..??? 22 Table 6. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 500-m buffers on the Upper xii Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama..????????????..??????????????? 23 xiii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1. Collecting site, date (day, month, year), latitude, longitude, species, specimen number, and method of data collection for a study of bats inhabiting the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama?????????????????????????.???24 Appendix 2. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????????????????????...36 Appendix 3. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????????????????????...38 Appendix 4. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????????????.??????...40 Appendix 5. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 100-m buffers xiv on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama???????????????.??????.??....42 Appendix 6. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama??????????????????????????.??44 Appendix 7. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama????.????????????????????????46 1 INTRODUCTION The bat fauna of Alabama includes 15 species; southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius), gray myotis (M. grisescens), little brown myotis (M. lucifugus), northern long-eared myotis (M. septentrionalis), Indiana myotis (M. sodalis), perimyotis (Perimyotis subflavus), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (L. cinereus), northern yellow bat (L. intermedius), Seminole bat (L. seminolus), evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), and Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis; Best 2004a; Hall 1981; Harvey et al. 1999). Of these, two are listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (M. grisescens and M. sodalis) and three are listed as ?Highest Conservation Concern? by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (M. grisescens, M. sodalis, C. rafinesquii). Also listed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, are five species of ?High Conservation Concern? (M. lucifugus, M. austroriparius, M. septentrionalis, L. intermedius, T. brasiliensis), two of ?Moderate Conservation Concern? (L. noctivagans and L. cinereus), and five of ?Lowest Conservation Concern? (P. subflavus, E. fuscus, L. borealis, L. seminolus, N. humeralis; Best 2004a). Relatively little is known about bats in Alabama, but considerable research has been conducted within the past 2 decades (e.g., Best et al. 1993, 1997; Best and Hudson 2 1996; Durden et al. 1992; Goebel 1996; Henry 1998; Henry et al. 2000; Hilton and Best 2000; Hirt 2008; Kiser 1996, 2000; Milam 1996; Thomas and Best 2000). Especially scarce are data on species occurring in southern Alabama, including the Mobile-Tensaw Delta region (e.g., Best et al. 1993; Howell 1921; La Val 1967; Linzey and Linzey 1969; Linzey 1970). Previously, M. austroriparius was reported from Baldwin, Conecuh, Covington, and Monroe counties (Best et al. 1993; Linzey 1970). Howell (1921:25) reported that P. subflavus ?is scarce or absent in southern Alabama,? but subsequently, P. subflavus was reported from Clarke (Best et al. 1993; Brennan and White 1960), Butler, Conecuh, Covington, Monroe, and Wilcox counties (Best et al. 1993). Myotis lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, and M. grisescens were reported from Conecuh Co. (La Val 1967). In addition, M. grisescens has been reported in south-central Alabama from "the cave near Fort Deposit" (Howell 1921:24). No M. lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, or M. grisescens was observed by Best et al. (1993) in southern Alabama, but one M. grisescens was observed in Conecuh Co. in November 1996 (T. L. Best, pers. comm.). There is no record of M. sodalis in southern Alabama (Hall 1981), but this species occurs in northwestern Florida (Thomson 1982). Corynorhinus rafinesquii has been reported from southern Alabama in Hale and Autauga counties (Howell 1921), two were observed in Clarke Co. on 12 November 1988, and one was observed there on 24 February 1990 (Best et al. 1993). Tadarida brasiliensis has been reported from Mobile, Baldwin (Linzey 1970), and several other southern counties (Howell 1921; Kiser 2000). Because there are significant recent acquisitions of tracts of land into the public trust within the Mobile-Tensaw Delta region in southern Alabama, it is especially desirable to obtain an accurate biological survey. Considering the overall paucity of 3 information on bats in the region, a field survey of species present, distribution, habitats occupied, location of roost sites, etc., is highly desirable. These data would be useful in developing management plans for the area, and they would provide baseline data for comparisons and future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area.--The Mobile-Tensaw River Delta is in southwestern Alabama along the boundary between Mobile and Baldwin counties (Fig. 1). The delta is 13.5 km wide, 56 km long, and consists of 756 km 2 of rivers, lakes, bayous, and tupelo swamps. The Mobile-Tensaw River Delta drains 115,513 km 2 of land including 86% of Alabama and portions of Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee (Isphording et al. 1996). The long narrow shape and extensive drainage area of the delta, coupled with an average annual rainfall of 165 cm, results in frequent and sometimes extended periods of flooding (Jeffcoat et al. 1991). Due to frequent flooding, access to the study area often was limited. Only one maintained road provided access to a small portion of the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area. The remainder of the study area was accessible only by boat. Areas that were relatively dry and above water often were difficult to access due to extensive siltation of the delta, which results in soils that are similar in stability to quicksand. Intensive logging during the past >80 years has left a mosaic of different-aged stands of trees in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. These stands of trees differ in composition of species and overall structure. This mosaic of habitats provided an opportunity to study habitat associations of organisms, especially bats, within this diverse 4 area. No study has been conducted specifically on bats in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta; however, two mammalian surveys were conducted in Alabama that included this area (Howell 1921; Linzey 1970). Data collection.--Data were obtained during May 2002-May 2004. Bats were captured in mist nets that were placed across narrow passageways over land or water (one mist net set for 1 night = 1 mist-net night), abandoned houses (fishing camps) were searched throughout the study area, and bats were shot as they flew overhead by personnel of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fishes. Each bat collected was identified to species, its sex and reproductive status were determined, and its age was assigned as either adult or young-of-the-year, the latter based upon degree of ossification of phalanges (Anthony 1988). The degree of ossification was determined by placing a light source behind the wing of the bat and observing the joints of the phalanges. Latitude and longitude of the collection site for each specimen was recorded using a handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) unit. All bats collected were prepared as standard voucher specimens and deposited in the Auburn University Collection of Mammals. Spatial analysis.--Data collected in the field portion of this research were entered into database format (Excel 2003, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington) and imported into ESRI ArcGIS for spatial analysis (ESRI Corp., Redlands, California). When the study area was purchased by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Forever Wild Program, the previous land owner (International Paper Company) provided spatial data associated with their timber-management practices (Fig. 1). These data were used to assess habitat associations of bats. For each locality, a point 5 was generated within ArcGIS. Three buffers (100, 250, and 500 m) were then created around each point. These buffers were used to determine area of each type of habitat that occurred within the buffer, including amount of each type of timber, age of forest, and amount of open water. These data were entered into database files (Appendices 1-7). Statistical analysis.--Data produced by the spatial-analysis portion of this project were compiled and divided into two groups; type of timber and age of stand. There were 14 types of timbered habitat in the study area. Due to similarities of some types of timbered habitats and rarity of others, they were combined into four types for analyses; bottomland ridges, bottomland swamps, man made openings, and open water. Stands of trees ranged in age from 6 to >80 years. Data for age of stand were divided into four classes; 0-19, 20-39, 40-59, and >80 years. There was no logging during 1923-1945; thus, there was no 60-80-year age class. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) was performed to ascertain associations among types of timbered habitat, age class of timber, and species of bat. RESULTS I conducted 154 mist-net nights at 71 sites and 46 searches of abandoned houses (= fishing camps; some fishing camps were searched more than once). In addition, personnel of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fishes, obtained specimens of bats at 46 sites. From these efforts, 25 bats were captured in mist nets, 4 were captured in fishing camps, and 145 specimens were provided by state officials (Appendix 1). This resulted in seven species of bats documented in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta; Myotis austroriparius (n = 15), 6 Perimyotis subflavus (n = 49), Lasiurus borealis (n = 22), L. seminolus (n = 51), Nycticeius humeralis (n = 32), Corynorhinus rafinesquii (n = 4), and L. cinereus (n = 2). MANOVA assessment of relationships among type of timbered habitat and presence of each species of bat within 100-m buffers revealed significant associations between presence of open water (r 2 = 0.246; P < 0.001), lowlands (r 2 = 0.077; P = 0.050), and overall type of timbered habitat (P = 0.003) with P. subflavus (Table 1). Assessment using 250-m buffers revealed significant associations between P. subflavus and presence of open water (r 2 = 0.173; P = 0.002) and overall type of timbered habitat (P = 0.039; Table 2). There were significant associations between occurrence of M. austroriparius and presence of lowland ridge (r 2 = 0.078; P = 0.048), lowlands (r 2 = 0.163; P = 0.003), and overall type of timbered habitat (P = 0.018; Table 2). For type of timbered habitat in 500-m buffers, there was a significant association with presence of L. borealis and overall type of timber and (P = 0.009). There were significant associations between M. austroriparius and presence of lowland ridge (r 2 = 0.126; P = 0.011), lowlands (r 2 = 0.202; P = 0.001), and overall type of timber (P = 0.008; Table 3). MANOVA assessment of relationships among age of timber and presence of each species of bat within 100-m buffers revealed a significant relationship between occurrence of P. subflavus and overall age of timber (P = 0.002; Table 4). There were significant associations between L. borealis and the 40-59-year age class of timber (r 2 < 0.106; P = 0.020), the >80-year age class of timber (r 2 < 0.114; P = 0.016), and overall age class of timber (P = 0.038; Table 4). For data collected within the 250-m buffer, MANOVA assessment of relationships among age of timber and presence of each species of bat detected significant associations between the 0-19-year age class of timber (r 2 = 7 0.078; P = 0.048) and presence of C. rafinesquii, between the overall age of timber (P = 0.011) and P. subflavus, and between the >80-year age class of timber (r 2 < 0.001; P = 0.989) and overall age of timber (P = 0.052) with L. borealis (Table 5). Results of the MANOVA for age-class data that were acquired in 500-m buffers were significant associations between the 20-39-year age class of timber (r 2 = 0.102; P = 0.023), the >80- year age class of timber (r 2 = 0.105; P = 0.021), and the overall age of timber (P = 0.045) with occurrence of L. borealis (Table 6). DISCUSSION The survey portion of this research documented seven species of bats in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. These findings are similar to those of other regional surveys by Humphery (1975) and Miller (2003) in eastern Mississippi and Lance and Garrett (1997) in Louisiana. The primary difference was that each of these studies documented the big brown bat as a relatively abundant species in the respective areas of study; however, I did not capture this species in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. Three additional species of bats were expected to occur in the study area, but were not observed (Best 2004a); Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus intermedius, and T. brasiliensis. Possibly, these species were not observed due to sampling techniques, seasonality of sampling, rarity of these species, or these species may not occur in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. There is no record of L. noctivagans in southern Alabama; it is migratory and occurs in northern Alabama only during autumn and winter (Cryan 2003; Hirt 2008). There is one published record of L. intermedius in Alabama. This individual was found near St. Thomas Elementary School in Chickasaw, northern 8 Baldwin County. Although there have been few studies of bats in southern Alabama (Best et al. 1993; Howell 1921; Linzey 1970; Linzey and Linzey 1969), this single record suggests that L. intermedius is rare in Alabama. There are many records of T. brasiliensis from the southern one-half of Alabama, including Mobile and Baldwin counties (Hall 1981; Kiser 2000). Because colonies of T. brasiliensis are known from the area (Kiser 2000), because they may fly >50 km to foraging sites (Best and Geluso 2003), and because they may forage at altitudes ?3,000 m (McCracken 1996; McCracken et al. 1999; Williams et al. 1973), it was surprising that the species was not documented in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. Kiser (2000) expressed concern that the species was declining in Alabama, because all colonies were in man-made structures and were being destroyed shortly after discovery. The precarious status of this species also is supported by its designation as a species of high conservation concern by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Best 2004a). Worthy of special note was the capture of a young-of-the-year female L. cinereus at 0045 h CDT on 1 August 2002 at the edge of a slough on the north bank of Stiggins Lake. It was captured in a mist net within a mature stand of bald cypress trees (Taxodium distichum). Because of a lack of specimens from the southeastern United States during June-September (Cryan 2003), this appears to be the first record of reproductive activity by this species in the southeastern United States. From distributional records of female L. cinereus during time of parturition (mid-May until July), it appears that parturition in the species usually occurs in the northern portion of the United States and the southern one- half of Canada (Cryan 2003). 9 Capture of only 25 bats during 154 mist-net nights at 71 sites seems to be an especially low rate of capture for an area with many bats observed flying throughout the night. There are several possible reasons for this low number of captures. Of the 25 bats captured in mist nets, 20 were captured in spring or early summer (Appendix 1). Bats were seen flying over canopies of all ages and species of timber, in open areas, and over large and small bodies of water. However, few bats were seen using roadways and narrow waterways (creeks and other narrow bodies of water), which were habitats that were mist-netted most often due to these forest-lined flyways helping to funnel bats toward mist nets. Areas where most bats were observed flying were nearly impossible to mist net due to either altitude that bats were flying above tops of trees, size of open areas, or size and depth of bodies of open water. As weather warmed in spring and during summer months, numbers of spider webs increased substantially in wooded habitats. A plausible hypothesis as to why few bats were captured in mist nets is that bats were not using low-altitude flyways along creeks or narrow waterways within wooded habitats because of the abundance of golden orb-weaver spiders (Argiope) and their webs in these habitats. These large, relatively strong, webs might pose a risk to bats that used these flyways, especially when the number of webs increases during warmer months. These webs may be the primary reason bats use more open habitats. Also associated with presence of spider webs was the possibility that echolocation was more discriminating while bats were maneuvering through the web-cluttered habitats. Perhaps, focus by bats on detection of spider webs facilitated detection of mist nets as well; thus, mist nets captured few bats. In support of the hypothesis that spider webs might result in mortality 10 and are avoided by bats, Ladue (1993) reported a canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus) that died when it became entangled in a spider web. There is relatively little research on C. rafinesquii in the southeastern United States, including Alabama (Best 2004a, 2004b). During this project, four C. rafinesquii were discovered roosting in abandoned fishing camps in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. These fishing camps were abandoned houses constructed by fishermen and hunters who leased these locations from the previous landowner. When the Alabama Department of Conservation acquired this land, all fishing-hunting leases were terminated. At the time my research was conducted, plans were underway to remove these structures from state- owned properties. In an attempt to determine the importance of these structures to the local bat fauna, surveys were conducted at 17 fishing camps for a total of 46 visits (some fishing camps were visited more than one time). Only one species of bat was observed in these structures; C. rafinesquii was in two fishing camps, one on Bayou Zeast, just north of Interstate Highway 65 off of the Mobile River, and the other was at the mouth of Stiggins Lake, Tensaw River. These two fishing camps housed the only C. rafinesquii observed during this research project. Two C. rafinesquii were in the fishing camp on Bayou Zeast on 10 July 2002. Another was in the fishing camp at the mouth of Stiggins Lake on 9 October 2002; this bat was captured and fitted with a radiotransmitter (Model BD-2A with reed switch, Holohil Systems, Ltd., Carp, Ontario, Canada) and released into the fishing-camp building. I returned at dusk to monitor the bat; the bat left the fishing camp with radiotransmitter attached and went north to Napp Lake. On subsequent days, I returned to the fishing camp and surrounding area with a radioreceiver in attempts to locate this bat to aid in finding additional roost sites. The bat with the radiotransmitter 11 was not detected again using radiotelemetry; however, on returning to the fishing camp where the bat originally was captured on 23 October 2002, a C. rafinesquii was present with a distinct hairless spot on its back. This suggested that this was the same bat that was captured and radiotransmittered previously and may explain why it was never located after its first out-flight. Because I do not know for certain that the bat that was radiotransmittered and the one later observed with the missing hair on its back were the same, I counted these as two individuals. Since the conclusion of my research, all fishing camps have been removed from state lands located in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. Statistical analysis of relationships between occurrence of bats, type of timber, and age class of timber showed both positive and negative statistical relationships at all three spatial scales (100, 250, and 500 m). These varied relationships suggest that a complex matrix of multiple timber types and age classes of timber may produce the most diverse fauna of bats. Presence of habitat complexity (gaps in canopy, open mid-story, canopy cover, cavities in trees) is important to bats; these structural components are provided by a diverse mixture of forest types (Loeb and O?Keefe 2006; Ford et al. 2005, 2006). This complexity also was detected by Gorresen and Willig (2004) in Paraguay using arcGIS spatial analysis of land use and habitat parameters. As forest habitats in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta recover from intensive harvesting during the coming decades, it will provide suitable habitat for bats. This unique ecosystem will maintain habitat complexity due to in propensity to change, be it from extensive flooding, hurricanes, or other intense storms. Future research should assess roost-site selection and effects of golden orb-weaver spiders on bats in the Mobile- 12 Tensaw River Delta. Acoustical monitoring would facilitate assessment of use of habitats, possibly even including species of bats not detected during my study. LITERATURE CITED ANTHONY, E. L. P. 1988. Age determination in bats. Pp. 47-58 in Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. BEST, T. L. (COMPILER). 2004a. Mammals. Pp. 185-204, in Alabama wildlife: a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates: aquatic mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (R. E. Mirarchi, ed.). University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa 1:1-209. BEST, T. L. 2004b. Rafinesque?s big-eared bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii (Lesson). Pp. 182-183, in Alabama wildlife: imperiled amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (R. E. Mirarchi, M. A. Bailey, T. M. Haggerty, and T. L. Best, eds.). University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa 3:1-225. BEST, T. L., AND K. N. GELUSO. 2003. Summer foraging range of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) from Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 48:590-596. BEST, T. L., AND M. K. HUDSON. 1996. Assessment of routes used by female gray bats (Myotis grisescens) between roost sites and foraging areas in northern Alabama. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 67:6-14. 13 BEST, T. L., S. D. CAREY, K. G. CAESAR, AND T. H. HENRY. 1993. Distribution and abundance of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Coastal Plain caves of southern Alabama. National Speleological Society Bulletin 54:61-65. BEST, T. L., B. A. MILAM, T. D. HAAS, W. S. CVILIKAS, AND L. R. SAIDAK. 1997. Variation in diet of the gray bat (Myotis grisescens). Journal of Mammalogy 78:569-583. BRENNAN, J. M., AND J. S. WHITE. 1960. New records and descriptions of chiggers (Acarina: Trombiculidae) on bats in Alabama. Journal of Parasitology 46:346- 350. CRYAN, P. M. 2003. Seasonal distribution of migratory tree bats (Lasiurus and Lasionycteris) in North America. Journal of Mammalogy 84:579-593 DURDEN, L. A., T. L. BEST, N. WILSON, AND C. D. HILTON. 1992. Ectoparasitic mites (Acari) of sympatric Brazilian free-tailed bats and big brown bats in Alabama. Journal of Medical Entomology 29:507-511. FORD, W. M., J. M. MENZEL, M. A. MENZEL, J. W. EDWARDS, AND J. C. KILGO. 2006. Presence and absence of bats across habitat scales in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:1200-1209. FORD, W. M., M. A. MENZEL, J. L. RODRIGUE, J. M. MENZEL, AND J. B. JOHNSON. 2005. Relating bat species presence to simple habitat measures in a central Appalachian forest. Biological Conservation 126:528-539. GOEBEL, A. B. 1996. Temporal variation in movement patterns of adult female Myotis grisescens (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). M.S. thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. 14 GORRESEN, P. M., AND M. R. WILLIG. 2004. Landscape responses of bats to habitat fragmentation in Atlantic forest of Paraguay. Journal of Mammalogy 85:688-697. HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1:1-600 + 90. HARVEY, M. J., J. S. ALTENBACH, AND T. L. BEST. 1999. Bats of the United States. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission and United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Little Rock, Arkansas. HENRY, T. H. 1998. Variation in use of habitats by the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) in northern Alabama. M.S. thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. HENRY, T. H., T. L. BEST, AND C. D. HILTON. 2000. Body size, reproductive biology, and sex ratio of a year-round colony of Eptesicus fuscus fuscus and Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala in eastern Alabama. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and the North Carolina Biological Survey 12:50-56. HIRT, S. J. 2008. Analysis of stable isotopes of hydrogen to determine migrational source of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in Alabama. M.S. thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. HILTON, C. D., AND T. L. BEST. 2000. Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of bats in Alabama. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and the North Carolina Biological Survey 12:57-66. HOWELL, A. H. 1921. A biological survey of Alabama. North American Fauna 45:1-88. 15 HUMPHREY, S. R. 1975. Nursery roosts and community diversity of Nearctic bats. Journal of Mammalogy 56:321-346. ISPHORDING, W. C., F. D. IMSAND, AND R. B. JACKSON. 1996. Fluvial sediment characteristics of the Mobile River Delta. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 46:185-191. JEFFCOAT, H. H., J. B. ATKINS, D. B. ADAMS, AND S. F. WILLIAMS. 1991. Alabama: floods and droughts. United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, Report W2375:163-170. KISER, W. M. 1996. Conservation of LeConte's free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala): environmental parameters of a natural and an artificial roost. M.S. thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. KISER, W. M. 2000. Distribution and status of LeConte?s free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala) in Alabama. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and the North Carolina Biological Survey 12:67-73. LA VAL, R. K. 1967. Records of bats from the southeastern United States. Journal of Mammalogy 48:645-648. LADUE, T. J. 1993. Accidental death by web entanglement in the western pipistrelle, Pipistrellus hesperus. Bat Research News 34(2):58-59. LANCE, R. F., and R. W. GARRETT. 1997. Bat fauna of central Louisiana forests. Texas Journal of Science 49:181-189. LINZEY, D. W. 1970. Mammals of Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 41:64-99. 16 LINZEY, D. W., AND A. V. LINZEY. 1969. First record of the yellow bat in Alabama. Journal of Mammalogy 50:845. LOEB, S. C., AND J. M. O?KEEFE. 2006. Habitat use by forest bats in South Carolina in relation to local, stand, and landscape characteristics. Journal of Mammalogy 70:1210-1218. MCCRACKEN, G. F. 1996. Bats aloft: a study of high-altitude feeding. Bats 14(3):7-10 MCCRACKEN, G. F., Y. F. LEE, J. K. WESTBROOK, B. B. BALSLEY, AND M. L. JENSEN. 1999. Insect harvesting behavior of Mexican free-tailed bats at high altitudes. Bat Research News 40:180. MILAM, B. A. 1996. Daily and seasonal ranges of temperatures of a roost used by the Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) and the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in Alabama. M.S. thesis, Auburn University, Alabama. MILLER, D. A. 2003. Species diversity, reproduction, and sex ratios of bats in managed pine forest landscapes of Mississippi. Southeastern Naturalist 2:59-72. THOMAS, D. P., AND T. L. BEST. 2000. Radiotelemetric assessment of movement patterns of the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) at Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and the North Carolina Biological Survey 12:27-39. THOMSON, C. E. 1982. Myotis sodalis. Mammalian Species 163:1-5. WILLIAMS, T. C., L. C. IRELAND, AND J. M. WILLIAMS. 1973. High altitude flights of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, observed with radar. Journal of Mammalogy 54:807-821. 17 Fig. 1. Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area in Mobile and Baldwin counties, southwestern Alabama. Shaded areas are state-owned properties within the delta region and boundaries delineate individual stands of timber used in statistical analysis. Dots represent captures of bats during 2002-2004. Table 1. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Timber type categories Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomlands Man-made openings Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.90 0.018 0.347 0.09 0.001 0.760 0.41 0.008 0.523 0.33 0.006 0.566 0.40 0.804 Lasiurus cinereus 0.64 0.013 0.427 0.74 0.015 0.392 0.03 <0.001 0.861 0.14 0.002 0.711 0.36 0.834 Perimyotis subflavus 15.67 0.246 <0.001 0.23 0.004 0.635 4.01 0.077 0.050 0.56 0.011 0.456 4.68 0.003 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 0.10 0.002 0.757 0.37 0.007 0.543 0.44 0.009 0.509 0.21 0.004 0.646 0.27 0.896 Lasiurus borealis 4.66 0.088 0.036 0.80 0.016 0.375 3.58 0.069 0.064 0.09 0.001 0.763 1.74 0.157 Lasiurus seminolus 0.09 0.001 0.765 0.01 <0.001 0.932 0.01 <0.001 0.904 0.98 0.020 0.320 0.55 0.702 Myotis austroriparius 1.57 0.031 0.215 0.81 0.016 0.372 2.00 0.039 0.164 0.14 0.002 0.709 0.57 0.684 18 Table 2. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Timber type categories Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomlands Man-made openings Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.01 <0.001 0.918 0.65 0.013 0.422 0.15 0.003 0.697 0.02 <0.001 0.898 0.23 0.920 Lasiurus cinereus 0.63 0.012 0.432 0.01 <0.001 0.921 0.01 <0.001 0.932 0.15 0.003 0.698 0.24 0.911 Perimyotis subflavus 10.03 0.172 0.002 0.13 0.002 0.717 2.36 0.046 0.130 0.09 0.001 0.765 2.75 0.039 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 0.00 <0.001 0.955 0.05 0.001 0.826 0.00 <0.001 0.985 0.23 0.004 0.631 0.15 0.963 Lasiurus borealis 3.39 0.065 0.071 1.04 0.021 0.312 0.68 0.013 0.413 0.33 0.006 0.570 2.53 0.053 Lasiurus seminolus 0.93 0.018 0.340 0.12 0.002 0.727 0.05 <0.001 0.832 1.89 0.037 0.175 0.82 0.518 Myotis austroriparius 2.19 0.043 0.145 4.09 0.078 0.048 9.35 0.163 0.003 0.27 0.005 0.608 3.33 0.018 19 Table 3. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of habitat for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Timber type categories Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomlands Man-made openings Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.01 <0.001 0.918 0.29 0.005 0.595 0.01 <0.001 0.915 1.88 0.037 0.177 0.84 0.509 Lasiurus cinereus 0.68 0.014 0.413 0.30 0.006 0.584 0.20 0.004 0.659 0.26 0.005 0.613 0.35 0.841 Perimyotis subflavus 1.18 0.023 0.283 0.70 0.014 0.407 0.88 0.017 0.353 0.19 0.004 0.661 0.42 0.796 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 0.01 <0.001 0.937 0.12 0.002 0.731 0.01 <0.001 0.939 0.39 0.008 0.535 0.13 0.968 Lasiurus borealis 2.11 0.042 0.153 2.24 0.044 0.140 0.32 0.006 0.576 0.92 0.018 0.342 3.83 0.009 Lasiurus seminolus 0.94 0.019 0.337 0.96 0.019 0.332 0.67 0.013 0.418 3.07 0.060 0.085 1.21 0.319 Myotis austroriparius 2.55 0.050 0.116 6.94 0.126 0.011 12.21 0.202 0.001 0.54 0.011 0.465 3.91 0.008 20 Table 4. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Age class of timber categories 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.35 0.007 0.559 3.66 0.070 0.061 0.04 <0.001 0.845 1.55 0.031 0.218 1.12 0.360 Lasiurus cinereus 0.70 0.014 0.405 0.48 0.010 0.490 0.98 0.020 0.326 0.66 0.014 0.421 0.66 0.620 Perimyotis subflavus 0.51 0.010 0.476 3.23 0.063 0.078 0.00 <0.001 0.999 0.94 0.019 0.338 4.89 0.002 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 0.60 0.012 0.442 0.74 0.015 0.393 0.01 <0.001 0.904 0.06 0.0013 0.804 0.30 0.873 Lasiurus borealis 0.05 0.001 0.817 1.77 0.035 0.189 5.70 0.106 0.020 6.18 0.114 0.016 2.78 0.038 Lasiurus seminolus 0.35 0.007 0.555 0.37 0.007 0.543 0.05 0.001 0.818 0.00 <0.001 0.988 0.17 0.954 Myotis austroriparius 0.17 0.003 0.681 0.00 <0.001 0.991 0.24 0.004 0.628 0.04 <0.001 0.845 0.38 0.819 21 Table 5. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Age class of timber categories 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.27 0.005 0.603 2.53 0.050 0.118 0.00 <0.001 0.954 0.99 0.020 0.325 0.69 0.603 Lasiurus cinereus 1.50 0.030 0.226 0.05 0.001 0.828 1.06 0.021 0.307 0.60 0.012 0.442 0.83 0.512 Perimyotis subflavus 0.41 0.008 0.527 1.43 0.029 0.237 0.26 0.005 0.615 0.46 0.009 0.499 3.67 0.011 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 4.09 0.078 0.048 1.06 0.021 0.309 0.22 0.004 0.639 0.24 0.004 0.629 1.08 0.378 Lasiurus borealis 0.60 0.012 0.441 3.49 0.067 0.067 2.92 0.057 0.093 5.57 0.103 0.022 2.55 0.052 Lasiurus seminolus 1.28 0.025 0.263 0.52 0.010 0.474 0.17 0.003 0.678 0.00 <0.001 0.985 0.75 0.564 Myotis austroriparius 0.84 0.017 0.365 0.81 0.016 0.372 0.72 0.014 0.401 0.00 <0.001 0.988 1.17 0.336 22 Table 6. Results of statistical analysis (MANOVA) of presence of seven species of bats and categories of age class of timber for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Age class of timber categories 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Overall Species F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F r 2 P F P Nycticeius humeralis 0.06 0.001 0.801 2.55 0.050 0.117 0.20 0.004 0.660 0.59 0.012 0.446 0.68 0.612 Lasiurus cinereus 1.30 0.026 0.259 0.00 <0.001 0.988 0.66 0.013 0.419 0.61 0.012 0.440 0.78 0.545 Perimyotis subflavus 0.44 0.009 0.511 1.14 0.023 0.291 0.98 0.020 0.326 0.93 0.019 0.339 1.24 0.306 Corynorhinus rafinesquii 2.66 0.052 0.109 0.80 0.016 0.376 0.16 0.003 0.693 0.26 0.005 0.609 0.66 0.621 Lasiurus borealis 0.06 0.001 0.806 5.47 0.102 0.023 0.93 0.019 0.340 5.64 0.105 0.021 2.65 0.045 Lasiurus seminolus 0.46 0.009 0.502 1.16 0.023 0.287 0.31 0.006 0.581 0.28 0.005 0.598 0.94 0.448 Myotis austroriparius 0.41 0.008 0.525 1.65 0.033 0.205 0.00 <0.001 0.994 1.28 0.026 0.262 0.83 0.514 23 Appendix 1. Collecting site, date (day, month, year), latitude, longitude, genus, species, specimen number, and method of data collection for a study of bats inhabiting the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 1 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 2 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 3 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 4 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 5 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 61 Mist nets 6 21 May 2002 31.1288 87.8950 Myotis austroriparius Mist nets 7 22 May 2002 31.1303 87.8751 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 8 22 May 2002 31.1303 87.8751 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 9 23 May 2002 31.1211 87.8819 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 10 23 May 2002 31.1211 87.8819 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 11 23 May 2002 31.1211 87.8819 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 12 23 May 2002 31.1211 87.8819 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 13 23 May 2002 31.1211 87.8819 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 14 29 May 2002 31.1330 87.8526 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 15 29 May 2002 31.1330 87.8526 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 16 4 June 2002 31.1120 87.9335 Mist nets 17 5 June 2002 31.1120 87.9285 Mist nets 18 6 June 2002 31.1038 87.9141 Mist nets 19 11 June 2002 31.0071 87.9138 Mist nets 20 12 June 2002 30.9539 87.9181 Mist nets 21 12 June 2002 30.9527 87.9121 Mist nets 22 13 June 2002 30.9310 87.9013 Nycticeius humeralis Mist nets 23 13 June 2002 30.9317 87.9040 Mist nets 24 13 June 2002 30.9324 87.9198 Nycticeius humeralis Mist nets 25 9 July 2002 31.0173 87.8881 Mist nets 24 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 26 10 July 2002 30.9336 87.9297 Observation in building 27 10 July 2002 30.9121 87.9542 Observation in building 28 10 July 2002 30.9390 87.9514 Corynorhinus rafinesquii Observation in building 29 10 July 2002 30.9390 87.9514 Corynorhinus rafinesquii Observation in building 30 10 July 2002 30.9570 87.9604 Observation in building 31 10 July 2002 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 32 11 July 2002 31.0846 87.8933 Observation in building 33 11 July 2002 31.0940 87.8939 Observation in building 34 11 July 2002 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 35 11 July 2002 31.0932 87.8949 Observation in building 36 11 July 2002 31.0524 87.9132 Mist nets 37 11 July 2002 31.0542 87.9105 Mist nets 38 11 July 2002 31.0538 87.9066 Mist nets 39 23 July 2002 31.0491 87.8718 Mist nets 40 24 July 2002 31.0051 87.9025 Mist nets 41 24 July 2002 31.1120 87.8744 Mist nets 42 24 July 2002 31.1022 87.8742 Lasiurus seminolus Mist nets 43 25 July 2002 31.0637 87.8915 Mist nets 44 25 July 2002 31.0565 87.8892 Mist nets 45 30 July 2002 30.9281 87.9474 Mist nets 46 30 July 2002 30.9295 87.9436 Mist nets 47 30 July 2002 30.9293 87.9424 Nycticeius humeralis Mist nets 48 31 July 2002 30.9748 87.8982 Mist nets 49 31 July 2002 30.9735 87.8982 Mist nets 50 31 July 2002 30.9724 87.9069 Mist nets 25 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 51 1 August 2002 31.0891 87.9319 Mist nets 52 1 August 2002 31.0881 87.9315 Lasiurus cinereus Mist nets 53 27 August 2002 31.0638 87.8701 Mist nets 54 28 August 2002 31.0051 87.9025 State Lands Division 55 28 August 2002 31.1310 87.8792 Mist nets 56 3 September 2002 31.1454 87.8682 Mist nets 57 4 September 2002 31.0051 87.9025 State Lands Division 58 4 September 2002 31.1261 87.9161 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 64 State Lands Division 59 4 September 2002 31.0971 87.8988 Mist nets 60 4 September 2002 31.1001 87.9010 Mist nets 61 4 September 2002 31.1009 87.9021 Mist nets 62 4 September 2002 31.1014 87.9033 Mist nets 63 4 September 2002 31.1024 87.9077 Mist nets 64 8 October 2002 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 65 9 October 2002 31.0957 87.8973 Observation in building 66 9 October 2002 31.0934 87.8991 Corynorhinus rafinesquii Observation in building 67 9 October 2002 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 68 9 October 2002 31.1007 87.8918 Observation in building 69 22 October 2002 31.1281 87.8769 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 69 State Land Division 70 23 October 2002 31.0934 87.8991 Corynorhinus rafinesquii Observation in building 71 23 October 2002 31.1449 87.9137 Mist nets 72 9 November 2002 31.0001 87.9509 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 68 State Lands Division 73 9 November 2002 31.0001 87.9509 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 70 State Lands Division 74 9 November 2002 31.0001 87.9509 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 71 State Lands Division 75 9 November 2002 31.0001 87.9509 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 72 State Lands Division 26 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 76 12 December 2002 31.0948 87.8931 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 94 State Lands Division 77 12 December 2002 31.0948 87.8931 Lasiurus cinereus P. R. Moosman 36 State Lands Division 78 2 February 2003 31.1325 87.8502 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 95 State Lands Division 79 2 February 2003 31.1325 87.8502 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 96 State Lands Division 80 25 March 2003 31.1115 87.8770 Nycticeius humeralis State Lands Division 81 25 March 2003 31.1115 87.8770 Perimyotis subflavus State Lands Division 82 25 March 2003 31.1115 87.8770 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 73 State Lands Division 83 25 March 2003 31.1115 87.8770 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 74 State Lands Division 84 25 March 2003 31.1115 87.8770 Lasiurus seminolus State Lands Division 85 26 March 2003 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in Building 86 26 March 2003 30.9548 87.9621 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 75 Observation in building 87 26 March 2003 30.9548 87.9621 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 76 State Lands Division 88 26 March 2003 30.9548 87.9621 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 77 State Lands Division 89 26 March 2003 30.9548 87.9621 Lasiurus seminolus P. R. Moosman 32 State Lands Division 90 27 March 2003 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 91 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Nycticeius humeralis P. R. Moosman 33 State Lands Division 92 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 80 State Lands Division 93 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 79 State Lands Division 94 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 82 State Lands Division 95 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus borealis P. R. Moosman 34 State Lands Division 96 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 78 State Lands Division 97 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 81 State Lands Division 98 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 85 State Lands Division 99 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 83 State Lands Division 100 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 84 State Lands Division 27 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 101 27 March 2003 31.1042 87.9037 Perimyotis subflavus P. R. Moosman 35 State Lands Division 102 27 May 2003 31.0940 87.8939 Observation in building 103 27 May 2003 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 104 27 May 2003 31.0932 87.8949 Observation in building 105 27 May 2003 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 106 27 May 2003 31.1157 87.8972 Observation in building 107 27 May 2003 31.1159 87.8966 Observation in building 108 28 May 2003 30.9336 87.9297 Observation in building 109 28 May 2003 30.9121 87.9542 Observation in building 110 28 May 2003 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 111 28 May 2003 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 112 28 May 2003 30.9730 87.9151 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 92 State Lands Division 113 28 May 2003 30.9730 87.9151 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 93 State Lands Division 114 29 May 2003 31.0811 87.8930 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 88 State Lands Division 115 29 May 2003 31.0811 87.8930 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 89 State Lands Division 116 29 May 2003 31.0811 87.8930 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 90 State Lands Division 117 29 May 2003 31.0763 87.8950 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 86 State Lands Division 118 29 May 2003 31.0564 87.8893 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 87 State Lands Division 119 29 May 2003 31.0548 87.8881 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 91 State Lands Division 120 11 June 2003 31.0771 87.8798 Mist nets 121 11 June 2003 31.0762 87.8779 Mist nets 122 12 June 2003 31.0061 87.9043 Mist nets 123 12 June 2003 31.0056 87.9046 Mist nets 124 17 June 2003 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 125 18 June 2003 31.0987 87.8924 Observation in building 28 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 126 18 June 2003 31.1007 87.8918 Observation in building 127 18 June 2003 31.0940 87.8939 Observation in building 128 18 June 2003 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 129 18 June 2003 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 130 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 98 State Lands Division 131 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 99 State Lands Division 132 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 100 State Lands Division 133 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 106 State Lands Division 134 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 107 State Lands Division 135 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 108 State Lands Division 136 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 109 State Lands Division 137 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 101 State Lands Division 138 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 102 State Lands Division 139 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 110 State Lands Division 140 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 103 State Lands Division 141 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 112 State Lands Division 142 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 104 State Lands Division 143 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 105 State Lands Division 144 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 111 State Lands Division 145 18 June 2003 31.0860 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 113 State Lands Division 146 18 June 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 114 State Lands Division 147 18 June 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 112 State Lands Division 148 18 June 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus State Lands Division 149 18 June 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus State Lands Division 150 9 July 2003 30.9944 87.9261 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 115 State Lands Division 29 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 151 9 July 2003 30.9944 87.9261 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore116 State Lands Division 152 9 July 2003 30.9944 87.9261 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 117 State Lands Division 153 9 July 2003 30.9944 87.9261 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 118 State Lands Division 154 9 July 2003 30.9944 87.9261 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 119 State Lands Division 155 9 July 2003 30.9771 87.9277 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 120 State Lands Division 156 9 July 2003 30.9742 87.9292 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 121 State Lands Division 157 9 July 2003 30.9736 87.9307 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 122 State Lands Division 158 9 July 2003 30.9733 87.9317 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 123 State Lands Division 159 9 July 2003 30.9740 87.9350 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 124 State Lands Division 160 10 July 2003 31.1215 87.8727 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 135a State Lands Division 161 10 July 2003 31.1215 87.8727 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 136 State Lands Division 162 10 July 2003 31.1215 87.8727 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 137 State Lands Division 163 10 July 2003 31.1136 87.8968 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 138 State Lands Division 164 10 July 2003 31.1136 87.8968 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 139 State Lands Division 165 10 July 2003 31.1136 87.8968 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 140 State Lands Division 166 10 July 2003 31.1136 87.8968 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 141 State Lands Division 167 10 July 2003 31.1136 87.8968 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 142 State Lands Division 168 10 July 2003 31.1106 87.8952 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 143 State Lands Division 169 10 July 2003 31.1078 87.8961 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 144 State Lands Division 170 10 July 2003 31.1078 87.8961 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 145 State Lands Division 171 10 July 2003 31.1056 87.8950 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 146 State Lands Division 172 10 July 2003 31.1056 87.8950 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 147 State Lands Division 173 10 July 2003 31.1056 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 148 State Lands Division 174 10 July 2003 31.1032 87.8950 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 149 State Lands Division 175 10 July 2003 31.1032 87.8950 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 150 State Lands Division 30 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 176 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8931 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 151 State Lands Division 177 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8931 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 152 State Lands Division 178 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8931 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 153 State Lands Division 179 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8931 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 154 State Lands Division 180 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8931 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 155 State Lands Division 181 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 156 State Lands Division 182 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 157 State Lands Division 183 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 158 State Lands Division 184 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 159 State Lands Division 185 10 July 2003 31.0948 87.8765 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 160 State Lands Division 186 16 July 2003 30.9190 87.8960 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 125 State Lands Division 187 16 July 2003 30.9130 87.8874 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 126 State Lands Division 188 16 July 2003 30.9107 87.8883 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 127 State Lands Division 189 16 July 2003 30.9100 87.8895 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 128 State Lands Division 190 16 July 2003 30.9107 87.8883 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 129 State Lands Division 191 16 July 2003 30.9107 87.8883 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 130 State Lands Division 192 16 July 2003 30.9100 87.8895 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 131 State Lands Division 193 16 July 2003 30.9100 87.8895 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 132 State Lands Division 194 16 July 2003 30.9100 87.8895 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 133 State Lands Division 195 16 July 2003 30.9100 87.8895 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 134 State Lands Division 196 16 July 2003 30.9273 87.9104 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 135b State Lands Division 197 23 July 2003 31.0133 87.9144 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 161 State Lands Division 198 23 July 2003 31.0108 87.9139 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 162 State Lands Division 199 23 July 2003 31.0108 87.9139 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 163 State Lands Division 200 23 July 2003 31.0108 87.9139 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 164 State Lands Division 31 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 201 23 July 2003 31.0108 87.9139 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 165 State Lands Division 202 23 July 2003 31.0121 87.9145 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 166 State Lands Division 203 23 July 2003 31.0132 87.9145 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 167 State Lands Division 204 23 July 2003 31.0141 87.9118 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 168 State Lands Division 205 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 169 State Lands Division 206 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 170 State Lands Division 207 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 171 State Lands Division 208 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 172 State Lands Division 209 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 173 State Lands Division 210 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 174 State Lands Division 211 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 175 State Lands Division 212 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 176 State Lands Division 213 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 177 State Lands Division 214 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 178 State Lands Division 215 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 179 State Lands Division 216 23 July 2003 31.0108 87.9139 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 180 State Lands Division 217 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 181 State Lands Division 218 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 182 State Lands Division 219 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 183 State Lands Division 220 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 184 State Lands Division 221 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 185 State Lands Division 222 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 186 State Lands Division 223 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 187 State Lands Division 224 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 188 State Lands Division 225 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Lasiurus seminolus C. H. Kilgore 189 State Lands Division 32 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 226 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 190 State Lands Division 227 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 191 State Lands Division 228 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 192 State Lands Division 229 23 July 2003 31.0076 87.9016 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 193 State Lands Division 230 21 January 2004 31.0940 87.8939 Observation in building 231 21 January 2004 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 232 21 January 2004 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 233 22 January 2004 31.0940 87.8939 Observation in building 234 22 January 2004 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 235 22 January 2004 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 236 22 January 2003 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 237 24 February 2004 31.1206 87.8880 Mist nets 238 24 February 2004 31.1237 87.8875 Mist nets 239 25 February 2004 31.1206 87.8880 Mist nets 240 25 February 2004 31.1237 87.8875 Mist nets 241 1 March 2004 31.0989 87.9002 Mist nets 242 1 March 2004 31.0968 87.8986 Mist nets 243 2 March 2004 31.0989 87.9002 Mist nets 244 2 March 2004 31.0968 87.8986 Mist nets 245 2 March 2004 31.0831 87.9334 State Lands Division 246 2 March 2004 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 247 2 March 2004 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 248 2 March 2003 31.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 249 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 194 State Lands Division 250 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Nycticeius humeralis C. H. Kilgore 195 State Lands Division 33 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 251 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 196 State Lands Division 252 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 197 State Lands Division 253 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Lasiurus borealis C. H. Kilgore 198 State Lands Division 254 9 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Myotis austroriparius C. H. Kilgore 199 State Lands Division 255 17 March 2004 31.1101 87.8770 Perimyotis subflavus C. H. Kilgore 200 State Lands Division 256 17 March 2004 31.1111 87.8783 Mist nets 257 17 March 2004 31.1105 87.8799 Mist nets 258 20 April 2004 31.1281 87.8960 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 259 20 April 2004 31.1266 87.8964 Mist nets 260 3 May 2004 31.1383 87.8784 Mist nets 261 3 May 2004 31.1402 87.8787 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 262 3 May 2004 31.1402 87.8787 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 263 3 May 2004 31.1402 87.8787 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 264 3 May 2004 31.1306 87.8633 Lasiurus borealis Mist nets 265 3 May 2004 31.1308 87.8635 Mist nets 266 3 May 2004 31.0936 87.8940 Observation in building 267 3 May 2004 31.0934 87.8991 Observation in building 268 18 May 2004 31.1291 87.8705 Mist nets 269 18 May 2004 31.1293 87.8708 Mist nets 270 19 May 2004 31.1206 87.8811 Mist nets 271 19 May 2004 31.1208 87.8823 Mist nets 272 20 May 2004 30.9390 87.9514 Observation in building 273 20 May 2004 30.9804 87.9426 Observation in building 274 20 May 2004 31.1206 87.8811 Mist nets 275 20 May 2004 31.1208 87.8823 Mist nets 34 Appendix 1. (Continued) Collection site Day Month Year Latitude Longitude Genus Species Specimen number Collection method 276 25 May 2004 31.1304 87.8582 Mist nets 277 25 May 2004 31.1305 87.8614 Mist nets 278 25 May 2004 31.1307 87.8614 Mist nets 279 26 May 2004 31.1400 87.9089 Mist nets 280 26 May 2004 31.1397 87.9077 Mist nets 281 26 May 2004 31.1397 87.9078 Mist nets 35 Appendix 2. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below age of timber are area within the buffer (square meters). Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyoti s subflavus 1 4,804 17,668 8,492 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 28,200 268 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1,765 11,005 18,606 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 79 10,766 20,398 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 12,763 0 3,493 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 14,130 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 16,480 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 30,259 288 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 469 0 0 21,992 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 28,850 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 0 14,229 15,766 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 7,300 0 14,436 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 3,504 21,796 6,043 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 25,000 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 4,581 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 11,803 0 19,572 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 3,731 12,562 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 1,019 0 0 19,912 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 21,783 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 0 0 0 15,514 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 0 0 16,856 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 0 19,326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 2,703 0 12,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 0 0 19,237 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 1,864 0 10,793 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 36 Appendix 2. (Continued). Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyo tis subflavu s 26 6,472 2,315 6,747 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 0 0 0 8,903 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 0 0 0 21,087 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 10,010 0 0 12,048 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 3,298 0 0 17,576 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 2,806 0 0 17,714 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 291 0 0 14,928 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 2,277 29,099 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 0 0 19,126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 0 0 18,860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 2,272 0 17,932 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 379 0 10,796 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 0 0 9,478 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 0 0 31,376 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 4,581 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 6,472 2,315 6,747 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 0 0 26,640 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 0 0 14,252 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 0 0 21,884 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 3,634 0 16,196 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 14,639 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 0 1,035 18,439 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 2,092 27,477 1,807 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 3,235 0 28,040 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 31,375 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Appendix 3. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below age of timber are area within the buffer (square meters). Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 1 22,472 104,918 59,398 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2,913 116,239 70,209 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 18,994 103,693 73,660 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4,698 86,102 105,549 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 56,942 0 52,749 4,787 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 122,816 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 24,268 0 0 130,589 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 93,973 96,828 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 14,710 0 0 157,388 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 106 0 181,044 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 0 95,855 95,514 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 106,466 0 53,508 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 8,122 129,650 57,454 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 175,069 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 45,592 64,972 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 80,082 0 116,265 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 17,625 80,443 58,629 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 54,811 0 0 103,771 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 171,244 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 10,624 0 0 79,456 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 0 1,171 164,388 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 0 161,654 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 20,681 0 139,303 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 45 0 160,772 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 15,617 0 132,707 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 38 Appendix 3. (Continued) Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 26 72,152 22,045 52,829 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 2,161 0 0 72,370 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 24,751 0 0 145,089 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 74,640 0 0 96,096 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50,192 0 0 120,522 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 44,206 0 0 127,027 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 40,868 0 0 116,050 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 6,315 189,871 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 0 0 150,645 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 0 0 151,370 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 41,110 0 127,376 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 40,169 0 108,367 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 36,825 0 106,110 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 0 0 174,391 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 45,592 64,972 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 72,152 22,045 52,829 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 9,277 0 174,512 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 28,099 0 126,635 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 22,260 0 145,126 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 43,862 0 124,485 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 21,400 0 0 113,919 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 4,078 66,864 80,746 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 14,946 150,813 30,177 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 14,505 0 179,308 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 514 195,833 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 Appendix 4. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of age of timber, overall effect of age of timber, and seven species of bats for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below age of timber are area within the buffer (square meters). Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyoti s subflavus 1 93,340 460,933 227,931 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 8,057 505,033 248,849 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 79,029 531,221 174,140 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 138,655 362,911 282,533 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 194,891 0 282,827 122,899 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 82,109 0 0 360,127 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 139,599 0 0 547,379 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 56,710 204,812 493,187 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 30,748 0 0 633,591 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 78,295 0 624,348 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 20,108 277,769 476,126 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 293,223 91,969 267,225 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 21,000 472,130 283,997 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 742,243 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 16,760 268,711 276,740 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 315,750 147,426 320,924 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 126,195 414,181 157,442 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 278,553 0 0 310,359 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 9,097 83,169 641,761 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 45,482 0 0 587,636 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 0 100,356 629,773 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 0 696,482 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 85,654 0 625,427 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 94,857 0 621,777 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 169,121 0 501,931 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 40 Appendix 4. (Continued) Site 0-19 years 20-39 years 40-59 years >80 years Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 26 290,759 114,899 244,479 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 87,695 0 0 215,685 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 258,951 0 0 471,211 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 303,882 0 0 427,311 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 241,658 0 0 480,757 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 193,785 0 0 517,996 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 178,699 0 0 525,175 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 12,853 703,228 68,307 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 102,458 27,873 551,913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 117,859 20,819 546,353 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 185,134 0 509,772 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 194,855 0 496,185 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 204,090 0 477,452 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 81,474 0 556,878 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 16,760 268,711 276,740 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 290,759 114,899 244,479 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 91,614 0 649,192 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 107,824 0 561,658 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 181,085 0 522,208 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 180,283 0 520,109 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 157,677 0 486,768 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 102,428 333,657 258,332 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 71,210 549,451 160,019 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 38,550 0 700,234 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 10,650 773,374 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 Appendix 5. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 100-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below type of habitat are area within the buffer (square meters). Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 1 4,443 3,867 22,293 479 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2,932 0 28,468 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 24 0 29,611 1,765 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 157 0 31,164 79 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 15,144 0 16,256 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 17,270 8,993 5,137 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 14,920 10,417 6,063 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 853 30,259 288 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 8,939 5,651 16,341 469 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 2,550 0 28,850 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 1,404 4,303 25,693 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 9,664 8,872 12,864 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 3,561 0 27,839 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 6,400 20,792 4,208 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 26,819 3,716 865 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 25 0 19,572 496 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 15,107 12,562 3,731 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 10,469 12,419 8,512 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 9,617 0 21,783 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 15,886 10,315 5,199 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 14,544 1,409 15,447 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 12,074 0 19,326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 16,197 0 15,203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 12,163 0 19,237 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 18,744 0 12,656 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 42 Appendix 5. (Continued) Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 26 15,866 9,017 6,517 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 22,497 8,903 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 10,313 19,143 1,944 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 9,342 11,971 77 10,010 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 10,526 17,576 0 3,298 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 10,880 17,396 3,124 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 16,181 13,798 1,421 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 24 0 29,099 2,277 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 12,274 0 19,126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 12,540 0 18,860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 11,197 8,353 9,578 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 20,225 7,295 3,501 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 21,922 5,401 4,076 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 24 0 31,376 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 26,819 3,716 865 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 15,866 9,017 6,517 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 4,760 0 26,640 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 17,148 0 14,252 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 9,516 0 21,884 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 11,571 0 19,829 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 16,761 14,639 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 11,926 17,390 2,084 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 1,808 1,807 27,477 308 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 2,788 27,429 611 572 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 25 0 31,375 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 Appendix 6. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 250-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below type of habitat are area within the buffer (square meters). Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 1 26,346 0 71,191 727 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 12,814 0 186,448 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 10,156 0 188,255 3,015 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7,545 0 191,652 197 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 81,871 1,082 106,922 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 73,533 76,271 46,953 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 41,492 46,449 108,408 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 5,548 96,775 94,027 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 24,251 49,846 107,542 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 15,199 0 181,151 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 4,981 15,862 175,507 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 36,376 27,935 132,038 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 17,055 0 187,104 157 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 21,280 101,228 73,841 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 85,785 63,515 47,050 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 5,980 0 116,265 606 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 39,652 71,425 85,272 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 37,767 35,026 123,556 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 25,105 0 171,244 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 106,269 29,668 60,413 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 30,791 32,009 133,549 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 34,696 31,611 130,043 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 36,366 0 159,984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 35,533 1,496 159,320 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 48,026 0 148,323 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 44 Appendix 6. (Continued) Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 26 49,324 57,473 89,552 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 121,819 69,525 5,006 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 26,510 84,065 85,774 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 25,613 52,312 71,486 46,938 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 25,635 61,295 78,218 28,241 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 25,117 79,221 80,446 11,566 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 39,431 62,343 94,575 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 3 160 189,871 6,315 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 45,705 0 150,645 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 44,980 0 151,370 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 27,863 14,552 112,824 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 47,814 25,897 82,470 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 53,414 31,006 75,105 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 21,958 0 174,391 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 85,785 63,515 47,050 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 49,324 57,473 89,552 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 12,560 0 183,789 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 41,616 0 126,635 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 28,964 0 156,328 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 28,002 0 168,348 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 61,030 112,373 22,946 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 44,661 105,631 46,057 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 16,324 17,793 163,197 727 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 15,483 146,244 33,064 8,032 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 3 0 195,833 514 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 Appendix 7. Data assessed in multivariate analysis of variance among categories of habitat, overall effect of habitat, and seven species of bats for 500-m buffers on the Upper Delta Wildlife Management Area, Mobile and Baldwin counties, Alabama. Numbers below type of habitat are area within the buffer (square meters). Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 1 218,918 1,254 246,608 43 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 31,359 0 753,882 157 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 14,933 0 763,838 6,626 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 17,024 0 645,446 803 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 184,778 18,751 526,031 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 343,162 195,158 247,077 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 98,420 119,177 567,802 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 87,400 254,486 443,513 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 121,059 193,493 440,097 30,748 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 82,754 0 702,644 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 19,706 33,981 730,045 1,666 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 132,980 133,151 519,082 184 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 20,584 0 764,657 157 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 43,155 347,894 394,349 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 223,188 340,602 221,608 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 15,180 0 468,351 7,262 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 87,580 286,191 411,626 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 196,486 98,141 490,771 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 51,372 0 729,407 4,619 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 20 152,280 197,833 435,284 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 55,269 232,939 497,190 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 88,916 100,159 596,323 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 74,316 18,039 693,043 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 68,765 21,494 695,140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 114,346 0 671,052 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 46 Appendix 7. (Continued) Site Open water Bottomland ridge Bottomland Manmade openings Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus seminolus Myotis austroriparius Nycticeius humeralis Corynorhinus rafinesquii Lasiurus cinereus Perimyotis subflavus 26 151,623 222,163 411,611 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 27 482,018 136,052 167,328 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 55,236 173,345 505,743 51,074 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 54,205 163,142 454,538 113,512 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 62,983 184,436 449,321 88,658 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 73,617 206,463 437,877 67,441 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 81,524 250,589 450,414 2,871 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 1,010 68,307 703,228 12,853 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34 103,154 10,592 569,195 1,046 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 100,367 11,219 555,954 1,321 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 90,493 33,702 476,069 45 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 94,357 48,818 447,368 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 103,856 55,177 422,275 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 147,046 60,968 495,911 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 223,188 340,602 221,608 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 41 151,623 222,163 411,611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 44,591 0 725,382 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 115,916 0 571,572 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 44 82,105 0 616,729 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 45 85,006 0 654,285 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 46 140,953 441,386 203,060 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 47 90,981 317,268 377,148 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 48 23,187 29,944 679,526 725 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 67,937 449,317 250,917 17,227 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 1,375 10,135 773,374 514 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47