AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS? CHOICE TO ATTEND PREDOMINATELY WHITE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in the collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. Melvin C Norwood Certificate of Approval: Ivan E. Watts Associate Professor Educational Foundations James E. Witte Associate Professor Adult Education David C. DiRamio, Chair Assistant Professor Higher Education Administration George T. Flowers Dean Graduate School ii AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS? CHOICE TO ATTEND PREDOMINATELY WHITE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Melvin C Norwood A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Auburn University August 10, 2009 iii AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS? CHOICE TO ATTEND PREDOMINATELY WHITE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Melvin C Norwood Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights Signature of Author Date of Graduation iv VITA Melvin C Norwood, son of Charlotte Norwood Cormick and the late Melvin Clements, was born November 9, 1982 in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the year 2000, he graduated from Mc Donogh #35 Senior High School, New Orleans? first high school that admitted African Americans. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Education, cum laude, from The Alabama State University in 2005. He currently teaches in the Auburn City School District. He received the Master of Education degree in Educational Administration from The Alabama State University in 2006. v DISSERTATION ABSTRACT AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS? CHOICE TO ATTEND PREDOMINATELY WHITE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Melvin C Norwood Doctor of Education, August 10, 2009 (M.Ed., Alabama State University, 2006) (B.S., Alabama State University, 2005) 149 typed pages Directed by David C. DiRamio The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend an HBCU or a PWI 4-year institution. Differences among African Americans in factors influencing the college choice process were examined by gender and parents? level of education. The study was designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about higher education. Moreover, this study was meant to increase understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. The data analyzed in the study were collected by the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). Students who completed the Freshman Survey, but were not African-American students were excluded from this study. vi The top factor was the academic reputation of the school, followed by indications that graduates of the school get good jobs. Social reputation and low tuition were also important factors. The least important factor was being advised by a private counselor. The three least important factors were probably rated as such because they did not apply to a large percentage of the students. Specifically, only a small number of students received the advice of a private guidance counselor, so most students rated this factor as unimportant. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest appreciation to God, my creator, for sustaining me through this process. To my committee chair Dr. David C. DiRamio I appreciate your commitment to my work and will never forget all that you have done to see me through this process. Drs. Watts and Witte, thank you for guiding me through the past three years. I would also like to thank my outside reader Dr. Juan Gilbert for his time, effort and valuable advice regarding my work. Mrs. TaShara Smith King I do not think that I could have completed this process if I did not have you by my side. You have been a friend, a colleague and an inspiration. There were times when you were the only one who understood my rants and for that I say thank you. To my mother for believing in me when I did not believe in myself, I am eternally grateful. Minister Cinque J. Cullar your spiritual guidance has been second to none. You were my first spokesperson and I love you for it. Justin and Marzine thank you for tolerating me while I endured this process; knowing that you two were in my corner made the process bearable. Thanks to my mentee, Antoine D. Menifee, know that the best is yet to come. Mrs. Jessyca McCall Darrington, my inspiration for pursuing a career in Higher Education, I am grateful for your leadership. To my colleagues and cohort members at Auburn University, thank you. Finally to Pastor O.C. Allen, III, thank you for the Word that confirmed for me that ?It Is Finished!? viii Style manual or journal used: Publication Manual of the America Psychological Association, 5 th Edition. Computer software used: SPSS 16.0, Windows XP, Microsoft Word 2007, and Microsoft Excel 2007. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................xiii I. INTRODUTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 4 Conceptual Framework Overview .............................................................................. 6 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 7 Research Questions...................................................................................................... 8 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 8 Limitations of the Study .............................................................................................. 9 Assumptions of the Study ......................................................................................... 10 Definition of Terms.................................................................................................... 10 Organization of the Study.......................................................................................... 11 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 12 African Americans and Higher Education ............................................................... 13 College Access in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.................................... 13 Models of College Choice ......................................................................................... 15 Identity........................................................................................................................ 18 Student Characteristics and College Choice ............................................................ 33 The Choice Between HBCUs and PWIs .................................................................. 34 Factors in College Choice ......................................................................................... 37 White Students............................................................................................... 37 Minority Students .......................................................................................... 39 Financial Aid & Cost..................................................................................... 40 Location of Institution & Influence of Parents ............................................ 41 Gender Differences ....................................................................................... 43 Theoretical Frameworks ............................................................................................ 44 Importance of College Choice .................................................................................. 47 Summary .................................................................................................................... 47 III. METHODS ................................................................................................................ 49 Research Questions.................................................................................................... 50 Sample ........................................................................................................................ 50 Instrumentation .......................................................................................................... 51 The Freshman Survey ................................................................................... 51 Validity and Reliability .............................................................................................. 52 x Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................................... 53 Consideration of Human Subjects ............................................................................ 54 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 54 Analytic Procedures ................................................................................................... 55 Summary .................................................................................................................... 56 I V. FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 58 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 62 Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................... 62 Inferential Statistics ....................................................................................... 71 Summary .................................................................................................................... 76 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, & RECOMMENDATIONS . 77 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 77 Research Questions.................................................................................................... 77 Summary of Findings ................................................................................................ 78 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 83 Implications for Future Practice and Research ........................................................ 84 Recommendations...................................................................................................... 86 Suggestions for Further Research ............................................................................. 89 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX A. 2005 CIRP SURVEY ......................................................... 106 APPENDIX B. INSTITUTIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE CIRP FRESHMAN SURVEY ..................................................... 110 APPENDIX C. IRB APPROVAL ................................................................ 134 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1. Definitions of Variables for College Choice ....................................................... 59 4.2. Summary of Descriptive Statistics for the Respondents of the 2005 Freshman Survey .................................................................................................................... 61 4.3. Mean scores for factors affecting the college choice process of African American student .................................................................................................. 63 4.4. Mean score for factors affecting the college choice process of African American students by gender ............................................................................... 64 4.5. Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American male students ........................................................................................................ 65 4.6. Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American female students ..................................................................................................... 66 4.7. Mean scores for factors affecting the college choice process of African American students by parent?s average level of education ................................ 68 4.8. Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parent?s average level of education is High School or Less ... 69 4.9. Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parent?s average level of education is College or More .......... 70 4.10. Results of t test for college choice difference between African American students who chose to attend PWIs or. HBCUs .................................................. 71 4.11. Results of t test for college choice difference between African American students who are Male and Female ...................................................................... 73 4.12. Results of t-test for college choice difference between African American students whose parents? average level of education is High School or Less versus College or More......................................................................................... 74 xii 5.1. Practically significant results for discussion of college choice by institution type (PWI or HBCU) ............................................................................................ 79 5.2. Practically significant results for discussion of college choice by gender ........ 80 5.3. Practically significant results for discussion of college choice based on parents? level of education .................................................................................................. 82 xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Hossler and Gallagher Model .............................................................................. 6 2. Models of the Stages in College Choice .................................................................. 16 3. Chapman?s Model of Influences on Student College Choice ................................. 17 4. Conceptual Framework for Understanding College Choice Among African American Students ..................................................................................................... 84 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have been forced to reduce workforce and programs due to declines in enrollment. Dewan (2009) reports that Tennessee State University has seen a 10 percent reduction in enrollment from the previous year, which has caused the institution to cut 52 faculty and staff positions. Currently there are 103 HBCUs (53 private and 50 public institutions), representing approximately 3 percent of the total U.S. institutions of higher education and about 2 percent of the total U.S. college enrollment (National Center for Education Statistics, 1996). Sissoko & Shiau (2005) pointed out that ?these institutions have also been undergoing, over the past three decades, a declining share of African American high school graduates? enrollment in higher educational institutions? (p. 181). Why are increasing numbers of African American students choosing not to attend HBCUs? Though the number of African American students who choose to go to HBCUs has slowly declined over the last few decades, Dewan (2009) notes that the institutions? defenders say they provide environments in which African American college students who might otherwise have trouble graduating can flourish. This positive environment is evident when considering that fewer than 12 percent of all African American college students today choose to attend HBCUs, yet those institutions grant almost 20 percent of the bachelor?s degrees earned by African American students (Dewan, 2009, p. A13). Obviously, the survival and growth of many HBCUs depends on their ability to recruit 2 and retain their share of African American college students. This study investigates the factors that influence African American students? college choice. A majority of African American students choose to attend Predominately White Institutions (PWIs). Though HBCUs have seen slight enrollment increases over the past three decades, their share of the national enrollment has not increased and has declined more recently. Enrollment has been stagnate or declined because of two factors: the growth of community colleges and the Adams court decisions desegregating higher education in the south (Hauptman & Smith, 1994). Two major studies by Hossler, Braxton, and Coopersmith (1989) and Paulsen (1990) established the foundation and development of various concepts and models of the college choice process. According to Hossler et al., (1989), the demand for college education is influenced by the expected stream of benefits, including the additional lifetime income resulting from higher education and the additional social and intellectual amenities an individual might expect to gain from attending college. Moreover, Paulsen (1990) asserted that high school graduates applying for college education are affected by their perceptions of barriers to participate in higher education, including the level of congruence between the academic environment of a college and their needs and goals. Throughout the late twentieth century in America, equal opportunity has been associated with access to college, which is equated with success (Hossler, Schmit, & Vesper, 1999; Heller, 2002). President Clinton affirmed this association of college providing opportunities for success, stating ?education is the fault line, the great Continental Divide between those who will prosper and those who will not in the new economy? (Geske & Cohn, 1998, p. 22). Clark (1960) said ?to deny access to college is 3 to deny equal opportunity? (p.574). Therefore, college access lies at the ?most basic of our values that every child should have the opportunity to become all that he or she is capable of becoming? (Lewis, 2000, p. 576). Thomas Jefferson affirmed education?s value in this country for education for all types of students, writing that ?democracy wouldn?t work unless poor but worthy students had access to a quality education? (Marklein, 2004, p.1). In twenty-first century America, a college education has become valued as a clearing house for equal opportunity, including career and personal success for all. Until the 1960s, African Americans who were able to graduate high school and not fall victim to disproportional dropout rates typically attended HBCUs. However, this is no longer the case. Equal rights legislation and recruitment efforts by PWIs over several decades have afforded African Americans access to all higher education institutions. In 1999, only three percent of full-time undergraduates attending four year colleges and universities around the country attended HBCUs, but these institutions produced 28 percent of all African American college graduates (Swail, Redd & Perna, 2003). Unfortunately, according to Freeman (2005), the aspirations of African American students to attend higher education institutions have not always translated to matriculation and academic success. African American students who do manage to attend college, despite all of the factors that may prevent them from getting there in the first place, often fail to graduate at the same rate as their White counterparts regardless of institution type. For example, Swail et al., (2003) reported that in 2000 only 17 percent of African American people in 4 the United States over the age of twenty-five had attained a bachelor?s degree compared to 28 percent of Whites. Institutions of higher education throughout the United States recognize the value of recruiting students from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Oesterrieich, 2000). In order to attract students who represent the diversity of American society, these institutions have increased their recruitment efforts. The enrollment of Asian-Americans, Latinos, and African-Americans in higher education has increased in recent years; however, the increase has not been in proportion to the increase of these groups in the general population of the United States (Oesterrieich, 2000). In 1980, African-Americans represented 9 percent of all students enrolled in colleges and universities and in 2000 they comprised 11 percent of the total enrollment (Hoffman, Llagas, & Snyder, 2003). In contrast in both of these years, African-Americans represented approximately 13 percent of the United States? general population. Likewise, the enrollment percentages of Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islanders also increased in the same time span (Hoffman et al., 2003). Enrolling a diverse student body presents a challenge, as well as an opportunity, for universities. According to Spencer (2004), developing specific recruitment strategies to appeal to greater proportions of African-Americans is of paramount interest. This study gives insight to the factors African Americans consider when choosing a college. Statement of the Problem Education is needed for survival in the twenty first century; however, it is critical for African Americans who, according to Swail et al., (2003), face disproportionately high rates of underemployment, low self-esteem, drug dependency, illiteracy, teen 5 pregnancy, homicide, and imprisonment. Swail et al., (2003) revealed in Retaining Minority Students in Higher Education: A Framework for Success that 34 percent of African Americans age 25 or older who have not earned a high school diploma live below the poverty line compared to 3 percent who have earned a bachelor?s degree. Furthermore, the need for higher education has resulted in enrollment increases nationwide since 1990 to over 14 million. However, the educational attainment levels for African Americans are considerably lower than for Whites (Swail et al., 2003). Before the 1960s, a majority of college bound African Americans attended HBCUs. However, over the past five decades, recruitment efforts and civil rights legislation have afforded African Americans access to all types of higher education institutions. Unfortunately, those who aspired to matriculate did not necessarily do so. Education has always played an important role in the history of African American people in the United States. African Americans have sought educational opportunity as part of their broader quest for freedom and justice (Billingsley, 1992). History reveals that the fear of slave revolts resulted in laws prohibiting the education of slaves. Not until after the Civil War were African Americans given the opportunity to participate in higher education (Wharton, 1988). However, even after legislation such as Brown v. The Board of Education became law in 1954 (Russo, Harris, & Sandidge, 1994), the pursuit of equality of educational opportunity for African Americans was difficult (Wharton, 1998). While the Brown decision did ultimately help in increased enrollments, African American students still did not fare as well as White students in regards to academic achievement, social adjustment, and persistence to the baccalaureate (Lucas, 1994). 6 There exists limited research on the differences in the college choice process among various minority groups (e.g. African Americans, Hispanics). Therefore, it is important to study individual minority student groups because understanding the differences in choice factors can help college recruiters and enrollment managers amass a more diverse student body. This study investigates college choice among African American students. Conceptual Framework Overview Most models for understanding college choice were developed from studies of White high school students. Hossler and Gallegher's (1987) model of college choice is used in this study as a conceptual framework. Their three-stage model (Figure 1) consists of an initial stage of decision-making (Predisposition), linear progression to the second stage of recruitment (Search), and culmination in the selection (Choice) of a college. This study applies Hossler and Gallegher's (1987) model to African American students. Figure 1. The Hossler and Gallagher Model (adapted from Hossler and Gallagher, 1987) Predisposition?the earliest stage of the college choice process?is the stage in which some students develop aspirations for college attendance. The second stage of the college choice process, Search, is the point at which a student gains information that assists him or her in the evaluation of various characteristics of institutions for the purpose of identifying a good personal fit. The third and final stage of college choice, 7 Choice, is generally reached by a student who gains sufficient information on different colleges to eliminate alternatives from a choice set. College choice research has focused primarily on models that study the ?postsecondary aspirations of high school graduating classes? (Hossler et al, 1989, p. 248) by examining the college choice processing of high school students who attended college immediately after completing high school (Litten & Brodigan, 1982; Paulsen, 1990; Hossler, Schmit & Vesper, 1999; Murphy, 1981). Somers et al (2006) confirms this for ?most of the research on college choice focuses on recent high school graduates who attend four-year college or universities? (p. 55). Past research (Freeman, 2005), has consisted primarily of empirical studies that focused on the development of the desire to attend college with examination of how school characteristics and student attributes of high school students influenced their choice to attend a college immediately after finishing high school. The focus in the research was on how ?family background, academic performance, peers, and other high school experiences influence the development of post-high school educational plans? (Hossler, Schmit, & Vesper, 1999, p. 9). Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Differences among African American students in factors influencing the college choice process will be examined by gender, educational level of parents, and institution type. The study is designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about which type of college to attend. Specifically, this study is meant to increase 8 understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Findings from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The data to be analyzed in the study were collected from entering freshmen at colleges and universities across the nation, using responses from The Freshman Survey (TFS) of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). Research Questions The study will examine the following research questions: 1. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students? 2. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)? 3. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender? 4. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education? Significance of the Study This study contributes to the literature by relating Hossler and Gallegher's (1987) model of college choice to the African American student population. This information will be beneficial to college staff who are responsible for developing effective recruitment strategies for minority students, specifically African Americans. If the opportunities available to college graduates are to be made available to all U.S. citizens, then higher education institutions, both PWIs and HBCUs, need to do a better job of 9 recruiting African American students. Therefore, institutions need to know what factors influence African American students? college choice. The research on minority college choice is thin. Most research on college choice focuses on the factors that influence majority students (Solmon & Wingard, 1991). Minorities are included as participants in some of the research, but results are not disaggregated by race. Therefore, information on the differences between White and minority students is limited (Martin & Dixon, 1991). The decision to attend college is predicated by a variety of factors that affect a student?s college choice. These factors have been studied in some detail and are beyond the scope of this study (Hossler et al 1989; Chapman 1981; Hearn 1984; Litten & Brodigan, 1982; Paulsen 1990; Cibik, 1982, Baksh & Hoyt, 2001). However, there exists little data for enrollment managers to use for developing recruitment strategies for college-bound African-American students. Limitations of the Study As with all research, there are some limitations associated with this study. The participants in this study will be African American students. Therefore, the results of this study will reveal only information about African American students at the participating institution and cannot be generalized to students at all institutions. The research instrument used to collect data was a quantitative survey, which limits the responses of the participants. Participants? opinions and feelings are not assessed in depth using quantitative surveys (Cohen & Manion, 1996). 10 Assumptions of the Study The study was based on the following assumptions: 1. The students responded honestly and appropriately to the items on the TFS survey 2. The Freshman Survey (TFS) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the factors influencing the college choice process of African American students Definitions of Terms For the purpose of better understanding the study, the following terms are defined: College Access ? Is the process whereby educators, policymakers, and administrators attempt to ensure that all individuals eligible for and desirous of college admission, and eventually a college education, are able to attain it (McDonough, 1997). College Choice ? Is the process by which aspirants prepare for and apply to college (McDonough, Antonio, & Trent, 1997). Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) ? Colleges and universities that are degree-granting institutions of higher learning and were established prior to 1964 with the primary mission of educating African Americans. To date, 119 HBCUs exist throughout the United States (Hurd, 2001). Historically under-represented (HUR) students ? For this study, HUR students are defined as low socioeconomic status (SES) (less than $20,000), ethnic minorities (African Americans, Latinos, and American Indians), women, and older than 24 (Hossler, Schmit, & Vesper, 1999; Melendez & Suarez, 2001; Freeman, 2005; Gildersleeve, 2003; Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, 2001; Schuetze & Slowey, 2006). Predominately White Institutions (PWI) - An institution of higher learning composed mostly of white students. 11 Organization of the Study The study is organized around five chapters. The first chapter discusses the background related to the topic, the purpose of the study, and the significance of the study. Chapter Two examines the literature related to the college selection process among African American college students. The third chapter describes the research method used in the study, including sampling techniques, instrumentation, data collection, and analysis procedures. Chapter Four provides the results of the study. The fifth chapter discusses those results in greater detail and examines their implications for future practice and research. 12 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Differences among African American students in factors influencing the college choice process will be examined by gender, educational level of parents, and institution type. The study is designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about which type of college to attend. Specifically, this study is meant to increase understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Finding from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The data to be analyzed in the study were collected from entering freshmen at colleges and universities across the nation, using responses from The Freshman Survey (TFS) of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). This chapter provides a literature review related to the factors that influence students? choice of a college or university. This research also attempts to describe the characteristics and behaviors of students and why they value certain factors over others. Earlier studies of college choice, many conducted within single institutions, provided theoretical models for understanding the phenomenon. Additionally, an overview of the history of higher education as it applies to African Americans is supplied. 13 African Americans and Higher Education African American participation in higher education in America?s Predominately White Institutions, in any substantial numbers, is a relatively recent phenomenon. As recently as two decades ago the majority of African Americans in college were in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). However, two revolutions in federal initiatives, Supreme Court actions, and congressional laws gave considerable impetus to African American and other minority participation in higher education that dramatically changed both the number of those participants and their geographic distribution throughout American higher education institutions. The first wave of minority access to higher education occurred with the passage of the first GI Bill for educational benefits in 1945. That bill was followed by the Korean War and the Vietnam War GI bills. The first GI bill was passed primarily to keep millions of veterans from flooding the job market after the war in 1945 and seriously disrupting the national economy. Nevertheless, despite utilitarian intent, that GI bill enables hundreds of thousands of veterans, including thousands of African American and Hispanic veterans, many with families, to attend college in America. For the first two hundred years of higher education in America, college students were socially and economically very much alike. College campuses were predominately populated by white men, who were drawn primarily from the privileged class. Very few African Americans were enrolled until the appearance of HBCUs. College Access in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century The concept of ?open access? to college for all Americans began in the late 1800?s and was fueled by the passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act in 1862, which ?is a 14 significant example of the belief that a postsecondary education should be open to all classes and not just the wealthy elite? (Tierney, 1997, p. 173). The Morrill Act opened up college education and provided access to the general public. ?Some historians hailed this legislation as the genesis of ?democracy?s colleges? ? sources of affordable, practical higher education offered by state colleges and universities? (Thelin, 2004, p. 75). The second Morrill Act further deepened America?s commitment to provide equal opportunity through equal access to college for everyone regardless of race. The Supreme court also ?initiated the process of expanding access to higher education for students of color? (Kinzie et al, 2004, p. 40) in Brown vs. Board of Education. Various policies, reports, and court decisions in the mid 1900?s promoted strong recommendations for ?open access? for all though some were not realized until the latter half of the 1900s, and began ?moving American higher education from an elite to an egalitarian system? (Kinzie et al, 2004, p. 41). College access began to expand for historically underrepresented (HUR) students in the second half of the twentieth century due to various reports and legislation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Higher Education Act of 1965 increased college access for HUR students by providing crucial governmental financial support to students through ?broad-based, federally-funded financial aid programs?the Educational Opportunity Grant program (EOG), the Guaranteed Student Loan Program and the College Work-Study program? (Heller, 2002, p. 229). In 1972, the Basic Educational Opportunities Grant was established which also provided monies to HUR students for college. In addition, in 1971, the Newman Report, sponsored by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, concluded that higher education needed to change and 15 include features that would provide ?equality for women [and] expanding minority access? (Thelin, 2004, p. 320). At this time, California also adopted the Master Plan for Higher Education which sought to ensure that ?postsecondary education was a right for all high school graduates of California? (Tierney, 1997, p. 174). ?This period was marked by significant expansion of postsecondary educational opportunities for women, students of color, and low-income students? (Kinzie et al, 2004, p. 41). With governmental support evidenced in reports and legislation, college access expanded for HUR students in the latter half of the twentieth century. Models of College Choice Models of college choice have emerged in the literature with most using multi- stag funnel frameworks; these are highlighted in Figure 2. For example, Ihlanfeldt (1980) described a conceptual funnel in which students pass through various stages when making their choices. In most models, the stages were developed from studies that focused on select groups of high school students and how the processed college choice, however none specifically addressed African Americans. In a longitudinal study, Hossler, Schmit, and Vesper (1999) used a three stage model which examined information sources influencing traditional high school students? college choices in Indiana between 1986 and 1994 immediately after graduation. Hanson and Litten (1982) also employed a three- stage model which included overall decision to attend college, investigation of all alternatives, and application to specific institutions. 16 Theorist Stages of the College Choice Model Hanson and Litten (1982) Deciding to go to College Investigating Colleges Application, Admission, and Attendance Jackson (1986) Preference Exclusion Evaluation Hossler and Gallagher (1987) Predisposition Search Choice Chapman (1981) Search Choice Kotler and Fox (1985) Generic Alter- natives Product Form Alternatives Total College Set Awareness of Set Consideration of Set Choice Set Decision Figure2. Models of the Stages in College Choice Note. From ?Why understand research on college choice? by D. Hossler and M. Palmer, Fundamentals of College Admission Counseling. p. 42-53. Expanding upon Hanson and Litten?s model, Chapman (1984) used a model with five stages consisting of presearch, search, applications, choice, and enrollment. As shown in Figure 3, Chapman (1981) posited that ?college choice depends on student characteristics and external influences? (p. 499) as well as their relationship to each other, rather than set stages. He describes this relationship as framing students? perceptions of whether they can attend college, and if so where. External influences included significant others, college characteristics, and recruitment effort. Chapman also asserted that the emphasis in research needed to be on students? choices, which suggests a lack of applicability of this study to HUR students who generally did not have a college choice. Student characteristics include a student?s socioeconomic status (SES) and external influences include people significant to the student and the college cost. According to 17 Chapman, the factors in these two domains precede the student?s college choice and entry to college. Figure 3. Chapman?s Model of Influences on Student College Choice (Chapman, 1981). Jackson (1982) produced a three-stage model composed of variables labeled preference, exclusion, and evaluation. He examined the strength of the relationship of these variables and how they influenced college choice processing. Jackson found that high school achievement had the greatest correlation to a student?s expectations of what colleges he can attend, followed in importance by context and family background. Of course, all of these variables were affected by others, as well as influencing the student?s perception of accessibility, which may act as a constraint on a student?s choice processing. The various models described thus far have many similarities; however, it 18 was the three-stage model of Hossler and Gallagher (1987) that has been most widely accepted and used in higher education research. Drawing upon the models of Jackson (1982) and Litten (1982), Hossler and Gallagher (1987) presented a three-stage model, which consisted of the predisposition phase, search phase, and choice phase. Predisposition is defined as the ?developmental phase in which students determine whether or not they would like to continue their formal education beyond high school? (p. 209, 1987). Students who are predisposed to furthering their education at a college or university then enter the search phase(s). During the search phase(s) students begin to gather and compare information about selected colleges and universities. Finally, students arrive at the choice phase where they take information they have gathered in stage two and decide which college or university they will attend. In addition to individual factors, Hossler and Gallagher address organizational factors that may affect students as they move through the predisposition, search and choice phases. However, this model fails to address how these individual and organizational factors impact diverse student populations, such as African Americans. This absence necessitates the inclusion of college student development theories into this review, particularly Identity theory. Identity Research on college student identity, is useful for this study, especially literature related to racial and social identity. Social identity theory suggests that a person becomes more strongly associated with the group whose members share identity (Ethier & Deaux, 1994). During a transition, such as leaving high school and entering college, an individual has to adapt to changes in the new environment and either embrace or discard the old 19 identity. Identity has a basis in both personality and social psychology. Therefore, in order to successful assist students in maturing their identity, professionals must have both a theoretical and practical understand of identity development. Generally, identity is referred to as the category in which a person claims membership. This category could include race, sexual orientation, gender, sex, or socioeconomic status. It has been proposed by Erikson (1959/1980) and Chickering (1969; Chickering & Reisser, 1993) that a central part of early adulthood is identity development. Positive social identity is formed when distinctions are made between one?s own group and some other groups. Erikson (1959/1980; 1963; 1968) is credited as being the first clinical psychologist to address identity development from adolescence to adulthood. His research was based on Freud?s perspectives on individual development. Several theories have been spawned from this work. Identity development in women, racial and ethnic identity development, and sexual identity theory are among the branches of identity development that have found their roots in Erikson?s research. Most of the early studies conducted on identity development were based on white male samples. Josselson (1971) expanded this line of research to include White women. Josselson (1987) later took on this challenge in order ?to understand the internal and developmental roots of identity formation in women? (p. 33). She found that the way a woman views herself is based on who she is and not the decisions she makes. Women focus more on what kind of person they want to be rather than occupation or sexual orientation. Widick, Parker, and Knefelkamp (1978) suggested that students who have a subjective sense of self and developed a sense of identity ?can look back and recognize 20 himself in the child he was ten years ago, or look forward and fairly accurately predict what he will be like in the future? (p. 7). This sense of self prepares students for the challenges they will face in college. For the first time, many students will live, eat, and work with individuals who they do not identify with racially, culturally or sexually. Theories of identity are often the basis for programming in residence halls and student life offices. Workshops that are geared towards unlearning racism help student affairs professionals prepare students for the diverse campus. According to Evans et al (1998), students that participate in such events will ?become ethnic learners as their worldview shifts from viewing other racial groups as if they do not exist or in some stereotypical way? (p. 86). An effective program is one that encourages students to respect, appreciate, and celebrate others that are ethnically and racially different, all tenets integral to identity development. In Weston and Stein?s (1977) examination of women?s ?identity achievement,? they found that participation in college activities is related to achieving identity as a woman. However, when selecting and joining organizations, women are not looking to be defined. Evans et al. (1998) found that women who participate heavily in student organizations do so ?as an expression of the self, rather than using organizational involvement to search for Identity Achievement status? (p. 66). Knowing this allows professionals in the field the opportunity to set the stage for women to continually develop. Evans et al. (1998) also assert the importance of applying identity research is ?to create meaningful developmental experiences to help students form a healthy identity? (p. 67). 21 The identity that students form often goes beyond traditional notions of gender and race. The independence that college provides affords an opportunity for many closeted gay students to come out. With this in mind, student affairs professionals should prepare to provide meaningful campus experiences for gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) students. However, there is little literature grounded in theory to prepare college professionals to assist GLB students. According to Evans et al. (1998) ?most literature that does exist discusses therapeutic interventions with GLB clients in counseling settings? (p. 104). Racial identity is a party of the identity development process that African American students will encounter as they matriculate through their chosen college or university. During this time, students will likely encounter racism as well as challenges to their racial identity. Models of racial identity by Cross, Parham, and Helms all discuss what can be described as a crossroads between racial perceptions of others self or racism and racial development (Ch?vez & Guido-DiBrito, 1999, p. 42). Janet Helms (1990) defines racial identity development theory and racial identity development as ?a sense of group or collective identity based on one?s perception that he or she shares a common racial heritage with a particular racial group (p. 3). Cross?s (1971, 1978, 1991) Model of Black Racial Identity Development states that there are five stages in the process, identified as Preencounter, Encounter, Immersion/Emersion, Internalization, and Internalization-Commitment. ?In the first stage of Preencounter, the African American has absorbed many of the beliefs and values of the dominant White culture, including the notion that ?White is right? and ?Black is wrong??? (Tatum, 1992, p. 10). 22 Encounter, the second phase, is brought on by a single or series of events that forces the person to acknowledge the impact of racism in one?s life (Tatum, 1992). ?Faced with the reality that he or she cannot truly be White, the individual is forced to focus on his or her identity as a member of a group targeted by racism? (Tatum, 1992, p. 11). During the next stage, Immersion/Emersion, the need arises to surround oneself with visible symbols of one?s racial identity and actively avoid symbols of Whiteness. Parham (1989) writes that, ?At this stage, everything of value in life must be Black or relevant to Blackness. This stage is also characterized by a tendency to denigrate White people, simultaneously glorifying Black people? (p. 190). As one enters the Immersion stage, aspects of their racial background, such as history and culture, are explored with the support of their peers who share their same racial background (Tatum, 1992). The conclusion of the Immersion/Emersion stage brings on Internalization. At this point, one is comfortable in his or her racial identity. Thus, there is no longer a need to stress the ?Blacker than thou? attitude which is seen as a hallmark of the Immersion stage (Parham, 1989). Usually, ?pro-Black attitudes become more expansive, open, and less defensive? (Cross, 1971, p. 24). ?While still maintaining his or her connections with Black peers, the internalized individual is willing to establish meaningful relationships with Whites who acknowledge and are respectful of his or her self-definition. The individual is also ready to build coalitions with members of other oppressed groups? (Tatum 1992, p. 12). The Internalization-Commitment stage is signaled by the individual finding ways to convert their ?personal sense of Blackness into a plan of action or a general sense of commitment? to the concerns of Blacks as a group, which is sustained over time (Cross, 1991, p. 220). There are times when the forward progression in racial 23 identity is stifled or even regressed. A person may move from one stage to the next, only to revisit an earlier stage as the result of new encounter experiences, though the later experience of the stage may be different from the original experience (Parham, 1989). Racial identity theories have developed from the notion that African Americans go through stages when affirming their Blackness (Cross, 1995). Cross is noted as one of the first researchers to ?introduce a transformation experience specifically for African Americans, where he outlined how African Americans will progress from a non-African American identity to an African-American identity? (Hargrow, 2001, p. 20). As a result, Janet Helms (1984) expanded on Cross?s theory. Helms? (1990) model of racial identity development explores conceptualization across multiple identity statuses (Hargrow, 2001). ?The model stipulates that a person can have numerous combinations of characteristics of different statuses (Helms, 1990). Simply, ?the Helms model provides a framework and guidelines for addressing the influence on the counseling process when the racial identity of the counselor and the client are at different or matching status levels? (Hargrow, 2001, p. 3). However, the Helms racial identity model (1984) consists of only four statuses for Black identity. These statuses are Pre-Encounter, Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Integration. The study of racial identity is important for understanding African American students including those attending of Predominately White Institutions. The conflict between assimilation and pride is addressed through the idea of double consciousness. The notion of ?double consciousness? is widely credited to W.E.B. DuBois. It was conceived in his 1897 essay entitled ?Strivings of the Negro People? which was published in The Atlantic Monthly magazine. This work, revised and re-titled, later 24 appeared as the first chapter of DuBois? classic The Souls of Black Folk (1903). Double consciousness, according to DuBois, refers to a ?sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others? (1903, p.5). He goes on to write of a ?twoness? whereby African Americans feel they are ?an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder? (1903, p.5). DuBois explains that African Americans are forced to view themselves from, and as, the negative perspectives of the outside society. Having two opposing identities means that a lot of time and energy is spent negotiating and enduring the conflicts between who one is as a person and how one struggles to live with the misrepresentations of the outside world. Having one?s own sense of self and also having imposed contempt for a recognized self, having twoness, is what DuBois (1903) calls double consciousness. Black (2007) asserts that ?the true self consciousness prevented by this condition may be a merging of two positive identities (black and American) without the harmful ascription, contempt and negation from the outside world? (p. 394). The added input from the outside world contributes to the negation of the positive aspects of those identities. African Americans have been historically disadvantaged economically and socially therefore creating the potential for a negative connotation associated with those who identify as both Black and American. This results in African Americans being torn in two directions, held accountable to two communities, two sets of values. The aims, values and needs of the two communities are different. 25 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have strong roots in the Black community and are an appropriate setting for applying Du Bois? theory of double consciousness. Not surprisingly, especially since the landmark rulings and legislation on education and voting rights in the 1950s and 1960s, such as Brown v. Board, has conjured up new questions regarding how African Americans reconcile their racial and national identities and how these dual identities shape individuals? perceptions of their racial and national groups. Lyubansky and Eidelson (2005) report that ?in many ways the greater opportunities to embrace and participate in mainstream America may have paradoxically intensified the challenges posed for African Americans navigating between the identities of ?Black? and ?American?? (p. 5).? Moore (2005) explains that ?a double consciousness can delude a person to believe they can mentally fixate themselves into someone else?s reality? (p. 759). A single minded consciousness, on the other hand, will help to lessen the delusion and allow the individual to look at themselves in a healthy manner. The essential quest in a single- minded consciousness should be power (Wilson, 1998). Power should translate into the ability to define your own reality, and it has been a struggle to obtain power because powerful people never teach powerless people how to take their power away from them (Clarke, 1991). Education is where this can begin, but it must first be valued. Du Bois and Fanon valued education and their lives? work is a testament to this fact. While African Americans have one set of needs and one aim, the White community has a different set of values with which to ultimately evaluate the worth of human action. According to Rawls (2000), ?White aims and goals will value negatively those actions that are truly useful to African Americans and positively value actions that are not useful? 26 (p. 245). For that reason, African Americans are tempted to acquire the aims and goals of both groups. In an effort to become a member of both groups African Americans are compelled to develop two sets of aims and goals. Without having their goals valued African Americans will start to assimilate and lay aside their needs for those of the majority culture which is typically White Americans. This causes the double conscience that DuBois speaks of in his works. Although Du Bois placed the origin of ?double consciousness? in a repressive culture that forced African Americans to see themselves through the eyes of the dominant White society, he not only considered the ability to constantly negotiate multiple identities to be virtuous but thought the rest of the world would do well to acquire it (Rath, 1997). Moreover, double consciousness extends beyond perceived aims and goals. It extends to include racism and prejudice. On the surface double consciousness is seen as African-American?s confusion over racial identity and individual confidence. However, according to Blight (1990), ?it points to the fact of exclusion from a sense of nationhood, to the depth of American racial prejudice, to the danger that white racist images of African Americans could be irreversibly internalized by the victims? (p. 304). Moreover, it represents an effort to impede oppression. As they so often do, DuBois? teachings from his 1903 works apply as well to African Americans over a century later. In that manner, the double consciousness he referred to is often claimed to describe modern African Americans, but according to McWhorter (2003) ?with an implication that this is because of Whites? resistance to African American?s true inclusion in the American fabric? (p. 1). Analysts who make such claims resist acknowledging that race relations in America have undergone great 27 changes since 1903. Black America today is infused by a new double consciousness. While defining this new double consciousness, McWhorter (2003) notes that ?an unspoken sense overtakes many African Americans today that the ?authentic? African American person stresses personal initiative and strength in private but obediently takes on the mantle of victimhood in public? (p. 1). If the cycle continues of hiding the strength and pride of the African American heritage, then cultures will develop who never appreciate the value placed on such qualities. Furthermore, McWhorter (2003) explains that ?for many people, the private orientation toward personal empowerment will sound unfamiliar because most of us experience African American discourse only from the outside and hear a discourse in which victimhood is preserved at all costs? (p. 1). Du Bois, through double consciousness, grounds the struggle over the politics of representation and the unequal incorporation of African Americans in America and abroad. However, according to Sawyer (2004), ?Du Bois was not a separatist but saw room for a politics of recognizing the specificity of the African American experience while challenging, from the African American perspective, injustice in national and world systems? (p. 3). The struggle over culture in Du Bois? theory is dominant and can be seen in his concern for African American culture and organizations. Thus, Du Bois? concept of double consciousness was in its inception an international construct that challenged the politics of representation. As Sawyer (2004) states, ?representation was not confined to brute political representation but was invoked in order to question the unequal inclusion of African Americans first as slaves or colonial subjects, and later as subjects without basic human rights and the ability for social mobility or development? (p. 3). 28 The struggle of race and equality has hounded African Americans for centuries. According to Marable (1995), ?the central theme of black U.S. history has been the constant struggle to overcome the barriers of race, and the reality of unequal racial identities between black and white? (p. 71). This struggle has progressed and the African Americans have learned to work alongside Whites, but their views of reality are still quite different. African Americans continue to remember the days of slavery, discrimination and segregation. Marable (1995) reports that ?These collective experiences of discrimination, and this memory of resistance and oppression, have given rise to several overlapping group strategies or critical perspectives within the African-American community, which have as their objective the ultimate empowerment of black people? (p. 71). It is this common ground that allows African Americans to relate and therefore develop a sense of community. W.E.B. DuBois is not the only theorist or philosopher that writes about the ?twoness? of African Americans. T. Owens Moore?s (2005), article, ?A Fanonian Perspective on Double Consciousness,? argues against the concept of double consciousness and misses how tightly Fanon and DuBois can be connected. However, double consciousness connects DuBois and Fanon and relates racism in the U.S. to colonialism historically. There is a connection between Frantz Fanon?s work and W.E.B. DuBois? concept of double consciousness. Black (2007) suggests that ?Fanon?s work shows that double consciousness is also a condition of colonized people? (p. 393). This connection reveals that the positions of African Americans and people of color in general, are in similar to those of the colonized people. Also, the double consciousness link strengthens the claim that African Americans are colonized within their own country. 29 However, double consciousness connects DuBois and Fanon and relates racism in the U.S. to colonialism historically. Moreover, Fanon shows that this conflict is not limited to the United States. There are other nationalities in other countries who must struggle to identify with the goals and ideals of the majority culture. This struggle can lead to misunderstanding or misrepresentation of self. He notes his struggles to identify by noting that ?stumbling over the need to assume two nationalities, two determinations, the intellectual who is Arab and French..., if he wants to be sincere with himself, chooses the negation of one of these two determinations? (Fanon, 1968, p. 155). The internal battle that Fanon describes bears striking similarities to the twoness that Du Bois uses as a basis for double consciousness. Black (2007) writes that ?the conflicting two perspectives, or the two identities and selves, seem comparable to the ?two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body,? that define DuBoisian twoness? (p. 396). Fanon connects to Du Bois? theory of double consciousness by saying, ?Overnight the Negro has been given two frames of reference within which he has to place himself?his customs and the sources on which they are based, were wiped out because they were in conflict with a civilization that he did not know and that imposed itself on him? (1967, p. 110). This is similar to Du Bois? assertion that African Americans must view themselves as both Black and American. However, society must overcome the notion of separatism in the world and accept a multicultural, multi ethnic society. Fanon believes that even the very freedom upon which African Americans pride themselves was not their own. According to Fanon (1967), ?The Negro knows nothing of the cost of 30 freedom, for he has not fought for it. From time to time he has fought for Liberty and Justice, but these were always white liberty and white justice? (p. 221). However, African Americans must accept reality and understand that we live in a society where they are expected to conform to the majority?s culture. Yet, they must commit first to their own culture. Rawls (2000) states that ?complete self-consciousness, for Du Bois, requires the social solidarity of the Black group and a commitment to their own values over those of the White majority? (p. 245). Furthermore, Dubois (1903) asserts that ?in order to transcend racial oppression and stop taking the role of those on the other side of the veil toward themselves, African Americans must use race as an emblem for achieving group solidarity? (p. 11). Only as a result of achieving this solidarity can the "race" boundaries that made solidarity possible in the first place be transcended. According to Rawls (2000), ?In this paradoxical vision of race leading to the transcending of race, Du Bois offers a blueprint for world equality and world peace led by the African American example? (p. 245). John Henrik Clarke (1991) has often reminded us that ?history is a clock that people use to tell their time of day. It is a compass that people use to locate themselves on the map of human geography? (p. 25). However, we are on the brink of a sea change in the new double consciousness. The oppression of slavery and later the civil rights movement are no longer forefront in many African American?s minds. McWhorter (2003) notes that ?there are now millions of African Americans whose memories begin after 1980: they barely remember the Reagan presidency, Atari, LP records, or McDonald?s hamburgers packaged in Styrofoam boxes; they think of Cheers as vintage television, and they do not remember a world without VCRs? (p. 15). The group of African Americans 31 that are leading the fight today missed the Black Panthers and Burn, Baby, Burn, and quite a few of them may be less imprinted by the double consciousness than their parents. The new double consciousness relates more to struggles in the political and academic arenas. The fight for more African American elected officials and equity on college campuses defines the new double consciousness. According to McWhorter (2003) ?The new double consciousness explains almost any event having to do with race that floats across our TV screens? (p. 15). The social injustices that are fought as a result of the new double consciousness will not be priority on the campuses of Predominately White Institutions. Just as Civil Rights marches were master minded on the campuses of HBCU, so will the fight for equal political representation and equity in faculty and programming at colleges and universities. In order to raise esteem and pride their culture African Americans have gone on to celebrate their own tradition. As philosopher Anthony Bogues (2003) explains, the struggle of African Americans has consistently been to construct a tradition that is recognized for its broadness and depth. However, he notes more often than not, ?At best this tradition continues to be viewed as particularistic, mired in fossilized, irrational conceptions and myths not worthy of serious study (p. 5).? Notwithstanding HBCUs? historic contribution to educational opportunities for African-Americans, questions continue to be raised about their educational quality and value. In the 1992 case of United States v. Fordice, the U.S. Supreme Court raised questions regarding the educational quality and value of HBCUs. Originally Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were created to educate freed descendants of enslaved Africans in the United States. However, according to LeMelle (2002) ?once 32 established, there was ambivalence about the real purpose and, consequently, the curriculum and future of these institutions? (p. 190). It is Du Bois? own words that continue to solidify the status that HBCUs have in history. He declared that "had it not been for the Negro schools and colleges, the Negro would to all intents and purposes, have been driven back to slavery" (DuBois. 1935). However, Du Bois is more notable for his argument surrounding the controversy over what should be taught at the HBCUs - the so-called "industrial" vs. "classical" education argument expounded primarily by Booker T. Washington and DuBois respectively. Double consciousness is infused in this curriculum issue. Proponents of the industrial curriculum ultimately supported the oppression of the Black or African identity in exchange for a more American or Southern way of thinking. Myrdal (1944) writes that supporters of the "industrial" curriculum were "motivated mainly by the interest of preserving the caste order and 'industrial' education for Negroes is the formula upon which Southern whites are able to strike a compromise between their belief in education which stems from the American creed, and their interest as white Southerners in preserving the caste order of the region? (p. 896). This curriculum proposal is an example of the majority culture?s influence on the thinking of African Americans. There is no revolution or march needed to transform these institution into having the single minded consciousness that Moore (2005) writes about. There is however a need for aspiring African American scholars to understand their heritage. Moreover, there is a need to understand the workforce and culture upon which these scholars will compete. Though most HBCUs are homogeneous in the fact that a vast majority of the student population is of African descent; these students represent cultures and ethnicity 33 that are extremely diverse. Historically Black Colleges and Universities continue to prepare its students to exist in both worlds or on both sides of the veil. Although the teachings of Du Bois may not be embedded in the curriculum at most HBCUs it is hidden in the mission. Student Characteristics and College Choice An examination of the student characteristics for individuals participating in the college choice process enhances the, ?breadth and variety of characteristics that impact students? college choice.? (Washburn, 2002, Page 17) College choice theorists (e.g., Anderson & Hearn, 1992; Hearn, 1991; Hossler, Braxton, & Coopersmith, 1989; McDonough, Antonio, & Trent, 1995) have indicated a number of influences including cultural and social capital, economic and financial capital, or some combination of the two on all students choosing or not choosing higher education participation. (Freeman, 1999, p. 8) According to Hossler et al (1985), the demographics, geographic origins, socioeconomic backgrounds, aptitude, gender, family background and student career interest of students have been analyzed to build a profile of the characteristics of students entering individual institutions. The Chapman (1981), Freeman (1999) and Cabrera and La Nasa?s (2000) models all illustrate aspects of student characteristics as an influencing factor to college selection. Each of these three models examine the influence of socioeconomic status on college enrollment, high school achievement or academic ability and educational aspiration as characteristic of students which researchers have concluded influence how students conclude their college choice. Freeman?s model in particular addresses at the student characteristic of race as it influences college choice for African-American high school 34 students. Hossler et al (1985) stated that socioeconomic status is positively associated with a predisposition to attend a PWI. High achieving students are likely to continue their academic career beyond high school. In addition to a family?s socioeconomic level or status, researchers have identified a student?s academic ability as a predictor of students? participation in higher education (Freeman, 1999). The Choice Between HBCUs and PWIs Freeman?s (1999) work with high achieving African American high school students found that there were no distinguishable differences between the background characteristics of those students who attended PWIs and those who chose predominately HBCUs. The participants in Freeman?s student were twenty-one high achieving African American students who were all raised in predominately African American neighborhoods and who all attended predominately African American high schools. Only five of those participants had parents who attended college and of those five only two chose to attend an HBCU. Freeman reported that the students who chose to attend the HBCU did not do so because their choice was limited due to academic ability or socioeconomic background. The one characteristic that all participants had in common was the need for financial aid. HBCUs had less financial resources than PWIs which likely limited their ability to attract high achieving African American students (Freeman, 2002). Interestingly enough, African American students selected HBCUs for low tuition and PWIs or financial assistance (Freeman, 2002). Patitu?s (2000) research with African American males at a southern PWI indicated that the primary reason for attending the institution was the academic reputation of the university. This reason was followed by the amount of financial aid, academic and/or 35 athletic scholarships, and/or fellowship money that was available. Some students also referred to the affordability of the university as a contributing factor. The third main reason that African American male students in the study chose to attend the PWI was for the reputation of the school?s academic programs. The fourth reason these students reported choosing to attend the PWI was because of specific relationships, such as the proximity to home, family support, or having a relative who was currently or who had previously attended the university. The final reasons students reported attending the university were due to certain aspects of the university such as atmosphere, sports, traditions, research, housing, campus resources, and community. However, these aspects were not as highly rated as academic reputation, resources, and people (Patitu, 2000). McDonough, Antonio, and Trent (1997) found that most African American students applied to only three or fewer colleges and about three quarters were admitted to their first choice school. They also reported that African American students were accepted at a rate of 55 percent to their first-choice institution, while the national average was 70 percent. Further, 59 percent of African American college students were accepted to their first choice HBCU. In this quantitative study of African American students and college choice, McDonough, Antonio, and Trent (1997) found that African American students were most influenced to attend an HBCU by religious affiliation, the school?s reputation, and/or a relative?s desire. Influencers for African American students who attended PWIs were being recruited to play athletics, wanting to live near home, and the perceived value of the college?s academic reputation. Freeman?s (1999) qualitative study found that students attended an HBCU because they knew someone who had attended an HBCU, they were seeking their roots, or they 36 had a lack of cultural awareness. Regardless of the type o high school the students attended, if there were a counselor, friend or family member who was affiliated with the HBCU, the students were more likely to attend. Furthermore, African American students who felt isolated from their cultural heritage were more interested in attending an HBCU. On the other hand, African American students who had attended predominately African American high schools were more interested in attending PWIs. Freeman (1999) also found that African American students who attended predominately White private high schools were more likely to consider attending historically Black colleges than students who had attended predominately African American high schools. Ironically, those students from predominately White high schools who desired to attend HBCUs were less likely to be recruited by those institutions which they desired to attend. Gurin and Epps (1975) reported that the profile of African American students who had attended HBCUs had been consistent over time. Forty-five percent of African American students who attended PWIs and 60 percent of African American students who attended HBCUs reported that their fathers had not earned a high school diploma. Furthermore, only one-third of African American students attending HBCUs and one half of African American students attending PWIs held scholarships or grants that covered their academic expenses (Gurin & Epps, 1975). Their work also revealed that within the past several decades the majority of African American students attended HBCUs because of the school?s southern location, which provided greater accessibility due. Letawsky, Schneider, Pedersen, and Palmer?s (2003) study of student athletes found that non-athletic factors were most influential in student-athletes? decisions to 37 attend a particular institution. The factors that were most influential were the availability of an academic major, and academic support services on campus, and the type of community where the institution was situated. Factors in College Choice To select a college, students consider a number of factors including tuition costs, room and board expenses, commuting issues, financial aid opportunities, and lost earnings (Paulsen, 1990). Some student populations are affected more by certain factors than others, particularly economic considerations. White Students Research has revealed that the college choice behavior of White students is different from minority student groups. Solmon and Wingard (1991) examined the choices that students, both White and minority, made about which college to attend. One of the differences discovered in the study was that White students are more likely to leave their state of residence to attend college (Solmon & Wingard, 1991).White students were also found to attend elite private colleges and universities in greater numbers than minority students. According to Bennett & Lutz (2009), selective colleges enroll 7.2 percent of White high school graduates (p. 79). Unlike White students, only 1.2 percent of the minority college going population attends the most elite schools (Solmon & Wingard, 1991). Martin and Dixon (1991) also examined the factors influencing students? college choice. Their College Choice Influence Scale was administered to 188 students at a major southwestern university. Over 90 percent of the participants were White students. The results revealed that academic program, social climate, cost and location, and preferences 38 of others are the four basic influences on college choice. The researchers also suggested that recruiters pay close attention to the socio-economic status of prospective students (Martin & Dixon, 1991). A related study explored the college choice of students admitted to college in 1990. Smith & Matthews (1991) conducted a phone survey with 566 freshmen admitted to a large public university in the southwest. The sample included responses from White, African American, Hispanic, and other student groups (Smith & Matthews, 1991). Overall, the top factors students consider when deciding which college to attend are: the prospect of getting a job after college, the opportunity to pursue an advanced degree, academic reputation, and reasonable costs. The results also indicated that there are some differences between White and minority students. White students tend to rate traditions and activities as important. White students also consider publications and letters to be important. Finally, White students consider the advice of teachers and counselors to be less important than do minority students (Smith & Matthews, 1991). A study on counselor impact on college choice revealed similar results (Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly, 1991). The sample consisted of 3,708 freshmen. The participants completed a survey during freshmen orientation in the summer of 1985. Results revealed that over 90 percent of the students rate academic reputation and quality of available programs as being the most important factors in deciding where to go to college. Cost was considered an important factor by 80 percent of the students. Financial aid was reported as an important factor by 56.6 percent of the participants. On the other hand, the preferences of friends and family and the athletic program were rated as the least important factors (Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly, 1991). 39 Minority Students The literature revealed that minority students face different concerns than White students when selecting a college. For example, economic considerations played a significant role for minority students in the selection of a college. The desire among minority students to attend college decreases as the cost of higher education increases and the availability of financial aid decreases. Some minority students prefer to work rather than go to school because of the debt that they will accrue if they attend college (Solmon & Wingard, 1991). Another factor related to economic ability to attend college is family obligation. Many minority students may forego the opportunity to attend college because of obligations they have to their families. These students cannot afford to give up their income because their families are dependent on the money the students earn (Pounds, 1987). While there are similarities among the factors influencing the college choice process of minority students, African American students are the basis of this study. A study on the recruitment of African American undergraduates revealed other factors that influence minority students? college choice (Sevier, 1993). A survey was completed by 1,127 college bound African American high school juniors. The results revealed that the four college choice items of greatest importance to African American students are: reputation of the college, availability of a specific major, total cost of attending, and availability of financial aid. On the other hand, African American students are less interested in information relating to: size of the library, family ties to college, religious activities, and study abroad programs. Results also revealed that African American high school students are more likely than their White counterparts to seek the advice of a 40 priest, pastor, or minister and/or the advice of a high school guidance counselor or coach when considering college options. African American students also seek information from current college students, college admissions representatives, and faculty (Sevier, 1993). The high school counselor is the most frequently used source of information about college for African American students. Additionally, African American students are less likely than White students to seek information about college from their family. One other difference is that African American students are more concerned with costs, academic reputation, and distance from home than are White students (Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly, 1991). A study by Stewart and Post (1990) examined the factors that influenced minority students? decisions to attend a large Midwestern university. A questionnaire consisting of both open- and closed-ended questions was administered to 332 minority students. The results revealed that African American students are more likely to attend because the university is close to home and for financial reasons, while students from other minority groups are more likely to attend because of the academic reputation of the university. African American students also differed from other minority students because they found racial issues to be the most negative aspect of the university (Stewart & Post, 1990). In general, then, it would seem that there are differences by race in the factors that students consider when selecting a college. Financial Aid & Cost An increasing number of students are being confronted with the issue of a widening gap between college cost and their family?s ability to pay. With all of the emphasis put on financial barriers, it is not surprising that financial aid packages have an 41 impact on whether or not students attend a certain college. Financial aid comes in various forms, such as, athletic scholarships, academic scholarships, grants, work-study programs, and loans. A study by Mills revealed that the majority of students choose to attend the school that presents them with the best financial aid package (2004). It should be noted that these financial aid packages that attract prospective students consist of actual money that will discount the cost of attendance. Students also enjoy the prestige that comes with receiving a scholarship, particularly if it is name after someone who they deem famous or influential (Mills, 2004). A study by Paulsen and St. John (2002) determined that the cost of education is a significant factor when choosing a college. This is prescient at a time when college tuitions are steadily rising and economic resources are scarce for many. The problems associated with cost are magnified for students attending private institutions, when compared with less expensive state colleges. Location of Institution & Influence of Parents Bradshaw, Espinoza, & Hausman?s (2001) study found that 82 percent of the college bound students reported that their parents had influence on their decision to attend college. Among this group, 36 percent revealed that their parents had a great deal of influence on their college selection process. This study also reported that students were more likely to have similar attitudes to those of their parents regarding the college selection process. Ceja?s (2006) findings also showed that parents played a vital role in the shaping of their children?s initial feelings and aspirations regarding college. As the college selection process goes on, parental influence becomes less prevalent, particularly due to the increased amount of external information available to the student. Even though 42 parents? roles tend to decrease near the end of the selection process, parents still manage to exert a great deal of influence. As a result, parents play a vital role in influencing students in the pursuit of a degree, and also when deciding what factors to consider when selecting an institution. Conklin and Dailey (1981) indicated that the consistency of parental support did indeed have an impact on educational activity. They believed that students would be more likely to enroll in college if they were raised in a home environment where college was seen in a positive and optimistic light. The relationship between parental support and educational activity is typically positive. Parents also played an integral role in providing their children with access to colleagues, friends, and contacts that had knowledge about colleges and the educational opportunities they provided. With this added guidance, students were directed towards individuals who had experience with specific colleges. These students were often steered in the direction of a particular school wherever they knew it or not (Bradshaw, Espinoza, & Hausman, 2001). For other students, parents play a more subtle and supportive role. Throughout their educational journey, parents instilled the beliefs in their children to value education. Parents helped them learn how to use their time wisely and helped to construct an environment in which they could get the most out of their educational experience. Once the time came to decide on a college, students were capable of making decisions on their own and only require their parent?s assistance in a supporting role (Bradshaw, Espinoza, & Hausman, 2001). MacDermott, Conn, and Owen (1987), found that parents? own education level had a major influence on what factors were deemed important in the college selection 43 process of their children. When selecting a college, parents who did not attend college were most concerned about cost, academic reputation, and personal attention. They also were concerned about strong classroom instruction, adequate library facilities, good faculty credentials, and solid financial backing. Not surprisingly, their children were more concerned about the availability of social activities and strong athletic programs. Children of parents who had not attended college felt they had reached a mutual agreement with their parents on which college to attend. However, their parents were not always in agreement with their choice of college. First generation college attendees were more likely to visit colleges by themselves or with a group of friends instead of with their parents. Some of these students stated that their parents did not even fully understand the basics of the college selection process like filling out the application. Due to their parents? inexperience and ignorance concerning the selection process, it led some students to feel like they were going through the process alone (Ceja, 2006). Gender Differences College choice is influenced by many factors including gender. One study on the college choice process examined the differences among various student groups, including women (Litten, 1982). Men and women start gathering information about colleges around the same time, but women tend to complete the process earlier. Women also start the college application process earlier. Women who apply to selective colleges tend to apply more often for early decision than do men (Litten, 1982). Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly?s (1991) study on counselor impact on college choice also revealed gender differences. The sample for the study consisted of 2,081 women and 1,627 men. The participants completed a questionnaire during freshmen orientation in the 44 summer of 1985. The results revealed that men rate extracurricular activities, athletic programs, and friends? preferences as more important in choosing a college than do women. Women rate academic reputation, quality of available programs, friendliness of the school, size, campus beauty, and distance as more important than do men. There were no differences found between men and women with respect to issues like costs, financial aid, prestige, familiarity with the school, and family preference. Both men and women consider cost, and financial aid to be the most important factors to consider when choosing a college (Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly, 1991). Valadez (1998) examined race, class, and gender differences of students who applyed to college. The sample consisted of 10,080 college students. The results revealed that males were affected by socioeconomic status more then females when applying to college, and females had more educational and parental resources to draw on than males. Females were also more effective in using resources to aid them with their persistence to continue their education (Valadez, 1998). Theoretical Frameworks Two theoretical frameworks have been primarily utilized to predict the college choice of students. These frameworks are based on characteristics of both institutions and students, including economic and sociological factors (Hossler, Schmit, & Vesper 1999; McDonough 1997; Chapman 1984; Hanson & Litten 1982; Paulsen 1990). Econometric theories constitute the most common frameworks applied in college choice research. Hossler, Braxton & Smith (1989) described econometric theories as having two strands, with focus on either the institution or the student as the unit of analysis. 45 Econometric theories, like Kotler?s and Fox?s (1985), focused on the economic benefits as investments for students and society which motivate college choice. McDonough (1997) described economic factors as viewing ?college choice as an investment decision and assumes that students maximize perceived cost-benefits in their college choices; have perfect information; and are engaged in a process of rational choice? (p. 3). Economic theories assume that students rationally process relevant information and make the best college choice. Contrarily, Jackson (1982) explained that students can be limited in their ability to rationally process college choice information adequately due to limited information and socioeconomic constraints. Therefore, the applicability of econometric theories for understanding college choice has been questioned by some researchers, especially due to socioeconomic differences which may prevent or limit some students from accessing information sources and being able to rationally process their choices. Gildersleeve (2003) described these limitations as ?the econometric orientation?largely ignores the model?s potential implications or limitations related to students? cultural capital? (p.6). Sociological theories have focused on what characteristics influence social and cultural capital for college choice processing. These sociological characteristics include parental income level and academic achievement. Paulsen (1990) and McDonough (1997) describe sociological theories of college choice as status-attainment theories. These theories focused on social and cultural ?characteristics of the student?s family and high school background, as well as the student?s academic ability? (Paulsen, 1990, p.7) and their impact on the ?development of aspirations for educational attainment and to measure inequalities in college access? (McDonough, 1997, p. 3). Within a sociological 46 framework, McDonough (1997) described the concept of cultural capital and its effect upon college choice. While the framework of status attainment does include the study of characteristics that contribute to social and cultural capital, such as socioeconomic status and family factors, McDonough also emphasizes goals and achievement in relationship to student and institutional attributes, such as academic achievement and student activities. McDonough (1997) describes social capital as the ?shared preferences and attitudes that upper class and middle class families transmit to their children? These preferences and attitudes provide a mechanism for maintaining class status and privileges. Importantly, social capital focuses on networks, the relationships within and between groups, and the norms which govern those relationships (Schuller, 2000, p. 3). Cultural capital, as developed by Bourdieu (1977) and McDonough (1997), shares properties with social capital, but cultural capital is a more academic concept. It refers to the ?credentials and cultural assets embodied in individuals and their families? (Schuller, 2000, p. 51). Preference for university education and advanced degrees is one form of cultural capital, which enables families to maintain status. Sociological theories are more inclusive because they emphasize the influence of external and internal environmental characteristics on the processing of college choice. However, the econometric theoretical frameworks are the most commonly applied within college choice research. The emphasis in this study is on sociological factors because of the limitations of rational student behaviors to promote economic status, which excludes other influential social and cultural capital. 47 Importance of College Choice The literature on college choice research has focused primarily on two aspects: what institutional characteristics influence college choice and how the attributes of students influenced their college choice processing. ?The college choice literature has failed to segment the needs of various student markets to distinguish between those college choice factors that matter most to different types of students? (Bradshaw, Espinoza, and Hausman, 2001, p. 17). Examination of the college choice processing of minority students is important. While it has been a primary policy within higher education to provide college access to all groups of students, historically underrepresented students have continued to experience limitations on their college choice processing, especially due to a lack of access to, and utilization of, information sources. This limits students? social and cultural capital. As Tinto (2004) explains, ?A primary objective of federal higher education policy has been to increase access to higher education for those who would not otherwise attend, especially those from low-income backgrounds? (p.12). It has long-time been recognized in America that college access for all groups of students is necessary for the well-being of this country, yet HUR students continue to experience limitations in their college choice processing and have been neglected in the research on college choice processing. Summary Little research exists on African Americans and the college choice process. However, several applicable models exist that look at the factors influencing students participating in higher education. The literature that does examine African American students in higher education documents their difficulty integrating socially and 48 academically, which is often attributed to conflicts that arise between their cultural beliefs and institutional values. It is often assumed that race is a determining factor in the college choice process of students. Therefore, it is the intent of his study to demystify the college choice process of African American students. 49 CHAPTER III METHODS The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) or a Predominately White Institution (PWI). Differences among African Americans in factors influencing the college choice process will be examined by gender, educational level of parents, and institution type. The study is designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about which type of college to attend. Specifically, this study is meant to increase understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Findings from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The data to be analyzed in the study were collected from entering freshmen at colleges and universities across the nation, using responses from The Freshman Survey (TFS) of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). This study is a secondary analysis of TFS data using both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. This chapter presents the methods used in this research study to include the purpose and design of the study, population and sample selection, instrument validity and reliability, and data collection strategies. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of the data analysis process. 50 Research Questions The study will examine the following research questions: 1. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students? 2. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)? 3. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender? 4. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education? Hossler and Gallegher's (1987) model of college choice served as the conceptual framework for this study. This sociological college choice model was chosen because it consists of an initial stage of decision-making (Predisposition), with linear progression to the second stage of recruitment (Search), and culmination in the selection (Choice) of a college. Sample The subjects of this study are 32,425 first-time full-time (FTFT), freshmen African American students who attended 4-year institutions during 2005. The sample was drawn from 591 four-year colleges. A list of the schools that participated in the CIRP study in 2005 can be found in Appendix B. The institutions represented are from all regions of the United States, including urban, suburban, and rural settings. Overall, 11,369 students (36.2%) of the sample attended a university, while 20,063 (63.8%) attended a four-year college. Of those who attended a university, 3,049 (26.82%) attended 51 a low selectivity school, 3,634 (31.96%) attended a medium selectivity school, 3,358 (29.54%) attended a high selectivity school, and 1,328 (11.68%) attended a very high selectivity school. Of those who attended a four-year college, 10,588 (52.77%) attended a low selectivity school, 4,243 (21.15%) attended a medium selectivity school, 4,424 (22.05%) attended a high selectivity school, and 808 (4.03%) attended a very high selectivity school. Instrumentation This was a quantitative study utilizing the data collected from a the 40 question survey entitled The Freshman Survey, developed and conducted by the Cooperative Institutional Research Program and sponsored by the Graduate School of Education & Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. This survey was first administered in the Fall of 1966 to assess the effects of college on students (Astin, Panos, & Creager, 1966). Since its creation, the major purpose of TFS has been to provide initial input information for longitudinal research. Longitudinal follow-up studies have been conducted on dropouts (Astin, 1975; Astin, Tsui & Avalos, 1996), campus protest (Astin, Astin, Bayer & Bisconti, 1975), volunteerism (Sax, Astin &Astin, 1996), student development (Astin, 1977; Astin, 1993), and minority participation in higher education (Astin, 1982). Since the present study used the data from TFS survey, which has been pilot tested and administered for more than 40 years, no tests for validity or reliability were required. The Freshman Survey Since fall 1966, the CIRP has collected survey data on the characteristics, attitudes, values, educational achievements and future goals of students who enter 52 college. TFS is considered the most comprehensive empirical study on college students in the country. In 2002, it included 282,549 entering freshmen at 437 institutions in America (Sax, Keup, Gilmartin, Stolzenberg, & Harper, 2002). TFS is a standardized instrument reviewed and modified annually by the CIRP advisory committee. It is designed to be administered under proctored conditions and consists of 210 items organized in 40 sections. The format of TFS includes questions measuring student characteristics including demographics, academic interests, high school achievements, behaviors, career plans, values, attitudes, and self-concept (Sax, Keup, Gilmartin, Stolzenberg, & Harper, 2002). A copy of the instrument can be found in Appendix A. Validity and Reliability There are several ways to determine if research data or instrumentation is valid. Content and predictive validity are two types of measures used to determine the validity of quantitative research or instrumentation. Content validity refers to the degree to which survey questions (content) reflect what the researcher wants to know (Suskie, 1996). Predictive validity is defined as the extent that a measure or data set can predict future results or outcomes (Charles, 1995). Another important aspect of instrumentation is reliability. Reliability is defined as the degree of internal consistency or stability of the measure over a period of time (Borg, 1981). TFS was first established in 1966 as a national longitudinal study of the American higher education system. It is well known as the nation?s oldest and most extensive empirical study of higher education in America. The content validity of the TFS is reviewed each year by the CIRP Advisory Committee to ensure TFS items measure what they are intended to measure. The role of the advisory committee is to review survey 53 items for appropriateness relative to the entering student population each year. This process contributes to the instrument?s content validity by utilizing the advisory committee as a panel of CIRP experts. Data Collection Procedures TFS was administered during registration, freshman orientation, or the first few weeks of classes. Administrators could decide to dispense the survey to the entire incoming freshman class or only administer it to a sample of the population. The instrument is designed for self-administration under proctored conditions. TFS is a four- page survey used to collection information on demographics, high school background, parental education, educational aspirations, and career plans. In order for CIRP to be able to send a follow-up mailing, individuals are asked to respond to question 37, ?Do you give the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA permission to include your ID number should your college request the data for additional research analysis?? (See Appendix A). To collect information needed for this research, data were drawn from the following areas. First, because this study seeks to examine the factors that influence the college choice selection process for African American college students attending 4-year institutions, the researcher used data from item 36, which asks, ?Below are some reasons that might have influenced your decision to attend this particular college. How important was each reason in your decision to come here?? Students are asked to respond to 18 of the following influential factors using, ?very important?, ?somewhat important?, or ?not important?: my relatives wanted me to come here, my teacher advised me, this college has a very good academic reputation, the college has a good reputation for its social 54 activities, I was offered financial assistance, the cost of attending this college, high school counselor advised me, private counselor advised me, I wanted to live near home, not offered aid by first choice, this college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools, this college?s graduates get good jobs, I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college, I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college, rankings in national magazines, information from a website, offered need-based scholarship, offered merit-based scholarship, I was admitted through an Early Action or Early Decision Program, and a visit to the campus. Consideration of Human Subjects Although the survey participants implicitly granted permission for the data to be used in the study by completing and returning the form, this understanding was formalized by including an informed consent in the survey. The first page of the survey contains the following statement; ?Your participation in this research is being solicited in order to achieve a better understanding of how students are affected by their college experiences. Indentifying information has been requested in order to make subsequent mail follow-up studies possible. Your response will be held in the strictest professional confidence.? Additionally the researcher of the present study was granted permission to use this database by the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) at UCLA and the Office of Human Subjects Research at Auburn University. See Appendix A. Data Collection Data used for this survey were collected by the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) at UCLA. HERI collects data from colleges and universities who have paid HERI to analyze data from their campuses. Because of this, HERI has strict policies 55 regarding off-site individuals wishing to use CIRP data for research purposes. Their guidelines dictate that all analyses of CIRP data must be conducted at HERI only, and therefore, data analyzed for this study was collected by staff at HERI with direction from the researcher. The collected data were scanned at CIRP and then entered into SPSS to create frequency tables and later sent to the researcher. As noted earlier, this was a quantitative study utilizing survey methods and descriptive statistical analyses. Included are tables that will enable the reader to view large bodies of data in summary fashion, using central tendency and variability of a set of data. This improves the ability of the researcher to describe, and the reader to interpret, the meaning of large amounts of information (Baker, 1994). In order to address the research questions, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Analytic Procedures This study examined the factors that influence the college choice selection process for African American college students attending 4-year institutions. Input variables were considered and controlled for to establish an independent relationship between each factor. The research questions are listed below with a description of the analytic procedure used to address it. Research Question 1 (RQ1): What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students? Statistical analysis for RQ1: To address the first research question, a descriptive table (Table 4.3) was constructed with the mean rating for each of the 18 college choice factors for all students in the sample. 56 Research Question 2 (RQ2): What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)? Statistical analysis for RQ2: To address this question, a table was constructed presenting the mean rating by type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU). T-tests were computed between the importance ratings and the institutional type for each college choice factor. Findings presented in Table 4.10. Research Question3 (RQ3): What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender? Statistical Analysis for RQ3: To address this question, a table was constructed presenting the mean rating by gender. T-tests were computed between the importance ratings and the respondent?s gender for each college choice factor. Findings presented in Tables 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6. Research Question 4 (RQ4): What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education? Statistical Analysis for RQ4: To address this question, a table was constructed presenting mean ratings by parent?s level of education. T-tests were computed between the importance ratings and the respondent?s parent?s level of education for each college choice factor. Findings presented in Tables 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9. Summary This chapter discussed the methods used to conduct this study as well as the research questions that were used to guide the study. This study is a secondary analysis of TFS data using both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings from this 57 study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. Chapter IV will present the findings from the study in both tabular and narrative form. 58 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Differences among African American students in factors influencing the college choice process will be examined by gender, educational level of parents, and institution type. The study is designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about which type of college to attend. Specifically, this study is meant to increase understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Finding from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The data to be analyzed in the study were collected from entering freshmen at colleges and universities across the nation, using responses from The Freshman Survey (TFS) of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). There were 18 factors listed as possible motives for attending college. Those factors were coded as CHOOSE01 ? CHOOSE18 and are listed in Table 4.1. The following questions guided the research of this study: 1. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students? 2. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)? 59 3. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender? 4. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education? Table 4.1 Definitions of Variables for College Choice (2005 CIRP, The Freshman Survey) Variable Definition CHOOSE01 My relatives wanted me to come here CHOOSE02 My teacher advised me CHOOSE03 This college has a very good academic reputation CHOOSE04 This college has a good reputation for its social activities CHOOSE05 I was offered financial assistance CHOOSE06 The cost of attending this college CHOOSE07 High School counselor advised me CHOOSE08 Private college counselor advised me CHOOSE09 I wanted to live near home CHOOSE10 Not offered aid by first choice CHOOSE11 This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools CHOOSE12 This college?s graduates get good jobs CHOOSE13 I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college CHOOSE14 I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college CHOOSE15 Rankings in national magazines CHOOSE16 Information from a website CHOOSE17 I was admitted through an Early Action or Early Decision program CHOOSE18 A visit to campus 60 The subjects of this study are 32,425 first-time full-time (FTFT), freshmen African American students who attended 4-year institutions during 2005. The sample was drawn from 591 four-year colleges. A list of the schools that participated in the CIRP study in 2005 can be found in Appendix B. The institutions represented are from all regions of the United States, including urban, suburban, and rural settings. Overall, 11,369 students (36.2%) of the sample attended a university, while 20,063 (63.8%) attended a four-year college. Of those who attended a university, 3,049 (26.82%) attended a low selectivity school, 3,634 (31.96%) attended a medium selectivity school, 3,358 (29.54%) attended a high selectivity school, and 1,328 (11.68%) attended a very high selectivity school. Of those who attended a four-year college, 10,588 (52.77%) attended a low selectivity school, 4,243 (21.15%) attended a medium selectivity school, 4,424 (22.05%) attended a high selectivity school, and 808 (4.03%) attended a very high selectivity school. In order to present the most accurate depiction of the data, student demographic information was obtained from the participants when they completed the survey. Frequencies and percentages for the demographic and categorical background characteristics of the sample are provided in Table 4.2. The majority of the sample was female (61.83%) and 18 years of age (72.4%). A majority of the respondents attended a PWI (77.1%). As it relates to parent?s level of education, 28% of the students reported that their mother?s highest level of education was a high school diploma or less and 36.7% reported that as their father?s level of education. However, 69.2% of the students reported that their mother had at least some college education and 54.3% report their father?s education as some college or more. The most frequently reported level of 61 (table continues) mother?s education was college degree (24.7%) while the most frequently reported level of father?s education was high school graduate (26.5%). Table 4.2 Summary of Descriptive Statistics for the Respondents of the 2005 Freshman Survey Characteristic n % Gender Male 11,757 37.4 Female 19,433 61.8 Missing 242 .8 Age 16 or younger 41 0.1 17 1090 3.5 18 22,763 72.4 19 6,211 19.8 20 442 1.4 21 to 24 207 0.7 25 to 29 36 0.1 30 to 39 27 0.1 40 to 54 13 .0 Missing 602 1.9 Type of Institution Attended HBCU 7,192 22.9 PWI 24,240 77.1 Mother?s Level of Education Grammar school or less 603 1.9 Some high school 1,633 5.2 High school graduate 6,565 20.9 Postsecondary school other than college 1,459 4.6 Some college 7,225 23.0 62 Characteristic n % College degree 7,779 24.7 Some graduate school 752 2.4 Graduate degree 4,559 14.5 Missing 857 2.7 Father?s Level of Education Grammar school or less 785 2.5 Some high school 2,435 7.7 High school graduate 8,339 26.5 Postsecondary school other than college 1,182 3.8 Some college 5,511 17.5 College degree 5,803 18.5 Some graduate school 481 1.5 Graduate degree 4,079 13.0 Missing 2,817 9.0 Data Analysis In order to address the research questions, both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Descriptive Statistics The first research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students?? Table 4.3 contains the mean rating for the 18 factors related to college choice for the entire sample. The items in the sample are ranked by level of importance from lowest to highest. Table 4.2 (continued) 63 Table 4.3 Mean scores for factors affecting the college choice process of African American students (N = 26,995) Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.58 .613 This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.47 .705 The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.40 .815 I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.28 .824 This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.20 .787 A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.16 .819 This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.15 .741 I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 2.09 .790 Information from a website (CHOOSE16) 1.90 .776 Rankings in national magazines (CHOOSE15) 1.79 .792 I wanted to live near home (CHOOSE09) 1.64 .775 My relatives wanted me to come here (CHOOSE01) 1.59 .726 High School counselor advised me (CHOOSE07) 1.53 .698 My teacher advised me (CHOOSE02) 1.45 .634 I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college (CHOOSE13) 1.41 .636 Not offered aid by first choice (CHOOSE10) 1.40 .686 I was admitted through an Early Action or Early Decision program (CHOOSE17) 1.35 .664 Private college counselor advised me (CHOOSE08) 1.23 .518 The top factor was the academic reputation of the school, followed by indications that graduates of the schools get good jobs. Financial assistance and indications that graduates gain admissions to top graduate/professional schools were also important 64 factors. The least important factor was being advised by a private college counselor. Not being offered aid by the first choice was also relatively unimportant, along with participation in early action/decision programs and religious affiliation. The second research question, ?what are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)??, will be addressed solely through inferential analysis (See Table 4.10). The third research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender?? Table 4.4 contains the mean rating for the 18 factors related to college choice differentiated by gender. The top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American male and female students are presented in Tables 4.5 and 4.6, respectively. Table 4.4 Mean score for factors affecting the college choice process of African American students by gender Male Female Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD M SD My relatives wanted me to come here (CHOOSE01) 1.61 .732 1.58 .722 My teacher advised me (CHOOSE 02) 1.49 .657 1.42 .618 This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.49 .654 2.63 .582 This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.14 .741 2.15 .741 I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.23 .826 2.31 .821 The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.04 .811 2.14 .814 High School counselor advised me (CHOOSE07) 1.57 .707 1.51 .691 Private college counselor advised me (CHOOSE08) 1.26 .547 1.21 .498 I wanted to live near home (CHOOSE09) 1.58 .743 1.67 .791 (table continues) 65 Male Female Not offered aid by first choice (CHOOSE10) 1.40 .673 1.40 .694 This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.08 .790 2.27 .778 This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.40 .726 2.51 .689 I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college (CHOOSE13) 1.38 .611 1.42 .649 I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 1.98 .781 2.16 .788 Rankings in national magazines (CHOOSE15) 1.75 .784 1.81 .796 Information from a website (CHOOSE16) 1.79 .759 1.97 .778 I was admitted through an Early Action or Early Decision program (CHOOSE17) 1.36 .653 1.35 .670 A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.10 .812 2.19 .821 Table 4.5 Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American male students (n = 9,880) Male Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 1. This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.49 .654 2. This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.40 .726 3. I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.23 .826 4. This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.14 .741 5. A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.10 .812 Table 4.4 (continued) (table continues) 66 Male Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 6. This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.08 .790 7. The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.04 .811 8. I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 1.98 .781 The top factor affecting the college choice process of African American male students reported by survey participants was the academic reputation of the school (CHOOOSE03), followed by indications that graduates of the schools get good jobs CHOOSE12). Financial assistance (CHOOSE05) and the college?s social activities reputation (CHOOSE04) were also reported as important factors. Table 4.6 Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American female students (n = 16,624) Female Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 1. This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.63 .582 2. This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.51 .689 3. I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.31 .821 4. This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.27 .778 5. A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.19 .821 6. I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 2.16 .788 Table 4.5 (continued) (table continues) 67 Female Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 7. This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.15 .741 8. The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.14 .814 The top two factors affecting the college choice process of African American female students were the same as those for the male students. These factors included the academic reputation of the school (CHOOOSE03), followed by indications that graduates of the schools get good jobs (CHOOSE12). Financial assistance (CHOOSE05) and indications that this college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) were also noted as important factors. The fourth research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education?? The mean rating for each factor differentiated by parents? level of education is presented in table 4.7. The items in the table are listed in the order that they appeared on the survey. The top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parent?s level of education is High School or Less and College or More are listed in Tables 4.8 and 4.9, respectively. Table 4.6 (continued) 68 Table 4.7 Mean scores for factors affecting the college choice process of African American students by parent?s average level of education High School or Less College or More Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD M SD My relatives wanted me to come here (CHOOSE01) 1.59 .740 1.59 .720 My teacher advised me (CHOOSE 02) 1.51 .671 1.42 .616 This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.55 .631 2.60 .603 This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.18 .735 2.14 .741 I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.35 .782 2.25 .842 The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.18 .803 2.07 .819 High School counselor advised me (CHOOSE07) 1.60 .730 1.50 .679 Private college counselor advised me (CHOOSE08) 1.25 .537 1.22 .505 I wanted to live near home (CHOOSE09) 1.74 .804 1.60 .759 Not offered aid by first choice (CHOOSE10) 1.42 .691 1.39 .682 This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.15 .789 2.22 .784 This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.45 .709 2.48 .701 I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college (CHOOSE13) 1.42 .640 1.40 .632 I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 2.08 .792 2.10 .788 Rankings in national magazines (CHOOSE15) 1.72 .773 1.82 .798 Information from a website (CHOOSE16) 1.91 .784 1.90 .773 I was admitted through an Early Action or Early Decision program (CHOOSE17) 1.35 .649 1.35 .669 A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.10 .827 2.18 .813 69 Table 4.8 Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parent?s average level of education is High School or Less (n=6,296) High School or Less Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 1. This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.55 .631 2. This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.45 .709 3. I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.35 .782 4. This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.18 .735 5. The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.18 .803 6. This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.15 .789 7. A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.10 .827 8. I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 2.08 .792 The top factor affecting the college choice process of African American college whose parent?s level of education is high school or less was the academic reputation of the school (CHOOOSE03), followed by indications that graduates of the schools get good jobs CHOOSE12). Financial assistance (CHOOSE05) and the college?s social activities reputation (CHOOSE04) were also reported as important factors. 70 Table 4.9 Top eight factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parent?s average level of education is College or More (n=18,052) College or More Reasons influencing decision to attend M SD 1. This college has a very good academic reputation (CHOOSE03) 2.60 .603 2. This college?s graduates get good jobs (CHOOSE12) 2.48 .701 3. I was offered financial assistance (CHOOSE05) 2.25 .842 4. This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) 2.22 .784 5. A visit to campus (CHOOSE18) 2.18 .813 6. This college has a good reputation for its social activities (CHOOSE04) 2.14 .741 7. I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college (CHOOSE14) 2.10 .788 8. The cost of attending this college (CHOOSE06) 2.07 .819 The top two factors affecting the college choice process of African American students whose parents? level of education was college or more were the same as those for the students who reported their parents? level of education as high school or less. These factors included the academic reputation of the school (CHOOOSE03), followed by indications that graduates of the schools get good jobs (CHOOSE12). Financial assistance (CHOOSE05) and indications that this college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools (CHOOSE11) were also noted as important factors. 71 Inferential Statistics The second research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)?? The mean ratings of each importance factor as a function of institution type (PWI vs. HBCU) is reported in Table 4.10. The results of t-test differences for college choice are also contained in Table 4.10 Table 4.10 Results of t test for college choice difference between African American students who chose to attend PWIs or HBCUs PWI HBCU Variable M SD M SD df t d CHOOSE01 1.56 .715 1.70 .750 10,873 13.322*** 0.19 CHOOSE02 1.46 .635 1.42 .629 11,332 -4.452*** 0.06 CHOOSE03 2.60 .601 2.53 .651 10,542 -8.071*** 0.11 CHOOSE04 2.13 .744 2.23 .727 11,423 10.402*** 0.14 CHOOSE05 2.33 .806 2.12 .861 10,639 -17.708*** 0.25 CHOOSE06 2.11 .812 2.09 .823 29,414 -2.111* 0.02 CHOOSE07 1.55 .704 1.47 .673 11,628 -8.656*** 0.12 CHOOSE08 1.23 .522 1.21 .503 11,508 -3.245* 0.04 CHOOSE09 1.68 .783 1.50 .728 11,922 -17.833*** 0.24 CHOOSE10 1.40 .685 1.41 .690 28,949 1.170 CHOOSE11 2.19 .786 2.24 .790 11,081 4.629*** 0.06 CHOOSE12 2.47 .706 2.48 .702 28,894 .592 CHOOSE13 1.37 .618 1.52 .679 10,342 16.284*** 0.23 CHOOSE14 2.10 .788 2.06 .796 29,337 -3.829*** 0.05 CHOOSE15 1.77 .785 1.83 .816 10,797 5.409*** 0.07 CHOOSE16 1.90 .773 1.90 .784 10,908 .235 CHOOSE17 1.34 .662 1.37 .670 11,038 2.949* 0.05 CHOOSE18 2.18 .811 2.07 .837 29,309 -9.560*** 0.13 *p < .05. ***p < .001. 72 For those correlations associated with a p-value less than .05, the difference between factors affecting decision to attend vary significantly between HBCU and PWI students. The difference in importance of most of the factors varied significantly due to large sample size. The strongest effect-size (d = .25) was found with the CHOOSE05 variable, being offered financial assistance. Students at PWIs attached significantly more importance to being offered financial aid than their counterparts at HBCUs. The next highest effect-size (d = .24) was between students who wanted to live near home (CHOOSE09). Students wanting to live closer to home were more likely to attend PWIs. The difference in importance of the religious affiliation of the institution (CHOOSE13) was also noted as having a modest effect-size (d = .23) for students at the two types of institutions. Students who were attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college were more likely to attend HBCUs. The third research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender?? The mean ratings of each importance factor as a function of gender are reported in Table 4.11. The results of t- test difference for college choice are also contained in Table 4.11. 73 Table 4.11 Results of t test for college choice difference between African American students who are Male and Female Male Female Variable M SD M SD df t d CHOOSE01 1.61 .732 1.58 .722 22,675 4.038*** 0.04 CHOOSE02 1.49 .657 1.42 .618 21,751 9.060*** 0.11 CHOOSE03 2.49 .654 2.63 .582 20,857 -18.574*** 0.23 CHOOSE04 2.14 .741 2.15 .741 29,277 -1.555 CHOOSE05 2.23 .826 2.31 .821 29,245 -8.656*** 0.10 CHOOSE06 2.04 .811 2.14 .814 22,864 -10.335*** 0.12 CHOOSE07 1.57 .707 1.51 .691 22,331 6.950*** 0.09 CHOOSE08 1.26 .547 1.21 .498 20,980 8.394*** 0.10 CHOOSE09 1.58 .743 1.67 .791 23,912 -10.240*** 0.12 CHOOSE10 1.40 .673 1.40 .694 23,054 -.043 CHOOSE11 2.08 .790 2.27 .778 22,298 -19.387*** 0.24 CHOOSE12 2.40 .726 2.51 .689 21,447 -12.737*** 0.16 CHOOSE13 1.38 .611 1.42 .649 23,671 -5.884*** 0.06 CHOOSE14 1.98 .781 2.16 .788 22,857 -18.890*** 0.23 CHOOSE15 1.75 .784 1.81 .796 28,943 -6.650*** 0.08 CHOOSE16 1.79 .759 1.97 .778 22,869 -19.141*** 0.23 CHOOSE17 1.36 .653 1.35 .670 28,847 1.287 CHOOSE18 2.10 .812 2.19 .821 22,866 -9.693*** 0.11 *p < .05. ***p < .001. For those correlations associated with a p-value less than .05, the difference between factors affecting decision to attend vary significantly between male and female students. The difference in importance of most of the factors varied significantly due to large sample size. The strongest effect-size (d = .24) was found with the CHOOSE11 variable, the college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools. 74 Female students attached significantly more importance the possibility of gaining admission to a top graduate school than their male counterparts. The next highest effect- size (d = .23) was college size (CHOOSE14). Female students cited the size of the college as an important college choice factor. Information found on a website (CHOOSE16) was also noted as having a modest effect-size (d = .23) between male and female students. Female students were more likely to attend and institution based upon information found on a website. The fourth research question was ?What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education?? The mean ratings of each importance factor as a function of parent?s level of education are reported in Table 4.12. The results of t-test difference for college choice are also contained in Table 4.12. Table 4.12 Results of t-test for college choice difference between African American students whose parents? average level of education is High School or Less versus College or More High School or Less College or More Variable M SD M SD Df t d CHOOSE01 1.59 .740 1.59 .720 12,093 .103 CHOOSE02 1.51 .671 1.42 .616 11,493 10.180*** 0.14 CHOOSE03 2.55 .631 2.60 .603 11,915 -4.893*** 0.08 CHOOSE04 2.18 .735 2.14 .741 26,799 4.240*** 0.05 CHOOSE05 2.35 .782 2.25 .842 13,157 9.449*** 0.12 CHOOSE06 2.18 .803 2.07 .819 26,746 9.005*** 0.14 CHOOSE07 1.60 .730 1.50 .679 11,575 10.195*** 0.14 CHOOSE08 1.25 .537 1.22 .505 11,546 4.166*** 0.06 CHOOSE09 1.74 .804 1.60 .759 11,714 13.117*** 0.18 (table continues) 75 High School or Less College or More Variable M SD M SD Df t d CHOOSE10 1.42 .691 1.39 .682 11,978 2.955* 0.04 CHOOSE11 2.15 .789 2.22 .784 12,054 -6.671*** 0.09 CHOOSE12 2.45 .709 2.48 .701 11,930 -2.718* 0.04 CHOOSE13 1.42 .640 1.40 .632 12,057 2.244* 0.03 CHOOSE14 2.08 .792 2.10 .788 26,679 -2.244* 0.03 CHOOSE15 1.72 .773 1.82 .798 26,511 -9.027*** 0.13 CHOOSE16 1.91 .784 1.90 .773 11,874 .449 CHOOSE17 1.35 .649 1.35 .669 12,458 -.854 CHOOSE18 2.10 .827 2.18 .813 26,642 -7.006* 0.10 *p < .05. ***p < .001. For those correlations associated with a p-value less than .05, the difference between factors affecting decision to attend vary significantly between parents? level of education. The importance of most of the factors varied significantly due to large sample size. The strongest effect-size (d = .18) was found with the CHOOSE09 variable, students wanting to live near home. Students whose parents? level of education was high school or less attached significantly more importance to wanting to live near home than students whose parents? level of education was college or more. The next highest effect-size (d = .14) was between students who received advice from a teacher or a high school counselor (CHOOSE02 and CHOOSE07). Students who cited the advice of a teacher or counselor as a factor affecting their college choice were more like to have parents whose level of education was high school or less. The difference in importance of the cost of attending the institution (CHOOSE06) was also noted as having a modest effect-size (d = .14) for students at the two levels of parental education. Students who attended the institution due Table 4.12 (continued) 76 to the cost concerns were more likely to have parents whose level of education was high school or less. Summary While many of the findings noted above were consistent with other studies on the college choice selection process, some additional information emerged from this study. Findings from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The results of this study as they relate to both the literature and the model upon which this study is based, will be the focus of Chapter V. 77 CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, & RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence African American college students? decisions to attend a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) or a Predominately White Institution (PWI). Differences among African Americans in factors influencing the college choice process will be examined by gender, educational level of parents, and institution type. The study is designed to gain a better understanding of how African Americans make decisions about which type of college to attend. Specifically, this study is meant to increase understanding of the influences on African American students? choice to attend HBCUs or PWIs. Finding from this study are intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers. The data to be analyzed in the study were collected from entering freshmen at colleges and universities across the nation, using responses from The Freshman Survey (TFS) of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP). This study is a secondary analysis of TFS data using both descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Research Questions The following questions guided the research of this study: 1. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students? 78 2. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU)? 3. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender? 4. What are the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on parents? level of education? Summary of Findings Practical differences in college choice factors among students who attend PWIs vs. HBCUs A total of twelve items yielded a practical difference having an effect-size (Cohen?s d) at or approaching .20. Of these, four were between institution types, four were between parents? level of education, and four were related to gender. There were four factors that resulted in a small to modest effect size when comparing differences in the college selection process of African American college students depending on the type of institution (PWI vs. HBCU). These findings are presented in Table 5.1. African American students who chose to attend HBCUs placed significantly more importance on relatives? influence to attend the college (CHOOSE01) and the attraction of the religious affiliation or orientation of the school (CHOOSE13). Contrarily, African American students who selected PWIs cited the offering of financial assistance (CHOOSE05) and the aspiration to live near home (CHOOSE09) at a significantly higher level. 79 Table 5.1 Practically significant results for discussion of college choice by institution type (PWI or HBCU) PWI HBCU Variable M SD M SD Df t d CHOOSE01 1.56 .715 1.70 .750 10,873 13.322*** 0.19 (My relatives wanted me to come here) CHOOSE05 2.33 .806 2.12 .861 10,639 -17.708*** 0.25 (I was offered financial assistance) CHOOSE09 1.68 .783 1.50 .728 11,922 -17.833*** 0.24 (I wanted to live near home) CHOOSE13 1.37 .618 1.52 .679 10,342 16.284*** 0.23 (I was attracted by the religious affiliation/orientation of the college) ***p < .001. The findings of this study revealed that financial assistance is one of the leading reasons that African American students choose to attend PWIs. If HBCUs wish to compete with PWIs for African American students they must find ways to reduce the amount of tuition that students are expected to pay. One way to reduce the cost of attendance is through scholarships. While many PWIs have multi-million dollar endowments and wealthy donors from which to offer financial assistance, HBCUs must begin to follow that trend if they wish to curtail their decline in enrollment. These findings indicate that the alumni of HBCUs must contribute financially to their alma maters if they expect those institutions to thrive. In an age where some HBCUs are on the brink of closing or merging with other institutions the need to contribute has never been more urgent. Moreover, African American students at HBCUs have indicated that the advice of relatives played a part in their choice to attend the institution. This information 80 can be used by HBCUs to continue to cultivate relationships with their alumni as they encourage their family members to consider an HBCU when choosing a college. Practical differences in college choice factors among students based on gender This study also sought to understand the factors that affect the college selection process of African American students based on gender. Table 5.2 contains the four college choice factors that differed significantly between the genders and had a low to moderate effect-size. Of the four choices that differed significantly, female students cited the potential of being admitted to a prestigious graduate school (CHOOSE11) at a higher rate than their male counterparts. Additionally, the findings in relation to academic reputation of the institution (CHOOSE03) are significantly different as female students considered these factors more strongly. Male students placed less emphasis on the size of the institution (CHOOSE14) and information found on the website (CHOOSE16) than female students. These findings are consistent with a study about counselor impact on college choice. Women rate academic reputation, quality of available programs, size, and campus beauty as important when applying to college (Johnson, Stewart, & Eberly, 1991). Table 5.2 Practically significant results for discussion of college choice by gender Male Female Variable M SD M SD df t d CHOOSE03 2.49 .654 2.63 .582 20,857 -18.574*** 0.23 (This college has a very good academic reputation) CHOOSE11 2.08 .790 2.27 .778 22,298 -19.387*** 0.24 (This college?s graduates gain admission to top graduate/professional schools) CHOOSE14 1.98 .781 2.16 .788 22,857 -18.890*** 0.23 81 Male Female Variable M SD M SD df t d (I wanted to go to a school about the size of this college) CHOOSE16 1.79 .759 1.97 .778 22,869 -19.141*** 0.23 (Information from a website) ***p < .001. As female students continue to move away from fields traditionally over- populated by and reserved for women such as nursing and education, they find the need to increase their level of education to compete with their male counterparts. Women selected colleges strategically to place them in a better position to compete for spots at the more prestigious graduate and professional schools. However, these findings can also point to the fact that male college students may not have the drive and motivation to attend graduate school that their sisters have. Moreover, not only are female students concerned about expanding their education, they want a solid base for their education as they look for schools with a quality academic reputation. Female students understand the importance of a quality education and are displaying that by citing the academic reputation of the institution as a factor in the college choice process. Practical differences in college choice factors among students based on parents? level of education When taking into account the parents? level of education, some additional information emerged regarding college choice factors. The differences that are significantly different and are practically significant can be found in Table 5.3. Students whose parents had an education of high school or less had greater interest in the advice of the teacher (CHOOSE02) and the cost of attending the institution (CHOOSE06). Students 82 whose parents had at least a college education placed less importance on the information provided by the counselor (CHOOSE07) and the location of the college (CHOOSE09) in relation to home. These findings are consistent with a study on differences between first and non-first generation college students. Non-first generation students perceive that they receive more support from their families for college attendance than do first generation students (York- Anderson & Bowman, 1991). Table 5.3 Practically significant results for discussion of college choice based on parents? level of education High School or Less College or More Variable M SD M SD df t d CHOOSE02 1.51 .671 1.42 .616 11,493 10.180*** 0.14 (My teacher advised me) CHOOSE06 2.18 .803 2.07 .819 26,746 9.005*** 0.14 (The cost of attending this college) CHOOSE07 1.60 .730 1.50 .679 11,575 10.195*** 0.14 (High School counselor advised me) CHOOSE09 1.74 .804 1.60 .759 11,714 13.117*** 0.18 (I wanted to live near home) ***p < .001. First generation students are aware that due to their parents? lack of experience with the college process that they need to seek advice and information from other sources. The findings of this study show that these students looked to both high school teachers and counselors for guidance during the college choice process. Also, students whose parents did not pursue an education beyond high school are inherently at a 83 socioeconomic disadvantage. These students were concerned with the cost of attending the college which ultimately can eliminate several schools during the choice process. Conclusions The results of this study did not confirm the findings of McDonough, Antonio, and Trent (1997) that suggested African American students were most influenced to attend HBCUs by a friend or adult who had ties to the institution. Findings from this study suggest that academic reputation, followed by the potential for future employment, were the leading reasons for selecting the college or university. Additionally, this study supported the literature (McDonough, Antonio, & Trent, 1997; and Hanson & Litten; 1982) that suggested African American males chose to attend PWIs because of their perception that they would receive a higher quality education. The results of this study supported the creation of a conceptual framework for understanding the reasons African American students choose to attend PWIs based on institution type, gender, and parents? level of education. A total of twelve items yielded a practical difference having an effect-size (Cohen?s d) at or approaching .20. Of these, four were between institution types, four were between parents? level of education, and four were related to gender. These reasons have been combined and displayed in Figure 4. The findings of this study support the need for special attention to the needs of African American students, as there were several areas in which they differed significantly. This framework is intended to inform higher education policy makers and administrators, including enrollment managers of the areas that should receive the most attention when recruiting students, based on certain demographic characteristics. Additionally, this framework contributes to the body of research related to college choice, because it 84 address the choice process for African American students, which has been absent from the literature. Figure 4. Conceptual Framework for Understand College Choice Among African American Students. Implications for Future Practice and Research The results of this study have several implications for future professional practice, especially when considered by each constituency group interested in the education of African Americans. The findings can be used to assist enrollment management professionals, African American students and their parents, and high school counselors. Institution Type ? Students are likely to attend an HBCU based on the influence of relatives ? PWIs become an option for students when offered financial assistance ? Distance from Home important to students who select PWIs ? Religious Affiliation or Orientation of an HBCU Gender ? Academic Reputation draws women to an institution ? Size of institution not a major concern for men during the choice process ? Ability to be accepted to graduate school is important to women ? Information found on a Website does not attract men to a college Parent?s Level of Education ? First generation students accept the advice of a teacher ? Cost of attendance is not an important factor to non-first generation students ? The advice of high school counselor is sought by first generation students ? College?s Location not a determining factor for non-first generation students 85 Each constituency can benefit from these results as they consider the college selection process. The first group that can benefit from the findings of this study are enrollment management professionals who work in admissions and recruiting, particularly those who work with the admissions process for African American students. For those members of the admissions staff at PWIs, the findings suggest that certain factors are more important for African Americans considering PWIs. For example, wanting to live near home and being offered financial assistance by the institution were cited as two of the more important factors in deciding to attend the institution. It would seem that the PWI admissions staff should be inclined to focus on these factors when recruiting African American students. African American students are also concerned with the academic reputation of the school. This was the most highly rated factor among the PWI participants in the study. So, PWI admissions staff should be prepared to report this information to prospective students at college fairs and in other settings where they have contact with prospective African American students. Overall, the results of the study suggest that academic and social factors are more important to African American students considering a PWI than are personal or financial factors. With the wealth of demographic information available to enrollment management professionals, now is the time to use this information to their advantage. The findings of this study support the need to target males and female students, and first generation and non-first generation students with different types of information related to the institution. Having information available on a website is not important to male students during the 86 college choice process according to the findings of this study. Therefore, when admissions and recruitment professionals attempt to lure in these students, this information will not sell the school to male students. However, female students are likely to be interested in the schools academic rankings and even testimonials from alumni who are matriculating through graduate and professional school. When the time comes to recruit first generation college students, the students may not be the person that recruitment professionals should target. Teachers and high school counselors are recognized as an important source of information according to the findings of this study. If relationships are created with the teachers and high school counselors then they too can participate in selling the college to the prospective student. Different tactics will have to be employed when recruiting non-first generation students. These students do not place much emphasis on neither the cost of the institution nor its distance from home. Therefore, institutions with a higher price tag can recruit these students without the worry of sticker shock. Also, according to the results of this study, non first generation students are likely to travel greater distances for college. This means that college recruiters can recruit non-first generation students who may not live near the campus and expect success in their recruitment efforts. Recommendations The factors that lead to an African American student?s college choice decisions have not been examined in the literature beyond the decision to attend or not to attend college. Therefore, the most important recommendation that can be made is that a new college choice model be created that is sensitive to the process experienced by African American students from all socioeconomic backgrounds. There is also a need to 87 disaggregate the college choice literature by gender among African American students in order to assist admission and recruitment officers at colleges and universities as well as guidance counselors in high schools. A better understanding of the factors that influence African American males and females during the college choice process could possibly help increase the numbers of African American students who participate in higher education and matriculate to the baccalaureate. When addressing the recruitment of African American college students, enrollment officers at PWIs need to be aware of the type of students who would likely want to attend their type of institution. Therefore, recruitment and admissions officers should actively recruit at predominately African American high schools and middle schools, and begin cultivating relationships with community leaders and school personnel in order to communicate their desire to recruit students. Contrastingly, admissions departments at HBCUs need to make better use of their alumni around the country, who could serve as ambassadors and volunteer recruiters. HBCUs should also extend their recruitment efforts to both public and private, predominately White secondary schools. Although recruiting at these types of institutions would yield fewer numbers, according to the literature, African American students who attend predominately White high schools are more desirous of attending PWIs (Freeman, 2002). Retention of African American students continues to be a problem at both HBCUs and PWIs. Historically, African American students have been limited to attending only HBCUs; however, recent aggressive recruitment efforts by diversity minded administrators at PWIs have sought African American students as well as other minorities. Since an African American student?s racial identity attitudes can influence the 88 student?s perception of that institution (Niba & Norman, 1989), it is imperative that higher education policy makers understand that African American students are not a monolithic group and have differing and complex racial identities. Furthermore, higher education administrators must work diligently to integrate African American students to all areas of the college experience (Howard-Hamilton, 2000). Wallerson (2001) and Esterhusye and Nel (1999) found that African American students disconnected as they became more immersed in their studies. For this reason, college and university administrators must look for ways to create academic environments for African American students to discuss academic concerns and to study together. University programs for students are often limited to social aspects of the student?s college experience, such as mentoring programs, cultural and social events, and organizations, and fail to address the academic needs of African American college students. Not only is it important to integrate African American culture throughout the curriculum and across the university, African American students must see that they are not being asked to adapt to a White perspective or one that is too ?Afrocentric? in the case of HBCUs. Furthermore, administrators at both HBCUs and PWIs must pay close attention to the psychological and social barriers that exist on their campuses that may prevent a student from evolving on the racial identity continuum (Hamilton, 1998). PWIs must do a better job of recruiting and retaining African American faculty to not only mentor African American students, but to demonstrate that the institution has a true commitment to diversity across the campus. Furthermore, PWIs and HBCUs need to conduct a dialogue about the best practices that exist at both types of institutions, 89 especially as they relate to the recruitment and retention of African American students. Ultimately, colleges and universities could work jointly to develop policies that will help students be successful at either type of institution. HBCUs need to better use their alumni in the communities where they recruit. Based on existing literature and findings from this study, African American students are most influenced to attend HBCUs based on recommendations by adults who have some knowledge of, or relationship with, the HBCU. Colleges and universities recruitment officers from HBCUs should be visible in the high schools by providing informational resources to guidance counselors. The recruitment officers need to also provide training to high school guidance counselors about ways to expose African American college students to all types of higher educational institutions. Suggestions for Further Research Although there has been a great deal of research on African American students at PWIs, there has been very little research on African American students at HBCUs (Freeman, 2005). Furthermore, only recently have any studies been done on the factors that influence college choice among African American students (Freeman, 2005). There is a void in the literature as it relates to how racial identity influences college choice. To further advance the body of knowledge as it pertains to African American students and college choice it would be beneficial to conduct other studies. Perhaps the most important work that needs to be done is a longitudinal study of African American high school freshmen chronicling their racial identity development and the type of institution of higher education they chose. A study of this nature could help admission and recruitment officers at both HBCUs and PWI better understand the factors that could 90 lead to more African American students participating in higher education. Additionally, a study of African American students attending a predominately White high school, as well as a study of African American students who attend a predominately African American high school, could be beneficial in understanding the factors that contribute to their college selection. There is a need to expand on the existing college choice literature to include African American students. Moreover, the information on African American college students needs to be disaggregated by gender, age, and first-generation college status. 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APPENDICES 105 APPENDIX A 2005 CIRP SURVEY 106 107 108 109 110 APPENDIX B INSTITUTIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE CIRP FRESHMAN SURVEY 111 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 2591 Abilene Christian University TX 22 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - - 1 1 1 - - 0493 Abraham Baldwin Agricultural Coll GA 25 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1729 Adelphi University NY 4 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 - 2 5441 Adirondack Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1243 Adrian College MI 21 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0494 Agnes Scott College GA 23 - - 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 0001 Alabama A & M University AL 34 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0004 Alabama State University AL 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 0046 Alaska Pacific University AK 13 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0495 Albany State University GA 34 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0578 Albertson College of Idaho ID 13 - - - 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0354 Albertus Magnus College CT 16 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1244 Albion College MI 23 1 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2232 Albright College PA 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1392 Alcorn State University MS 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2884 Alderson-Broaddus College WV 21 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5040 Alfred State College NY 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 1731 Alfred University NY 13 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0954 Alice Lloyd College KY 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 2233 Allegheny College PA 23 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2234 Alliance College PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0140 Alliant International U CA 99 - - - - - 1 1 - 2 2 1 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1245 Alma College MI 23 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5585 Alvernia College PA 16 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2592 Alvin Cmty College TX 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 8703 American Coll of Applied Art GA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4502 American Intercontinental U CA 15 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4634 American Intercontinental U GA 15 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1134 American International College MA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0414 American University DC 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1135 Amherst College MA 14 1 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0747 Anderson University IN 22 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2432 Anderson University SC 21 - 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 0496 Andrew College GA 31 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1258 Andrews University MI 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - 1137 Anna Maria College MA 16 - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5261 Anne Arundel Cmty College MD 28 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7058 Antioch College-Washington/Balt MD 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2046 Antioch University OH 13 - - 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1928 Appalachian State University NC 9 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1247 Aquinas College MI 17 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 6431 Aquinas College TN 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1182 Aquinas College at Newton MA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2235 Arcadia University PA 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - 0056 Arizona State University AZ 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 0082 Arkansas State University AR 8 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0497 Armstrong Atlantic State U GA 8 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0125 Art Center College of Design CA 12 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8005 Art Institute at Portland OR 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0944 Asbury College KY 13 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0846 Ashford University IA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2047 Ashland University OH 22 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1138 Assumption College MA 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 0005 Athens State University AL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 2 2 5124 Atlanta Christian College GA 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6574 Atlanta College of Art GA 99 - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 - 1 1 2 - - - 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5861 Atlantic Cape Community College NJ 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 1139 Atlantic Union College MA 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0003 Auburn University AL 2 - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1322 Augsburg College MN 22 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0597 Augustana College IL 23 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - 2483 Augustana College SD 23 - - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - 0599 Aurora University IL 12 - - - 2 - 2 1 2 - - - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2594 Austin College TX 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2518 Austin Peay State University TN 8 - 2 1 2 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - 9108 Ave Maria University FL 18 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2782 Averett University VA 11 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1459 Avila University MO 17 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5569 Azusa Pacific University CA 22 2 - 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1141 Babson College MA 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 5564 Bacone College OK 20 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7531 Bainbridge College GA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0884 Baker University KS 22 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 0126 Bakersfield College CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2048 Baldwin-Wallace College OH 22 - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0748 Ball State University IN 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 112 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5443 Baptist Bible College & Seminary PA 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 8812 Baptist Medical System SON AR 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0601 Barat College IL 99 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1932 Barber-Scotia College NC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1735 Bard College NY 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - 1758 Barnard College NY 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2403 Barrington College RI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 0454 Barry University FL 16 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1931 Barton College NC 20 2 - - 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6370 Barton County Cmty College KS 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1042 Bates College ME 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8007 Bauder Fashion College FL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 5275 Bay Path College MA 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2596 Baylor University TX 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1394 Belhaven College MS 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 0947 Bellarmine University KY 18 - 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 0985 Bellarmine-Ursuline College KY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7025 Bellevue University NE 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1933 Belmont Abbey College NC 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2519 Belmont University TN 23 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2931 Beloit College WI 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2433 Benedict College SC 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 7072 Benedictine College KS 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 0692 Benedictine University IL 17 - - 2 - 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - 2 - 2 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 2 - 2 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1737 Bennett College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1934 Bennett College for Women NC 38 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2751 Bennington College VT 14 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5277 Bentley College MA 14 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 0948 Berea College KY 13 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 6178 Bergen Cmty College NJ 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - 5279 Berkshire Cmty College MA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5780 Bernard M Baruch College NY 9 - - 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 0503 Berry College GA 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - 0885 Bethany College KS 21 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2886 Bethany College WV 21 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5349 Bethany Lutheran College MN 22 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0886 Bethel College KS 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5194 Bethel College IN 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2521 Bethel College TN 20 - - - - 2 - - - - 1 - - 2 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1325 Bethel University MN 23 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0455 Bethune-Cookman College FL 38 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5753 Biola University CA 4 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 - - 2 - 2 - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0006 Birmingham-Southern College AL 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 2598 Bishop College TX 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - - - 0666 Black Hawk College IL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2484 Black Hills State University SD 8 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0604 Blackburn College IL 21 - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1641 Bloomfield College NJ 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2319 Bloomsburg U of Pennsylvania PA 8 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1395 Blue Mountain College MS 20 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2887 Bluefield State College WV 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2049 Bluffton University OH 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - 5768 Borough of Manhattan Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - 1142 Boston College MA 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1145 Boston University MA 5 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - 1043 Bowdoin College ME 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1090 Bowie State University MD 34 - - - 1 2 1 1 - - 1 2 - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 - - - 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 1 - 1 2051 Bowling Green State University OH 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1148 Bradford College MA 99 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - 0605 Bradley University IL 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1149 Brandeis University MA 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 0505 Brenau University GA 12 - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 2 - - - - 1 1 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - 1935 Brevard College NC 21 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 0506 Brewton-Parker College GA 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1739 Briarcliffe College NY 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2784 Bridgewater College VA 21 - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - 2 1 - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1193 Bridgewater State College MA 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0562 Brigham Young U-Hawaii Campus HI 22 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2726 Brigham Young University UT 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 0583 Brigham Young University-Idaho ID 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1742 Bronx Cmty College NY 28 - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1741 Brooklyn College NY 9 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2404 Brown University RI 6 2 - 2 - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 4743 Brunswick Cmty College NC 26 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5649 Bryan College TN 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - 7424 Bryant & Stratton Business Inst NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 113 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5622 Bryant University RI 13 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 - - 2 - - - - 2231 Bryn Athyn Coll of the New Church PA 23 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2236 Bryn Mawr College PA 14 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - 2237 Bucknell University PA 14 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0812 Buena Vista University IA 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7548 Bunker Hill Cmty College MA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6644 Burlington County College NJ 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0749 Butler University IN 4 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5589 Cabrini College PA 16 1 1 2 - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0129 Cal Poly State U-Pomona CA 8 - 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0138 Cal Poly State U-San Luis Obispo CA 9 - - - - 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4823 Cal State Univ-Monterey Bay CA 8 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6203 Caldwell Cmty College & Tech Inst NC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1642 Caldwell College NJ 17 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0131 California Baptist University CA 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0132 California College of the Arts CA 12 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 0135 California Institute of Technology CA 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0143 California Institute of the Arts CA 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 0136 California Lutheran University CA 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - 5621 California Maritime Academy CA 9 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7056 California State U-Bakersfield CA 7 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 4893 California State U-Channel Islands CA 8 - 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0142 California State U-Chico CA 8 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 5750 California State U-Dominguez Hills CA 7 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 0168 California State U-Fresno CA 7 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 0211 California State U-Fullerton CA 7 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0121 California State U-Hayward CA 7 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5010 California State U-Long Beach CA 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0194 California State U-Los Angeles CA 7 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0230 California State U-Northridge CA 7 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 4851 California State U-San Marcos CA 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0174 California State U-Stanislaus CA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 1 - 1 1 2321 California U of Pennsylvania PA 7 - 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2 - 5795 Calvin College MI 23 - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1936 Campbell University NC 22 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0953 Campbellsville University KY 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1744 Canisius College NY 18 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2052 Capital University OH 22 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2933 Cardinal Stritch University WI 17 1 1 1 - 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 5571 Carl Albert State College OK 27 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1327 Carleton College MN 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 2292 Carlow University PA 17 - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2238 Carnegie-Mellon University PA 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 2 1 2 - - - - 2 2 1 - - 2934 Carroll College WI 22 - - - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1548 Carroll College MT 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2 1 1 2 2 1 - 2 - - - - - 2522 Carson-Newman College TN 22 - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - 0606 Carthage College WI 22 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2191 Cascade College OR 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2053 Case Western Reserve University OH 5 - 2 - - 2 1 - - 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2750 Castleton State College VT 8 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1938 Catawba College NC 21 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6029 Catawba Valley Cmty College NC 27 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0416 Catholic University of America DC 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - 1745 Cazenovia College NY 11 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - 6125 CC of Allegheny County-South PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2241 Cedar Crest College PA 12 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 6539 Cedarville University OH 23 - - 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1643 Centenary College NJ 20 - 1 - 2 2 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 2 - - - 2 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 1003 Centenary College of Louisiana LA 23 2 - - 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5050 Central Alabama Cmty College AL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - 6369 Central Arizona College AZ 26 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0815 Central College IA 23 - 2 - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0378 Central Connecticut State U CT 8 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1455 Central Methodist University MO 21 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - 1252 Central Michigan University MI 9 1 - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2054 Central State University OH 34 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 6026 Central Technical Cmty College NE 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 6054 Central Virginia Cmty College VA 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2841 Central Washington University WA 8 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0956 Centre College KY 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 0146 Cerritos College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 1585 Chadron State College NE 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0560 Chaminade University of Honolulu HI 16 2 - 1 - 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - 5670 Champlain College VT 13 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - - 0141 Chapman University CA 23 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 6484 Charleston Southern University SC 20 1 2 1 1 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - 114 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2240 Chatham University PA 13 - 2 - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8312 Chattahoochee Vly State Cmty Coll AL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5639 Chattanooga State Tech Cmty Coll TN 28 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6425 Chesapeake College MD 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6396 Chester College of New England NH 15 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2242 Chestnut Hill College PA 16 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2322 Cheyney U of Pennsylvania PA 34 - 1 - - 2 - - 2 2 - 2 - 1 - - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8416 Chicago City-Wide College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0619 Chicago State University IL 34 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - 1941 Chowan University NC 20 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 2523 Christian Brothers University TN 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8307 Christian Heritage College CA 20 - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6332 Christopher Newport University VA 9 - 2 - - 1 - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2435 Citadel SC 9 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0144 Citrus College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 2 2 1 1747 City College NY 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0145 City College of San Francisco CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - 2436 Claflin University SC 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0147 Claremont McKenna College CA 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5652 Clarendon College TX 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - 2323 Clarion U of Pennsylvania PA 7 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 0507 Clark Atlanta University GA 38 - - - - - - 2 - 2 1 - - - - 2 - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 6033 Clark State Cmty College OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - 1151 Clark University MA 14 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - 0818 Clarke College IA 17 - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 4684 Clarkson College NE 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1748 Clarkson University NY 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 2 - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - 6617 Clayton State University GA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7706 Clearwater Christian College FL 21 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2437 Clemson University SC 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 5878 Cleveland Institute of Art OH 13 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - 5540 Cleveland Institute of Music OH 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2066 Cleveland State University OH 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 6238 Cmty College of Allegheny Co-Boyce PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7067 Cmty College of Denver CO 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5772 Cmty College of Rhode Island RI 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6046 Coastal Bend College TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - 6133 Coastal Carolina University SC 9 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 5456 Cochise College AZ 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 - 1 1 4820 Coconino Community college AZ 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0821 Coe College IA 23 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5671 Cogswell Polytechnical College CA 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2438 Coker College SC 11 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1044 Colby College ME 14 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1615 Colby-Sawyer College NH 11 - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 8006 Coleman College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1749 Colgate University NY 14 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - 1 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 6018 College for Creative Studies MI 11 - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2243 College Misericordia PA 17 - - - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2439 College of Charleston SC 9 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 0891 College of Emporia KS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 7322 College of Ganado AZ 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2058 College of Mount Saint Joseph OH 17 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1752 College of Mount Saint Vincent NY 16 1 - 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1661 College of New Jersey NJ 9 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - 1753 College of New Rochelle NY 11 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1078 College of Notre Dame of Maryland MD 17 - 2 - 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1153 College of Our Lady of the Elms MA 16 - - - - - 1 2 - 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 1328 College of Saint Benedict MN 18 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1329 College of Saint Catherine MN 18 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1644 College of Saint Elizabeth NJ 16 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1571 College of Saint Mary NE 16 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1754 College of Saint Rose NY 18 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 1331 College of Saint Scholastica MN 18 - - 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - 1 2 - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - 1332 College of Saint Teresa MN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 5439 College of Santa Fe NM 13 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 2 2 - - - 1881 College of Staten Island NY 8 - - - - 1 1 - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - 7550 College of the Atlantic ME 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6608 College of the Canyons CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0151 College of the Desert CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1152 College of the Holy Cross MA 18 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6050 College of the Mainland TX 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - 2 - - 5807 College of the Redwoods CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0159 College of the Sequoias CA 29 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8801 College of the Southwest NM 11 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2785 College of William and Mary VA 9 1 - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2063 College of Wooster OH 14 2 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 7402 Colorado Christian University CO 22 2 1 - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0319 Colorado College CO 14 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 6611 Colorado Mountain Coll-East CO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 0318 Colorado State University CO 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 0333 Colorado State University-Pueblo CO 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 0323 Colorado Women's College CO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2442 Columbia College SC 20 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 5629 Columbia International U SC 12 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1757 Columbia University NY 6 1 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 5542 Columbus College of Art and Design OH 11 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0161 Compton Cmty College CA 36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2888 Concord College WV 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7316 Concordia College AL 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1334 Concordia College MN 23 - - - - 2 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1761 Concordia College NY 20 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1572 Concordia University NE 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2206 Concordia University OR 21 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2629 Concordia University TX 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8345 Concordia University CA 21 - 1 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5700 Concordia University Wisconsin WI 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0359 Connecticut College CT 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 2443 Converse College SC 13 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1762 Cooper Union NY 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1077 Coppin State College MD 34 - - 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - - - - 6667 Corban College OR 22 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4630 Corcoran College of Art & Design DC 12 1 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0822 Cornell College IA 23 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1763 Cornell University NY 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1859 Cornell Univ-School of Human Ecol NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 5329 Cornerstone University MI 22 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 5746 Corning Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 8429 Cornish College of the Arts WA 15 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1463 Cottey College MO 31 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 6179 County College of Morris NJ 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5821 Covenant College GA 23 - 1 - - - 1 - 2 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 5222 Cowley County Cmty College KS 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 7301 Crafton Hills College CA 27 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1573 Creighton University NE 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5363 Crown College MN 22 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0014 Cullman College AL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1464 Culver-Stockton College MO 21 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2524 Cumberland University TN 11 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5287 Curry College MA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - 1834 Daemen College NY 12 2 2 2 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2487 Dakota State University SD 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2485 Dakota Wesleyan University SD 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - 2605 Dallas Baptist University TX 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 1 - 1574 Dana College NE 21 2 2 1 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0010 Daniel Payne College AL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 6524 Daniel Webster College NH 12 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6055 Danville Cmty College VA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1616 Dartmouth College NH 14 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1942 Davidson College NC 23 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2889 Davis and Elkins College WV 20 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5103 Daytona Beach Cmty College FL 25 - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1155 Dean College MA 11 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2064 Defiance College OH 20 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 - 2 2 1 2 1 - - 6040 Delaware County Cmty College PA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - 0401 Delaware State University DE 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - 1 1 1 - - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2244 Delaware Valley College PA 12 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 6518 Delgado Cmty College LA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5323 Delta College MI 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1399 Delta State University MS 7 - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2065 Denison University OH 14 1 2 - 1 - 2 1 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - 0631 DePaul University IL 4 1 1 - - - 2 2 1 - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - - 1 - 2 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0752 DePauw University IN 23 - - - - - - 1 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5882 DeSales University PA 18 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 5156 DeVry University-Chicago IL 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5553 DeVry University-Columbus OH 15 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 8135 DeVry University-Georgia GA 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2247 Dickinson College PA 14 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1005 Dillard University LA 38 - - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 - - 1575 Doane College NE 22 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 5455 Dominican College of Blauvelt NY 11 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2938 Dominican College-Racine WI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 116 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0687 Dominican University IL 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - 0163 Dominican University of California CA 17 - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0893 Donnelly College KS 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5212 Dordt College IA 23 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8601 Douglass College NJ 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6104 Dowling College NY 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 0825 Drake University IA 4 - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - 1646 Drew University NJ 23 - - 2 2 - - 2 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2251 Drexel University PA 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1465 Drury University MO 13 - - - 2 2 - - - - 2 - - 2 1 2 - 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1943 Duke University NC 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - 2253 Duquesne University PA 4 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5038 Dutchess Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - 6670 Dyersburg State Cmty College TN 27 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1765 D'Youville College NY 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - 1 2 - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 2 - 1 2 - - - - 0753 Earlham College IN 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1946 East Carolina University NC 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6639 East Central College MO 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2149 East Central University OK 7 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 7529 East Georgia College GA 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0165 East Los Angeles College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2324 East Stroudsburg U of Pennsylvania PA 8 - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2526 East Tennessee State University TN 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2608 East Texas Baptist University TX 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0385 Eastern Connecticut State U CT 8 - - 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0632 Eastern Illinois University IL 8 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0959 Eastern Kentucky University KY 7 1 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2786 Eastern Mennonite University VA 22 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1281 Eastern Michigan University MI 8 1 - 1 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1156 Eastern Nazarene College MA 21 - - 1 - 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1705 Eastern New Mexico University NM 7 - - - 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6190 Eastern New Mexico U-Roswell NM 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2192 Eastern Oregon University OR 8 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6336 Eastern Shore Cmty College VA 25 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2252 Eastern University PA 22 - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - 2845 Eastern Washington University WA 8 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5729 Eastern Wyoming College WY 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0464 Eckerd College FL 23 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2942 Edgewood College WI 17 - - - 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2325 Edinboro U of Pennsylvania PA 7 - 1 - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6063 Edmonds Cmty College WA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 0457 Edward Waters College FL 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6411 Eisenhower College PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - 1982 Elizabeth City State University NC 34 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - 2 2 - - 1 1 2 - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 5457 Elizabeth Seton College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2257 Elizabethtown College PA 23 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - - 0634 Elmhurst College IL 22 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1767 Elmira College NY 13 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 1947 Elon University NC 23 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - 5105 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical U FL 13 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1157 Emerson College MA 14 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5128 Emmanuel College GA 20 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1158 Emmanuel College MA 18 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2787 Emory and Henry College VA 21 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0511 Emory University GA 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 0907 Emporia State University KS 8 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1159 Endicott College MA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2444 Erskine College SC 22 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 6527 Essex County College NJ 36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0635 Eureka College IL 22 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 - - 1 - - 1 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 5387 Evangel University MO 22 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0362 Fairfield University CT 18 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 6700 Fairhaven College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 2 - - - - 6500 Fairleigh Dickinson University NJ 11 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 - - 2 - - - - 1647 Fairleigh Dickinson U-Rutherford NJ 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2891 Fairmont State College WV 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 - 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1948 Fayetteville State University NC 34 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6604 Feather River College CA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5426 Felician College NJ 16 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1259 Ferris State University MI 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2788 Ferrum College VA 20 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5347 Finlandia University MI 24 - - - - - 2 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 5289 Fisher College MA 15 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2527 Fisk University TN 35 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1194 Fitchburg State College MA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6025 Flathead Valley Cmty College MT 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 117 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0458 Florida A & M University FL 40 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 0478 Florida Atlantic University FL 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0459 Florida College FL 22 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 - - 4826 Florida Gulf Coast U FL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4867 Florida Gulf Coast University FL 8 - 2 - - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5100 Florida Institute of Technology FL 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8206 Florida International University FL 9 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5106 Florida Keys Cmty College FL 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 2 1 - - 0461 Florida Memorial College FL 38 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 0462 Florida Southern College FL 22 2 - 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0463 Florida State University FL 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 7015 Floyd College GA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1495 Fontbonne University MO 17 - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1773 Fordham University NY 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0895 Fort Hays State University KS 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 0325 Fort Lewis College CO 7 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 5229 Fort Scott Cmty College KS 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - - - 0513 Fort Valley State University GA 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1195 Framingham State College MA 9 - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - 2062 Franciscan U of Steubenville OH 18 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2259 Franklin and Marshall College PA 14 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0757 Franklin College of Indiana IN 21 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5414 Franklin Pierce College NH 11 - 2 - - - 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5546 Franklin University OH 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5268 Frederick Cmty College MD 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5641 Free Will Baptist Bible College TN 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2528 Freed-Hardeman University TN 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 0167 Fresno City College CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0212 Fresno Pacific University CA 21 2 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0897 Friends University KS 12 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1089 Frostburg State University MD 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - 2446 Furman University SC 14 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - 0418 Gallaudet University DC 11 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6048 Galveston College TX 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2261 Gannon University PA 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - - 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5230 Garden City Cmty College KS 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - 1951 Gardner-Webb University NC 21 - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1163 Garland Junior College MA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 6562 Gateway Cmty College AZ 27 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2262 Geneva College PA 22 2 - 2 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 2193 George Fox University OR 22 - - 1 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6334 George Mason University VA 2 - - - 2 - 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - 2529 George Peabody Coll for Teachers TN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 0419 George Washington University DC 5 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0639 George Williams College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0961 Georgetown College KY 22 2 - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0421 Georgetown University DC 6 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - 0518 Georgia College & State University GA 9 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0515 Georgia Institute of Technology GA 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0519 Georgia Southern University GA 9 - 1 - - 2 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0517 Georgia Southwestern State U GA 7 - - - - 2 2 - - 2 - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 0520 Georgia State University GA 9 - - - - 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1648 Georgian Court University NJ 16 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2263 Gettysburg College PA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2892 Glenville State College WV 7 - 2 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2752 Goddard College VT 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2847 Gonzaga University WA 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1164 Gordon College MA 23 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0758 Goshen College IN 23 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - 1 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1082 Goucher College MD 13 - 1 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 5199 Grace College IN 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0832 Graceland University IA 20 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1006 Grambling State University LA 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 5495 Grand Canyon University AZ 12 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 1 - - - - 5330 Grand Valley State University MI 9 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 0833 Grand View College IA 20 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - 2848 Grays Harbor College WA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5899 Grayson County College TX 26 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 6374 Great Basin College NV 10 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2753 Green Mountain College VT 20 - - 2 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5687 Green River Cmty College WA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 5309 Greenfield Cmty College MA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1952 Greensboro College NC 20 - 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0641 Greenville College IL 22 - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0834 Grinnell College IA 14 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2264 Grove City College PA 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 1953 Guilford College NC 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 0466 Gulf Coast Cmty College FL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - 1338 Gustavus Adolphus College MN 23 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - 1 - - - - 2265 Gwynedd-Mercy College PA 16 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1776 Hamilton College NY 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1339 Hamline University MN 23 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2792 Hampden-Sydney College VA 13 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 7022 Hampshire College MA 14 - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2793 Hampton University VA 35 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1467 Hannibal-LaGrange College MO 21 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 0761 Hanover College IN 23 - 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5601 Harcum College PA 32 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0087 Harding University AR 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 2613 Hardin-Simmons University TX 22 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5488 Harriman College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 5602 Harrisburg Area Cmty College PA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - 2 - 9107 Harrisburg University of S & T PA 15 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1468 Harris-Stowe State University MO 10 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - 0177 Hartnell College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1777 Hartwick College NY 13 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1165 Harvard University MA 6 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 0180 Harvey Mudd College CA 14 - 2 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 1 1 1579 Hastings College NE 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2267 Haverford College PA 14 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 - - 2 2 - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 5860 Hawthorne College NH 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - - 0964 Hazard Cmty College-Lees KY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 2071 Heidelberg College OH 21 - - 1 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 0088 Henderson State University AR 9 - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0089 Hendrix College AR 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1266 Henry Ford Cmty College MI 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 6430 Herbert H Lehman College NY 7 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 8439 Heritage Christian University AL 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 6097 Herkimer County Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - 8103 Hesser College NH 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5231 Hesston College KS 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1341 Hibbing Cmty College MN 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1954 High Point University NC 21 - - 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5160 Highland Cmty College IL 27 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 - 5463 Hilbert College NY 16 - 2 1 2 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6512 Hillsborough Cmty College FL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1268 Hillsdale College MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5381 Hinds Cmty College-Utica Campus MS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 2072 Hiram College OH 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1755 Hobart and William Smith Colleges NY 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - 7031 Hocking College OH 29 - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1778 Hofstra University NY 4 - 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2794 Hollins University VA 13 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 - 1 - - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6517 Holy Cross College IN 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2266 Holy Family University PA 16 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0152 Holy Names University CA 16 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 7047 Holy Redeemer College WI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1084 Hood College MD 13 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1269 Hope College MI 23 - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - 5044 Hope International University CA 22 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6696 Hostos Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1782 Houghton College NY 23 2 - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - 2 - - - 2 - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6049 Houston Baptist University TX 22 - - 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - 7021 Howard Cmty College MD 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 2617 Howard Payne University TX 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0424 Howard University DC 41 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 5462 Hudson Valley Cmty College NY 29 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0178 Humboldt State University CA 8 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5740 Humphreys College CA 15 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 - 1784 Hunter College NY 9 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 2 0008 Huntingdon College AL 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0762 Huntington University IN 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 1 1 2 - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 2488 Huron University SD 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - 5254 Husson College ME 11 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2618 Huston-Tillotson College TX 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 6694 IAU of Puerto Rico-Ponce PR 15 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0579 Idaho State University ID 8 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 2 1 1 2 1 6008 Illinois Central College IL 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 0642 Illinois College IL 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4896 Illinois Institute of Art IL 11 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0644 Illinois Institute of Technology IL 14 1 1 - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 0645 Illinois State University IL 9 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 119 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0646 Illinois Wesleyan University IL 14 - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5165 Immaculata College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2269 Immaculata University PA 16 - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0179 Immaculate Heart College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 2 - 2 1 2 1 0903 Independence Cmty College KS 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5206 Indian Hills Cmty Coll-Centerville IA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 0479 Indian River Cmty College FL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 1 0765 Indiana Institute of Technology IN 11 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - 2326 Indiana U of Pennsylvania PA 7 - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0766 Indiana University Bloomington IN 2 - 2 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 - 2 - - - - 0767 Indiana University-South Bend IN 7 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6075 Indiana U-Purdue U-Indianapolis IN 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 5774 Indiana Wesleyan University IN 23 2 - 1 - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7460 Interboro Institute NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6621 International Business College IN 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 7024 Inver Hills Cmty College MN 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1785 Iona College NY 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 8210 Iowa Lakes Cmty College IA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0835 Iowa State University IA 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 - - 0837 Iowa Wesleyan College IA 20 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5356 Itasca Cmty College MN 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1786 Ithaca College NY 13 - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - 1407 Jackson State University MS 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 0022 Jacksonville State University AL 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0465 Jacksonville University FL 11 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2798 James Madison University VA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 4805 James Rumsey Technical Institute WV 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6189 James Sprunt Cmty College NC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1787 Jamestown Cmty College NY 28 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2 - 5464 Jefferson Cmty College NY 27 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - 5388 Jefferson College MO 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6457 Jefferson Community College OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8420 Jewish Theological Sem of America NY 23 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7035 John A Gupton College TN 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 0091 John Brown University AR 13 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2073 John Carroll University OH 18 1 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5766 John Jay Coll of Criminal Justice NY 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - 6057 John Tyler Cmty College VA 26 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 1085 Johns Hopkins University MD 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5624 Johnson & Wales University RI 11 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1956 Johnson C Smith University NC 35 2 - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7400 Johnston College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - 5167 Judson University IL 22 1 - 1 2 1 1 2 - 1 - 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2272 Juniata College PA 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1272 Kalamazoo College MI 14 - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - 6197 Kalamazoo Valley Cmty College MI 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1474 Kansas City Art Institute MO 12 2 - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 1 - - - - - - 0909 Kansas Wesleyan University KS 21 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 6070 Kauai Cmty College HI 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1664 Kean University NJ 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 1617 Keene State College NH 8 - - 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 8004 Kendall College of Art and Design MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6168 Kennesaw State University GA 9 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6114 Kent State U-Ashtabula OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6116 Kent State U-East Liverpool OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2074 Kent State University OH 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6110 Kent State University-Geauga OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6112 Kent State U-Salem OH 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6115 Kent State U-Stark OH 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6118 Kent State U-Trumbull OH 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 6117 Kent State U-Tuscarawas OH 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 5242 Kentucky Christian College KY 20 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8118 Kentucky College of Technology KY 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0962 Kentucky State University KY 7 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 0963 Kentucky Wesleyan College KY 21 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 - 2075 Kenyon College OH 14 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1262 Kettering University MI 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1792 Keuka College NY 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2273 Keystone College PA 11 - - - - 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2533 King College TN 23 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5465 King's College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2274 King's College PA 17 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6204 Kirkland College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 6498 Kirtland Cmty College MI 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6463 Kishwaukee College IL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 5526 Kittrell College NC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 120 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0652 Knox College IL 14 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2534 Knoxville College TN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 2 1 2 - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - 2327 Kutztown U of Pennsylvania PA 8 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 5886 La Roche College PA 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 - - - 2276 La Salle University PA 18 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 4831 La Sierra University CA 4 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7448 Laboratory Inst of Merchandising NY 11 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7438 Laboure College MA 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2275 Lafayette College PA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 4621 Laguna College of Art & Design CA 15 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5110 Lake City Cmty College FL 27 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2 1 1 2076 Lake Erie College OH 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 0653 Lake Forest College IL 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 6343 Lake Superior State University MI 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6034 Lakeland Cmty College OH 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 2945 Lakeland College WI 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7318 Lakeshore Technical College WI 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 5112 Lake-Sumter Cmty College FL 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2624 Lamar University TX 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2535 Lambuth University TN 21 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2447 Lander University SC 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 5674 Landmark College VT 30 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 2153 Langston University OK 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 2625 Laredo Cmty College TX 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - 1167 Lasell College MA 11 - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5333 Lawrence Technological University MI 13 - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2947 Lawrence University WI 14 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 5357 Lawson State Cmty College AL 36 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 5667 LDS Business College UT 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1794 Le Moyne College NY 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 6021 Lea College MN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2277 Lebanon Valley College PA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2537 Lee University TN 22 - 1 - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1957 Lees-McRae College NC 11 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2278 Lehigh University PA 5 - 1 - 2 - 1 - - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2538 LeMoyne-Owen College TN 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1958 Lenoir-Rhyne College NC 21 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1168 Lesley University MA 12 - - - 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5657 LeTourneau University TX 23 - - 1 - - - 2 - 2 - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7248 Lewis and Clark Cmty College IL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2194 Lewis and Clark College OR 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - - - 0655 Lewis University IL 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2448 Limestone College SC 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0656 Lincoln Christian College IL 22 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5761 Lincoln College IL 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 2539 Lincoln Memorial University TN 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7233 Lincoln Technical Cmty College NE 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2279 Lincoln University PA 34 1 - - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1479 Lincoln University MO 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1481 Lindenwood University MO 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 2195 Linfield College OR 23 - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - 2525 Lipscomb University TN 23 - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - 1959 Livingstone College NC 38 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - 2328 Lock Haven U of Pennsylvania PA 7 - 2 - - 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 0235 Lone Mountain College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 6098 Long Island U-CW Post NY 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 6102 Long Island U-Southampton NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2796 Longwood University VA 9 1 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5547 Lorain County Cmty College OH 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 2 1 - 0839 Loras College IA 17 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7042 Lord Fairfax Cmty College VA 27 - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0187 Los Angeles City College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 0191 Los Angeles Harbor College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0193 Los Angeles Pierce College CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 6065 Los Angeles Southwest College CA 36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0195 Los Angeles Trade-Tech College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0196 Los Angeles Valley College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1961 Louisburg College NC 32 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1008 Louisiana College LA 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1011 Louisiana State U and A&M Coll LA 3 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 6187 Louisiana State U-Alexandria LA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 - 6082 Louisiana State U-Eunice LA 26 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 2 - 6083 Louisiana State U-Shreveport LA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - 1009 Louisiana Tech University LA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1086 Loyola College in Maryland MD 18 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 7560 Loyola Marymount University CA 4 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0197 Loyola University CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0657 Loyola University of Chicago IL 4 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5168 Loyola University-Mallinckrodt IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1013 Loyola University-New Orleans LA 4 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 5658 Lubbock Christian University TX 20 - - - 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0841 Luther College IA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 2 1 2 2 2 - - 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2283 Lycoming College PA 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2797 Lynchburg College VA 21 - - - - 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - 5672 Lyndon State College VT 7 - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5114 Lynn University FL 11 - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0079 Lyon College AR 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1344 Macalester College MN 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 - 1 - - - - - 5824 MacCormac Junior College-West IL 31 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 0659 MacMurray College IL 20 - - 2 - 2 - - - 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8401 Macomb Cmty College MI 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 6514 Macon State College GA 10 - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5902 Madison Area Technical College WI 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 1274 Madonna University MI 17 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7602 Maharishi University of Management IA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 - - 1 1 - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 8426 Maine College of Art ME 11 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5255 Maine Maritime Academy ME 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2080 Malone College OH 22 - - - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5113 Manatee Cmty College FL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - 0769 Manchester College IN 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1796 Manhattan College NY 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 2 - - - - - 1798 Manhattanville College NY 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 - - - 1 - 2 5606 Manor College PA 31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2329 Mansfield U of Pennsylvania PA 7 2 - 2 - 1 - - 1 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - 5470 Maria Regina College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2952 Marian College of Fond du Lac WI 16 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8204 Marian Court College MA 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2077 Marietta College OH 13 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5471 Marist College NY 13 - 1 - - - - - 1 2 2 - - 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - 7073 Marjorie Webster Junior College DC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 5036 Marlboro College VT 14 - - - 1 - 1 2 - 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2954 Marquette University WI 5 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1962 Mars Hill College NC 20 - - - - - - 2 2 - 1 2 - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 - - - - - 2895 Marshall University WV 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2542 Martin Methodist College TN 24 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2801 Mary Baldwin College VA 22 2 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 5371 Mary Holmes College MS 99 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - 2078 Mary Manse College OH 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2821 Mary Washington College VA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 1275 Marygrove College MI 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 0662 Maryknoll Seminary IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1088 Maryland Institute College of Art MD 13 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 2 1 - - - - - - - 7314 Marymount College CA 32 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1803 Marymount College NY 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0912 Marymount College of Kansas KS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1804 Marymount Manhattan College NY 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 2 - - 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 2799 Marymount University VA 17 - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2543 Maryville College TN 23 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 - - 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1496 Maryville Univ. of Saint Louis MO 13 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2285 Marywood University PA 17 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - 5297 Mass Col of Pharmacy & Hlth Sci MA 12 - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5295 Massachusetts Bay Cmty College MA 28 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1197 Massachusetts Coll of Liberal Arts MA 8 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 - - - - 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1175 Massachusetts College of Art MA 9 2 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1173 Massachusetts Inst of Technology MA 6 - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5298 Massachusetts Maritime Academy MA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5742 Master's College CA 23 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 2027 Mayville State University ND 8 - - - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5170 McKendree College IL 21 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 2632 McMurry University TX 20 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0913 McPherson College KS 21 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1808 Medaille College NY 11 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 2 7254 Medgar Evers College NY 34 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2560 Memphis College of Art TN 12 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0198 Menlo College CA 11 - 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1680 Mercer County Cmty College NJ 29 1 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 0525 Mercer University GA 23 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5473 Mercy College NY 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2286 Mercyhurst College PA 18 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 - - 2 1 1 1 1963 Meredith College NC 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1176 Merrimack College MA 18 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 2 2 2 - 1 1 - - 0331 Mesa State College CO 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 122 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2290 Messiah College PA 23 - 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2079 Miami University OH 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1279 Michigan State University MI 2 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1278 Michigan Technological University MI 9 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6392 Mid Michigan Cmty College MI 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6575 MidAmerica Nazarene University KS 22 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2546 Middle Tennessee State University TN 8 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2755 Middlebury College VT 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7242 Middlesex Cmty College MA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5863 Middlesex County College NJ 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 - - 0968 Midway College KY 20 - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2633 Midwestern State University TX 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2331 Millersville U of Pennsylvania PA 9 - 1 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - 1 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2547 Milligan College TN 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 0647 Millikin University IL 22 - - - 2 - - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0199 Mills College CA 13 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1412 Millsaps College MS 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - 5022 Milton College WI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - 4710 Milwaukee Inst of Art and Design WI 15 - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5713 Milwaukee School of Engineering WI 13 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1360 Minneapolis Coll of Art and Design MN 12 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5359 Minnesota Bible College MN 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1361 Minnesota State University-Mankato MN 9 - - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - 1 - 2 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2028 Minot State University ND 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5775 Mira Costa College CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 - 1413 Mississippi College MS 22 - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1416 Mississippi State University MS 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1417 Mississippi University for Women MS 7 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 5373 Mississippi Valley State U MS 34 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6640 Missouri Baptist University MO 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - 1508 Missouri S & T MO 9 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 - 1 2 - 1 - - 2 2 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 1471 Missouri Southern State College MO 9 - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1502 Missouri State U MO 9 - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1483 Missouri Valley College MO 20 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - 0368 Mitchell College CT 15 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5369 MN West Cmty & Tech Coll-Worth MN 26 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 0201 Modesto Junior College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 - 5474 Mohawk Valley Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 5475 Molloy College NY 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0667 Monmouth College IL 13 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1654 Monmouth University NJ 12 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5476 Monroe Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7804 Monroe College NY 15 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5847 Monroe County Cmty College MI 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1553 Montana State U-Billings MT 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1555 Montana State University MT 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1557 Montana State U-Northern MT 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1554 Montana Tech of the U of Montana MT 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5159 Montay College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1662 Montclair State University NJ 8 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 5887 Montgomery County Cmty College PA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 0668 Monticello College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - 1970 Montreat College NC 20 - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4660 Montserrat College of Art MA 12 2 - - 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2287 Moore College of Art and Design PA 11 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1362 Moorhead State University MN 8 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6001 Moorpark College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - 2289 Moravian College PA 22 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0969 Morehead State University KY 7 - - - 2 - 1 - - - - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 5796 Morehouse College GA 35 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1094 Morgan State University MD 34 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - - 1 1 0844 Morningside College IA 22 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - 0527 Morris Brown College GA 99 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - 2 1 2 2 2548 Morristown College TN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2291 Mount Aloysius College PA 16 2 - - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1177 Mount Holyoke College MA 14 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5300 Mount Ida College MA 11 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2961 Mount Mary College WI 16 - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0845 Mount Mercy College IA 17 2 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1971 Mount Olive College NC 20 - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 5478 Mount Saint Mary College NY 12 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 8701 Mount Saint Mary's College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1096 Mount Saint Mary's College MD 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 0203 Mount Saint Mary's College CA 16 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 0915 Mount Saint Scholastica College KS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - - 0204 Mount San Antonio College CA 29 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 123 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5715 Mount Senario College WI 99 - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2081 Mount Union College OH 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 0429 Mount Vernon College DC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 6542 Mount Vernon Nazarene University OH 21 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 5301 Mount Wachusetts Cmty College MA 27 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2293 Muhlenberg College PA 23 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0672 Mundelein College IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 - - 2 - - - - 0971 Murray State University KY 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5219 Muscatine Cmty College IA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 2082 Muskingum College OH 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 5544 Myers University OH 15 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 0205 Napa Valley College CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - 8602 Naropa University CO 15 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1810 Nassau Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1050 Nasson College ME 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 0673 National-Louis University IL 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - 2 - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 6454 Naugatuck Valley Cmty-Tech College CT 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2634 Navarro College TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1283 Nazareth College MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1809 Nazareth College of Rochester NY 13 - 1 - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4900 Nebraska Methodist College NE 21 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1589 Nebraska Wesleyan University NE 23 - - - - - - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5888 Neumann College PA 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4897 Nevada State College NV 10 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0471 New College of Florida FL 9 - - 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 1624 New England College NH 11 - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1657 New Jersey City University NJ 7 - - 1 - - - - 1 - 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1663 New Jersey Institute of Technology NJ 9 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1707 New Mexico Highlands University NM 7 - 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1708 New Mexico Inst of Mining & Tech NM 9 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5865 New Mexico Junior College NM 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1709 New Mexico Military Institute NM 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6094 New Mexico State U-Alamogordo NM 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 6429 New Mexico State U-Carlsbad NM 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1706 New Mexico State University NM 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 6058 New River Cmty College VA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1812 New York City Technical College NY 10 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 2 - 1815 New York University NY 6 - - 2 - 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 2 2 - 2 2453 Newberry College SC 20 - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7231 Newbury College MA 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5483 Niagara County Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1818 Niagara University NY 18 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1004 Nicholls State University LA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1927 North Carolina A & T State U NC 34 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1965 North Carolina Central University NC 34 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5870 North Carolina School of the Arts NC 9 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 1985 North Carolina State University NC 3 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5528 North Carolina Wesleyan College NC 20 1 - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 2 - - 1 2 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 0674 North Central College IL 23 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5360 North Central University MN 21 - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2022 North Dakota State University ND 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - - 1 1 5115 North Florida Community College FL 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0529 North Georgia College & State U GA 9 - - 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2454 North Greenville University SC 21 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 0675 North Park University IL 22 - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5843 North Shore Cmty College MA 28 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6043 Northampton County Area Cmty Coll PA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - 4704 Northeast Texas Cmty College TX 26 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5607 Northeastern Christian Jr College PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 1 1 - 0620 Northeastern Illinois University IL 7 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5067 Northeastern Junior College CO 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2157 Northeastern State University OK 7 2 - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 2 1 - 2 - - - - - - - 1184 Northeastern University MA 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0055 Northern Arizona University AZ 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5304 Northern Essex Cmty College MA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - 0678 Northern Illinois University IL 1 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 7275 Northern Kentucky University KY 8 - - 2 - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1284 Northern Michigan University MI 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2963 Northland College WI 23 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4824 Northwest Arkansas Cmty College AR 27 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2216 Northwest Christian College OR 21 - 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5730 Northwest College WY 27 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - - - 8001 Northwest Iowa Cmty College IA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1487 Northwest Missouri State U MO 9 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - 2 1 1 2 1 0582 Northwest Nazarene University ID 22 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5689 Northwest University WA 21 2 1 2 2 2 - 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 124 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0848 Northwestern College IA 23 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 5361 Northwestern College MN 23 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0679 Northwestern University IL 6 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 5419 Notre Dame College NH 99 - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2083 Notre Dame College OH 16 - 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 0155 Notre Dame de Namur University CA 16 - 1 2 - 2 1 1 2 - - - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 6414 Nova Southeastern University FL 12 - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1820 Nyack College NY 20 1 - - - 1 - 2 - 1 2 - - - 2 - - 1 - - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5202 Oakland City University IN 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1286 Oakland University MI 8 - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 7221 Oakton Cmty College IL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0013 Oakwood College AL 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2084 Oberlin College OH 14 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 1 0207 Occidental College CA 14 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0531 Oglethorpe University GA 13 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2061 Ohio Dominican University OH 17 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2087 Ohio Northern University OH 23 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - 2088 Ohio State University OH 3 - 2 - - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 1 1 1 1 6120 Ohio State University-Lima OH 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6119 Ohio State University-Mansfield OH 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6121 Ohio State University-Marion OH 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6122 Ohio State University-Newark OH 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2089 Ohio University OH 2 - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - - 6240 Ohio University-Chillicothe OH 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 6666 Ohio University-Zanesville OH 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2091 Ohio Wesleyan University OH 23 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2162 Oklahoma Baptist University OK 23 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 2 - - - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 5007 Oklahoma Christian University OK 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 - - 2163 Oklahoma City University OK 23 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2161 Oklahoma State U OK 2 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - 1 1 1 4758 Oklahoma State U-Okmulgee OK 28 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5566 Oklahoma Wesleyan University OK 22 1 2 2 - 2 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2802 Old Dominion University VA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - 1290 Olivet College MI 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0681 Olivet Nazarene University IL 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 8811 Ona M Wilcox SON CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5484 Onondaga Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6434 Oral Roberts University OK 22 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - 0209 Orange Coast College CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 2 1 1 4908 Oregon College of Art & Craft OR 15 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5582 Oregon Institute of Technology OR 9 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2204 Oregon State University OR 2 - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 0190 Otis College of Art and Design CA 12 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0917 Ottawa University KS 21 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 2092 Otterbein College OH 22 2 - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 0103 Ouachita Baptist University AR 23 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4868 Our Lady of the Lake College LA 19 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2637 Our Lady of the Lake University TX 16 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 4892 Oxford College of Emory U GA 99 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1823 Pace University NY 99 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - 2 2 6325 Pace University NY 13 2 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1775 Pace University-White Plains NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2854 Pacific Lutheran University WA 23 - - 2 2 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2201 Pacific Northwest College of Art OR 15 - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0214 Pacific Union College CA 21 - 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2207 Pacific University OR 13 1 1 - - 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - 2 2 1 - - 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1791 Packer Collegiate Institute NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 - 0974 Paducah Cmty College KY 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 - - 8129 Paducah Technical College KY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0532 Paine College GA 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6615 Palm Beach Atlantic University FL 22 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6188 Palmer Junior College IA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1488 Park University MO 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 6009 Parkland College IL 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6154 Parks College of St Louis U IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 0851 Parsons College IA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - - 7245 Passaic County Cmty College NJ 26 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 6335 Patrick Henry Cmty College VA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 9106 Patrick Henry College VA 99 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1967 Peace College NC 20 2 2 2 - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6213 Penn State Erie-The Behrend Colleg PA 9 2 - 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6210 Penn State U-Allentown PA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 6211 Penn State U-Altoona PA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6214 Penn State U-Beaver PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6212 Penn State U-Berks PA 7 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6225 Penn State U-Capital Campus PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - 125 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 6129 Penn State U-Delaware PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6215 Penn State U-DuBois PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 6216 Penn State U-Fayette PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6217 Penn State U-Hazleton PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 6219 Penn State U-McKeesport PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 6218 Penn State U-Mont Alto PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6220 Penn State U-New Kensington PA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 2300 Penn State U-Ogontz PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6222 Penn State U-Schuylkill PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 6199 Penn State U-Shenango Valley PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 6221 Penn State U-Wilkes-Barre PA 8 - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 6223 Penn State U-Worthington/Scranton PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - 2 - - 2301 Penn State U-York PA 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - 2 - - 1473 Penn Valley Cmty College MO 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 - - 5890 Pennsylvania College of Technology PA 10 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 - - - 2299 Pennsylvania State University PA 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 - - 1 1 - 2 2 2 - 1 0172 Pepperdine University CA 23 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - 1587 Peru State College NE 7 - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1969 Pfeiffer University NC 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 5611 Philadelphia Biblical University PA 12 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 - - - 2306 Philadelphia University PA 12 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 0104 Philander Smith College AR 38 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 - 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - 2167 Phillips University OK 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 0059 Phoenix College AZ 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5131 Piedmont College GA 21 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7403 Piedmont Virginia Cmty College VA 26 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0975 Pikeville College KY 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1185 Pine Manor College MA 11 2 - 1 - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - 5531 Pitt Cmty College NC 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 - - - 0908 Pittsburg State University KS 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0148 Pitzer College CA 14 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - 0218 Point Loma Nazarene University CA 23 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5588 Point Park University PA 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1826 Polytechnic University NY 13 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0219 Pomona College CA 14 - - 2 - - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - - 2 1 - - 0221 Porterville College CA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5140 Prairie State College IL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 2 1 2673 Prairie View A & M University TX 34 - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1827 Pratt Institute NY 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2455 Presbyterian College SC 23 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 6503 Prescott College AZ 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - 5638 Presentation College SD 16 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5272 Prince George's Cmty College MD 28 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1666 Princeton University NJ 6 1 2 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0683 Principia College IL 13 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2409 Providence College RI 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - 0774 Purdue University IN 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1828 Queens College NY 8 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1973 Queens University of Charlotte NC 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1829 Queensborough Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 0684 Quincy University IL 17 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 7315 Quinebaug Valley Cmty College CT 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0373 Quinnipiac University CT 13 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5308 Quinsigamond Cmty College MA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1186 Radcliffe College MA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 2 2825 Radford University VA 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6022 Rainy River Cmty College MN 26 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - 7241 Ramapo College of New Jersey NJ 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - 2805 Randolph College VA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 - - 2804 Randolph-Macon College VA 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 5660 Ranger College TX 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 - 7044 Rappahannock Cmty College VA 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6528 Raritan Valley Cmty College NJ 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2209 Reed College OR 14 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 - 1 1 - 2 1187 Regis College MA 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 0334 Regis University CO 17 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0534 Reinhardt College GA 20 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1831 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute NY 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - 2410 Rhode Island College RI 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2413 Rhode Island School of Design RI 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2554 Rhodes College TN 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2645 Rice University TX 6 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 6333 Richard Bland College VA 27 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 7026 Richard Stockton College of NJ NJ 9 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 7323 Richland Cmty College IL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9001 Richmond College 99 - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 126 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 1667 Rider University NJ 12 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 5368 Ridgewater College-Willmar MN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 8430 Ringling School of Art and Design FL 15 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2969 Ripon College WI 13 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4744 Roanoke Bible College NC 20 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2806 Roanoke College VA 22 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 7465 Roanoke-Chowan Cmty College NC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4501 Robert Morris College PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4642 Robert Morris College IL 15 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2308 Robert Morris University PA 12 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5759 Roberts Wesleyan College NY 12 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1833 Rochester Institute of Technology NY 13 - - - 1 2 1 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 0685 Rockford College IL 11 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1489 Rockhurst University MO 18 - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1558 Rocky Mountain College MT 21 - - - - 2 2 - - - 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5626 Roger Williams University RI 13 - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 2 - - 0468 Rollins College FL 13 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 0686 Roosevelt University IL 12 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0775 Rose-Hulman Inst of Technology IN 14 - - - - - - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2309 Rosemont College PA 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1656 Rowan University NJ 9 - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1835 Russell Sage College NY 13 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1672 Rutgers University-Camden NJ 9 2 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1668 Rutgers University-New Brunswick NJ 3 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1673 Rutgers University-Newark NJ 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 5082 Sacred Heart University CT 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - 6101 Sage College of Albany NY 11 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5850 Saginaw Valley State University MI 8 - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 5083 Saint Alphonsus College CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0852 Saint Ambrose University IA 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1949 Saint Andrews Presbyterian College NC 21 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1622 Saint Anselm College NH 18 - - - 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 1975 Saint Augustine's College NC 38 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 5203 Saint Benedict College IN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1838 Saint Bonaventure University NY 17 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0976 Saint Catharine College KY 19 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2647 Saint Edward's University TX 18 - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1839 Saint Francis College NY 11 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2313 Saint Francis University PA 17 2 - - - - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2095 Saint John College OH 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1841 Saint John Fisher College NY 22 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0923 Saint John's College KS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 6093 Saint John's College NM 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 0226 Saint John's Seminary CA 99 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4819 Saint John's University NY 99 - 2 2 - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1353 Saint John's University MN 18 - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1842 Saint John's University-Queens NY 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - 0374 Saint Joseph College CT 17 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1020 Saint Joseph Seminary College LA 18 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0778 Saint Joseph's College IN 17 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1054 Saint Joseph's College of Maine ME 16 2 2 1 2 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2314 Saint Joseph's University PA 18 - - 2 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2975 Saint Lawrence Seminary WI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1846 Saint Lawrence University NY 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 5121 Saint Leo University FL 17 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5399 Saint Louis Conservatory of Music MO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 2856 Saint Martin's College WA 17 - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 0921 Saint Mary of the Plains College KS 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 0779 Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College IN 17 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1977 Saint Mary's College NC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5344 Saint Mary's College MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0781 Saint Mary's College IN 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 0227 Saint Mary's College of California CA 18 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 2 1102 Saint Mary's College of Maryland MD 9 - - 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1493 Saint Mary's College of O'Fallon MO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1019 Saint Mary's Dominican College LA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5764 Saint Mary's Junior College MN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1354 Saint Mary's U of Minnesota MN 17 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - 2648 Saint Mary's University TX 17 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 0782 Saint Meinrad College IN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2758 Saint Michael's College VT 18 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2974 Saint Norbert College WI 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1355 Saint Olaf College MN 23 - - - 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5401 Saint Paul's College MO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1675 Saint Peter's College NJ 16 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0472 Saint Petersburg College FL 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 127 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5814 Saint Thomas University FL 16 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2315 Saint Vincent College PA 18 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8810 Saint Vincent's SON 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0689 Saint Xavier University IL 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - 1978 Salem College NC 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7436 Salem Community College NJ 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2898 Salem International University WV 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1198 Salem State College MA 7 1 1 1 - 2 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1091 Salisbury University MD 9 - - 1 - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 - - - - - 2414 Salve Regina University RI 18 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2649 Sam Houston State University TX 7 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - 0007 Samford University AL 23 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6605 San Diego City College CA 28 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0234 San Diego State University CA 9 - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0137 San Francisco Art Institute CA 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 0236 San Francisco State University CA 8 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0238 San Jose State University CA 8 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0239 San Luis Rey College CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 0243 Santa Barbara City College CA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 0267 Santa Clara University CA 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - 1848 Sarah Lawrence College NY 14 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 0535 Savannah State University GA 34 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6653 Schenectady County Cmty College NY 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 0693 School of the Art Inst of Chicago IL 15 2 - - 2 1 - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8201 School of the Art Institute IL 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 5779 School of the Museum of Fine Arts MA 13 - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7449 School of Visual Arts NY 12 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2654 Schreiner University TX 20 - 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 0246 Scripps College CA 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - 2857 Seattle Pacific University WA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2858 Seattle University WA 18 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 5573 Seminole State College OK 26 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1676 Seton Hall University NJ 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - 2317 Seton Hill University PA 16 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - 5846 Shaw College-Detroit MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1979 Shaw University NC 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 5364 Sheldon Jackson College AK 99 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2908 Shepherd College WV 8 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 2332 Shippensburg U of Pennsylvania PA 8 - 1 1 - 1 - 2 1 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 0536 Shorter College GA 20 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 1 - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1836 Siena College NY 18 - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1289 Siena Heights University MI 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2944 Silver Lake College WI 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1188 Simmons College MA 13 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 - - - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 7045 Simon's Rock of Bard College MA 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 0853 Simpson College IA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 5052 Simpson University CA 21 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 5558 Sinclair Cmty College OH 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1849 Skidmore College NY 14 - 1 - - - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2333 Slippery Rock U of Pennsylvania PA 8 - 2 - 2 2 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1189 Smith College MA 14 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 6676 Snow College UT 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0170 Sonoma State University CA 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2456 South Carolina State University SC 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 - - - - - 2493 South Dakota Schl of Mines & Tech SD 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2494 South Dakota State University SD 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7453 South Piedmont Community College NC 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4889 South Texas College TX 29 - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1499 Southeast Missouri State U MO 9 2 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 5122 Southeastern Coll of Assem of God FL 24 - - 2 - 1 - 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2171 Southeastern Oklahoma State U OK 7 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5096 Southeastern University DC 15 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2553 Southern Adventist U TN 22 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0107 Southern Arkansas U AR 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - 0699 Southern Illinois U-Carbondale IL 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 1 2 0700 Southern Illinois U-Edwardsville IL 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 - - - - 2657 Southern Methodist University TX 5 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 2144 Southern Nazarene University OK 22 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 5415 Southern New Hampshire University NH 11 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 2211 Southern Oregon University OR 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0514 Southern Polytechnic State U GA 9 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1022 Southern U & A&M Coll-Baton Rouge LA 34 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - 5803 Southern Union State Cmty College AL 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6372 Southern University-New Orleans LA 34 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2734 Southern Utah University UT 8 2 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6445 Southern Vermont College VT 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2810 Southern Virginia University VA 12 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2461 Southern Wesleyan University SC 21 - 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1501 Southwest Baptist University MO 22 - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6023 Southwest Minnesota State U MN 8 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 - - 2663 Southwestern Adventist College TX 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 0925 Southwestern College KS 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 2172 Southwestern Oklahoma State U OK 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2664 Southwestern University TX 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 0973 Spalding University KY 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 1 - 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - 1 1 1 0502 Spelman College GA 35 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 7277 Spokane Falls Cmty College WA 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1291 Spring Arbor University MI 22 - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 0019 Spring Hill College AL 18 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1191 Springfield College MA 12 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0701 Springfield College in Illinois IL 31 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 5908 St Louis Cmty College-Forest Park MO 36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 5792 St Louis Cmty Coll-Florissant Vly MO 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 5398 St Louis College of Pharmacy MO 13 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1494 St Louis University MO 5 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0251 Stanford University CA 6 - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 - - - 2 2 2 1 7325 Stark State College of Technology OH 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 0546 State University of West Georgia GA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2665 Stephen F Austin State University TX 8 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1503 Stephens College MO 13 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0931 Sterling College KS 20 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0473 Stetson University FL 13 - - 2 2 2 1 - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1678 Stevens Institute of Technology NJ 14 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - 2 - 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0025 Stillman College AL 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1203 Stonehill College MA 18 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0979 Sue Bennett College KY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1204 Suffolk University MA 12 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5511 Sullivan County Cmty College NY 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 5507 SUNY A & T College-Cobleskill NY 9 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 5504 SUNY A & T College-Morrisville NY 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5506 SUNY Coll of Technology-Canton NY 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5508 SUNY Coll of Technology-Delhi NY 7 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1858 SUNY College of Env Sci & Forestry NY 9 - - - - - 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1869 SUNY College-Brockport NY 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 - 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1862 SUNY College-Buffalo NY 8 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1871 SUNY College-Cortland NY 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - 2 1 1 1 1872 SUNY College-Fredonia NY 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1873 SUNY College-Geneseo NY 9 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 - 1874 SUNY College-New Paltz NY 9 - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - - 1 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6532 SUNY College-Old Westbury NY 7 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1876 SUNY College-Oswego NY 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1877 SUNY College-Plattsburgh NY 9 - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1878 SUNY College-Potsdam NY 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - 1 1 1 7028 SUNY College-Purchase NY 9 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4894 SUNY Institute of Technology NY 9 1 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1861 SUNY-Albany NY 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1864 SUNY-Binghamton NY 3 - 1 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1885 SUNY-Stony Brook NY 3 - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1888 SUNY-University at Buffalo NY 3 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2335 Susquehanna University PA 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 6580 Swain School of Design MA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2336 Swarthmore College PA 14 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2814 Sweet Briar College VA 13 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5239 Tabor College KS 22 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 - 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0253 Taft College CA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0026 Talladega College AL 38 - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - 2 - - 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5819 Tallahassee Cmty College FL 28 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1504 Tarkio College MO 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 2 2 2674 Tarleton State University TX 7 - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0783 Taylor University IN 23 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4821 Taylor University at Fort Wayne IN 22 2 - 1 - 2 - - - 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0329 Teikyo Loretto Heights University CO 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5081 Teikyo Post University CT 11 - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2556 Tennessee State University TN 34 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - 2557 Tennessee Technological University TN 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2559 Tennessee Temple University TN 20 - - 2 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2671 Texas A & M University TX 3 - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2609 Texas A&M U-Commerce TX 7 - 1 - - - - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 4849 Texas A&M U-Corpus Christi TX 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2677 Texas A&M University-Kingsville TX 7 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2675 Texas Christian University TX 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2676 Texas College TX 38 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2678 Texas Lutheran University TX 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2679 Texas Southern University TX 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 8140 Texas State Tech College-Sweetwate TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6567 Texas State Tech College-Waco TX 29 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2659 Texas State University-San Marcos TX 9 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2683 Texas Tech University TX 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 2684 Texas Wesleyan University TX 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2682 Texas Woman's University TX 1 - - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4888 The Art Institute of Boston MA 99 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6441 The Evergreen State College WA 9 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 4693 The New School NY 13 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0476 The University of Tampa FL 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2339 Thiel College PA 20 - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 0986 Thomas More College KY 17 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6059 Thomas Nelson Cmty College VA 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5132 Toccoa Falls College GA 21 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1431 Tougaloo College MS 38 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7256 Touro College NY 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1092 Towson University MD 9 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0981 Transylvania University KY 23 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - 5644 Trevecca Nazarene University TN 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0435 Trinity (Washington) University DC 16 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5181 Trinity Christian College IL 22 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 0379 Trinity College CT 14 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2763 Trinity College of Vermont VT 99 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5182 Trinity International University IL 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2685 Trinity University TX 23 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - 2 - 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 - 2 2 - - - 1 1 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - 4898 Trinity Western University BC 99 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5830 Triton College IL 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0024 Troy University AL 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1486 Truman State University MO 9 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 1205 Tufts University MA 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - 1 - 2 1024 Tulane University LA 5 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 1 7012 Tunxis Cmty College CT 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2561 Tusculum College TN 20 2 - - 1 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 0027 Tuskegee University AL 35 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2686 Tyler Junior College TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 2099 U of Akron OH 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0028 U of Alabama AL 2 1 - - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0029 U of Alabama-Birmingham AL 2 - - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 0032 U of Alabama-Huntsville AL 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 7818 U of Alaska-Anchorage AK 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7901 U of Alaska-Anchorage/Kenai Pen AK 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0048 U of Alaska-Fairbanks AK 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 - 2 7902 U of Alaska-Matanuska-Sustina AK 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0061 U of Arizona AZ 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0108 U of Arkansas-Fayetteville AR 3 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0109 U of Arkansas-Little Rock AR 7 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0076 U of Arkansas-Pine Bluff AR 34 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 0382 U of Bridgeport CT 11 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 0256 U of California-Berkeley CA 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 2 2 2 0261 U of California-Davis CA 2 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 2 5009 U of California-Irvine CA 3 - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - 1 1 1 0257 U of California-Los Angeles CA 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 2 2 1 2 0262 U of California-Riverside CA 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 0260 U of California-San Diego CA 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 0259 U of California-Santa Barbara CA 3 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 5783 U of California-Santa Cruz CA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 5794 U of California-Santa Cruz CA 2 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 0083 U of Central Arkansas AR 9 - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6424 U of Central Florida FL 9 - - - 1 - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 2 2 2 - - 1456 U of Central Missouri MO 9 - 2 - 2 1 1 1 2 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2147 U of Central Oklahoma OK 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2896 U of Charleston WV 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 0703 U of Chicago IL 6 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 2 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2101 U of Cincinnati OH 2 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0337 U of Colorado-Boulder CO 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 6067 U of Colorado-Colorado Springs CO 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6066 U of Colorado-Denver CO 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 0383 U of Connecticut CT 3 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 6068 U of Connecticut-Southeast CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6229 U of Connecticut-Stamford CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0387 U of Connecticut-Storrs CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6230 U of Connecticut-Torrington CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6231 U of Connecticut-Waterbury CT 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2687 U of Dallas TX 18 - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 1 130 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 2102 U of Dayton OH 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 6510 U of DC-Van Ness Campus DC 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 0403 U of Delaware DE 3 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0338 U of Denver CO 4 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - 1 1 - - 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1293 U of Detroit MI 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 2 2 1 1 1 1276 U of Detroit Mercy MI 17 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 - - 0754 U of Evansville IN 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2067 U of Findlay OH 22 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 0474 U of Florida FL 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0542 U of Georgia GA 3 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 2 1 - - 2 1 1 1 0555 U of Guam GU 10 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0363 U of Hartford CT 12 - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 6073 U of Hawaii-Hilo HI 7 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0567 U of Hawaii-Manoa HI 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8325 U of Houston-Downtown TX 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2688 U of Houston-University Park TX 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0584 U of Idaho ID 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - 1 1 0705 U of Illinois-Chicago IL 9 - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 4890 U of Illinois-Springfield IL 9 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0704 U of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign IL 3 1 1 - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 0763 U of Indianapolis IN 21 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 0854 U of Iowa IA 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 2 0927 U of Kansas KS 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 2 - 0983 U of Kentucky KY 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 0184 U of La Verne CA 12 - 2 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1023 U of Louisiana at Lafayette LA 9 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0984 U of Louisville KY 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 6085 U of Maine-Augusta ME 10 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 7263 U of Maine-Central Office ME 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1046 U of Maine-Farmington ME 8 - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - 5253 U of Maine-Fort Kent ME 7 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 1 2 2 - - - - - 5762 U of Maine-Machias ME 7 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1056 U of Maine-Orono ME 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 1 - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - 5249 U of Maine-Presque Isle ME 7 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - 5536 U of Mary ND 17 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2631 U of Mary Hardin-Baylor TX 21 - 2 - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6086 U of Maryland Baltimore County MD 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - 1107 U of Maryland College Park MD 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1108 U of Maryland Eastern Shore MD 34 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1207 U of Massachusetts-Amherst MA 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1209 U of Massachusetts-Boston MA 1 1 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5773 U of Massachusetts-Dartmouth MA 9 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 - - - - - 1169 U of Massachusetts-Lowell MA 9 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2545 U of Memphis TN 9 - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0475 U of Miami FL 5 2 - - 2 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1294 U of Michigan MI 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1298 U of Michigan-Dearborn MI 9 2 - - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 6400 U of Michigan-Flint MI 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1366 U of Minnesota-Duluth MN 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5365 U of Minnesota-Morris MN 9 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - 1365 U of Minnesota-Twin Cities MN 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1432 U of Mississippi MS 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 1507 U of Missouri-Columbia MO 3 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - 2 - - - - 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1506 U of Missouri-Kansas City MO 2 - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - 5034 U of Missouri-St Louis MO 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 - 1556 U of Montana MT 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1559 U of Montana-Western MT 8 - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0002 U of Montevallo AL 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1594 U of Nebraska-Lincoln NE 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 1 - 1584 U of Nebraska-Omaha NE 9 1 - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6202 U of Nevada-Las Vegas NV 8 - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1609 U of Nevada-Reno NV 1 - 2 - 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 2 - - - - - 1 1623 U of New Hampshire NH 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - - 2 1 - - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - 1 1 1 1 0370 U of New Haven CT 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1713 U of New Mexico NM 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 1012 U of New Orleans LA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - 0021 U of North Alabama AL 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1929 U of North Carolina-Asheville NC 9 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1984 U of North Carolina-Chapel Hill NC 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1939 U of North Carolina-Charlotte NC 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1986 U of North Carolina-Greensboro NC 8 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1991 U of North Carolina-Wilmington NC 9 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 - - - 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2031 U of North Dakota ND 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 - 4632 U of North Florida FL 9 - - - - - - - 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2635 U of North Texas TX 2 2 - - 2 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0322 U of Northern Colorado CO 9 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - 131 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 0836 U of Northern Iowa IA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0785 U of Notre Dame IN 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2212 U of Oregon OR 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2341 U of Pennsylvania PA 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2342 U of Pittsburgh PA 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 6232 U of Pittsburgh-Bradford PA 8 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 6233 U of Pittsburgh-Greensburg PA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2340 U of Pittsburgh-Johnstown PA 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 1 1 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - 6234 U of Pittsburgh-Titusville PA 26 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2213 U of Portland OR 18 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 - 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2394 U of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras PR 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2844 U of Puget Sound WA 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0265 U of Redlands CA 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2415 U of Rhode Island RI 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 - 1 2816 U of Richmond VA 14 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5556 U of Rio Grande OH 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1889 U of Rochester NY 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0924 U of Saint Mary KS 17 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1333 U of Saint Thomas MN 18 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 7274 U of San Diego CA 4 - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 1 1 0266 U of San Francisco CA 18 - - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2164 U of Science and Arts of Oklahoma OK 9 - - - - - - 2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2343 U of Scranton PA 18 - - 1 - 1 - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 1 - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2492 U of Sioux Falls SD 21 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 6138 U of South Carolina-Aiken SC 8 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 6132 U of South Carolina-Beaufort SC 25 - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2458 U of South Carolina-Columbia SC 3 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6134 U of South Carolina-Lancaster SC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 6137 U of South Carolina-Salkehatchie SC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 8310 U of South Carolina-Sumter SC 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6136 U of South Carolina-Union SC 25 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - 6139 U of South Carolina-Upstate SC 7 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2496 U of South Dakota SD 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2495 U of South Dakota-Springfield SD 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 2 - - - - - 0477 U of South Florida FL 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4895 U of South Florida-St Petersburg FL 8 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0268 U of Southern California CA 6 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 7051 U of Southern Indiana IN 1 - 1 - - 1 - 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1047 U of Southern Maine ME 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 1415 U of Southern Mississippi MS 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2563 U of Tennessee-Chattanooga TN 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - 2565 U of Tennessee-Knoxville TN 3 - - - 2 - 2 1 1 - 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 2 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2672 U of Texas-Arlington TX 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2691 U of Texas-Austin TX 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 7306 U of Texas-San Antonio TX 8 - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2304 U of the Arts PA 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 2 - - - - - 8351 U of the District of Columbia DC 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0084 U of the Ozarks AR 21 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0157 U of the Pacific CA 4 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 1 2 2 1 - 2 2392 U of the Sacred Heart PR 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - 2302 U of the Sciences in Philadelphia PA 13 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2564 U of the South TN 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 5735 U of the Virgin Islands VI 34 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2104 U of Toledo OH 2 - 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2174 U of Tulsa OK 5 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2764 U of Vermont VT 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2819 U of Virginia VA 3 - 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 1 - 1 2820 U of Virginia College at Wise VA 7 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2863 U of Washington WA 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 6157 U of Wisconsin-Green Bay WI 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2987 U of Wisconsin-La Crosse WI 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2982 U of Wisconsin-Milwaukee WI 1 - 2 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 6158 U of Wisconsin-Parkside WI 7 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 2992 U of Wisconsin-River Falls WI 8 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2994 U of Wisconsin-Superior WI 9 - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2995 U of Wisconsin-Whitewater WI 9 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 - - - - 2 1 1 1 1 - 3023 U of Wyoming WY 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1593 Union College NE 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 - 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 0982 Union College KY 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1884 Union College NY 14 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2562 Union University TN 23 1 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6387 Unity College ME 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5801 University of Mobile AL 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0624 University of Saint Francis IL 17 - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 2 1 - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 5724 University of Wisconsin Colleges WI 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1682 Upsala College NJ 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - 132 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5561 Urbana University OH 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2344 Ursinus College PA 14 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 - 1 - - 1 1 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2106 Ursuline College OH 16 - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0341 US Air Force Academy CO 9 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 0380 US Coast Guard Academy CT 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1896 US Merchant Marine Academy NY 9 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 1893 US Military Academy NY 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1100 US Naval Academy MD 9 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - 2732 Utah State University UT 2 2 - 1 - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 6654 Utica College of Syracuse U NY 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2029 Valley City State University ND 7 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2345 Valley Forge Military College PA 31 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 0787 Valparaiso University IN 23 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2567 Vanderbilt University TN 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5053 Vanguard U of Southern California CA 21 2 - - - 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1891 Vassar College NY 14 2 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5440 Vaughn Coll of Aeronautics & Tech NY 15 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 5673 Vermont Technical College VT 7 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7405 Vernon College TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2693 Victoria College TX 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1110 Villa Julie College MD 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2346 Villa Maria College PA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 5517 Villa Maria College of Buffalo NY 16 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2347 Villanova University PA 5 - - 2 2 - 2 - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - 0788 Vincennes University IN 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6451 Virginia Commonwealth University VA 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 - - - 2822 Virginia Intermont College VA 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2823 Virginia Military Institute VA 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2824 Virginia Polytechnic Inst and St U VA 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 2 2826 Virginia State University VA 34 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 2828 Virginia Union University VA 38 - - - - - - 1 - - 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - 6422 Virginia Wesleyan College VA 20 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2983 Viterbo University WI 17 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - 5518 Voorhees College NY 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 2459 Voorhees College SC 38 2 2 2 - - 1 2 - 1 1 2 - 2 - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - 0789 Wabash College IN 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1892 Wagner College NY 23 - - 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1987 Wake Forest University NC 6 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0857 Waldorf College IA 22 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2864 Walla Walla College WA 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - 5146 Wallace State Cmty College AL 28 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5562 Walsh University OH 17 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - 2214 Warner Pacific College OR 20 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 7401 Warner Southern College FL 20 2 - - - 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1988 Warren Wilson College NC 23 2 2 2 2 - 1 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 - - - - - - 0858 Wartburg College IA 22 2 - 2 - 2 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0929 Washburn University KS 9 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2348 Washington & Jefferson College PA 13 - 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2829 Washington and Lee University VA 14 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1109 Washington College MD 13 - 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - 2 1 1 7509 Washington State Cmty College OH 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2862 Washington State University WA 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1509 Washington University MO 6 - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 0440 Washtenaw Cmty College MI 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5089 Waterbury State Technical College CT 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2694 Wayland Baptist University TX 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 1 - 1588 Wayne State College NE 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1295 Wayne State University MI 1 - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 2349 Waynesburg College PA 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 1894 Webb Institute NY 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 - 1 2 - - 6513 Webber International University FL 11 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 2735 Weber State University UT 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1497 Webster University MO 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - - - - 1208 Wellesley College MA 14 - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 - - 1 1 1 1895 Wells College NY 13 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 5314 Wentworth Institute of Technology MA 12 - 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 0404 Wesley College DE 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0545 Wesleyan College GA 22 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 0384 Wesleyan University CT 14 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - 2334 West Chester U of Pennsylvania PA 9 - 2 - - 2 1 2 1 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 6610 West Los Angeles College CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2696 West Texas A & M University TX 7 - - 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2904 West Virginia State College WV 7 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 1 1 - - 1 1 2 - 2905 West Virginia University WV 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2907 West Virginia Wesleyan College WV 22 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1058 Westbrook College ME 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 The Freshmen Survey - Participation History 1 = Institution participated in the survey 2 = Institution provided sufficient data to be included in the national norms report. ACE 200x Institution State Strat08 196x197x198x199x 5520 Westchester Cmty College NY 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1989 Western Carolina University NC 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - 0361 Western Connecticut State U CT 8 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0706 Western Illinois University IL 8 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1296 Western Michigan University MI 9 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5035 Western New England College MA 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1711 Western New Mexico University NM 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5563 Western Oklahoma State College OK 27 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2203 Western Oregon University OR 7 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0339 Western State College of Colorado CO 8 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7039 Western Texas College TX 27 - - - 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2866 Western Washington University WA 9 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 - 2 - - - 2 - - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - 5732 Western Wyoming College WY 26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 - - 1199 Westfield State College MA 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 0862 Westmar University IA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1512 Westminster College MO 23 - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 2352 Westminster College PA 22 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 2736 Westminster College UT 13 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0274 Westmont College CA 13 1 - - - 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2697 Wharton County Junior College TX 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 0707 Wheaton College IL 23 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1211 Wheaton College MA 14 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 2909 Wheeling Jesuit University WV 17 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1212 Wheelock College MA 11 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2867 Whitman College WA 14 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0275 Whittier College CA 13 - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2868 Whitworth University WA 23 - 2 - 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2297 Widener University PA 12 - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 2109 Wilberforce University OH 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2698 Wiley College TX 38 - - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2354 Wilkes University PA 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2215 Willamette University OR 14 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1435 William Carey College MS 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1513 William Jewell College MO 23 - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1659 William Paterson U of New Jersey NJ 8 - - - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 6012 William Rainey Harper College IL 27 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5324 William Tyndale College MI 99 - - - - 2 - - - 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1514 William Woods University MO 21 - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0105 Williams Baptist College AR 21 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1213 Williams College MA 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2112 Wilmington College OH 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2355 Wilson College PA 21 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1992 Wingate University NC 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1364 Winona State University MN 9 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1993 Winston-Salem State University NC 34 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 - 1 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 - 2462 Winthrop University SC 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 4712 Wisconsin Lutheran College WI 23 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2113 Wittenberg University OH 23 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2463 Wofford College SC 23 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1434 Wood College MS 99 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 0277 Woodbury University CA 11 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1214 Worcester Junior College MA 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1215 Worcester Polytechnic Institute MA 14 - - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1201 Worcester State College MA 8 - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6061 Wytheville Cmty College VA 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2114 Xavier University OH 18 - - - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 2 - 1 - - - 1026 Xavier University of Louisiana LA 39 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 0386 Yale University CT 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 2498 Yankton College TN 99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 1 1 1 1897 Yeshiva University NY 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 6095 York College NY 7 - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - 2359 York College of Pennsylvania PA 13 - 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0276 Yuba College CA 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 134 APPENDIX C IRB APPROVAL 135 136