DESIGN OPEN SYSTEMS How Can Middle Branch Harbor in Baltimore be Designed as an Open System? Qian Deng, Master of Landscape Architecture, Thesis School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture College of Architecture, Design and Construction Auburn University, 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a summary of my thesis research for the Master of Landscape Architecture at Auburn University. This one-year research is not only the first crowning of my achievements in the field of Landscape Architecture but also representa the beginning of my Landscape professional career. This book is dedicated first and foremost to my parents, without their love and encouragement and support, I would not have been able to complete my master?s degree education in United State and motivate myself to fulfill my dreams to be good landscape architect. To my boyfriend Long Huang- Thank you for filling my life with love, joy and help. You are as much a part of this book as I am! This project would have been impossible without the support of our thesis professor Rod Barnett. Thank you Rod for helping me to build my confidence and authority in the theory and practice of landscape architecture with your broad knowledge and insight and for your helping me to persist in building strong theoretical frame work through keeping deep into a higher level of research and design qualities. I would also like to thank my other advisors, Jacqueline Margetts and David Hill for their never ending constructive criticism and helpful advice concerning both my project and life at large. And last, I would thank all of my classmates and friends, for their encouragement, care and support which leaves me with precious memories of Auburn. 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 5 Introduction A Theoretical Framework Project Abstract Chapter 1- Mapping Context Chapter 2- Design Investigations A. Perforated Membrane platform B. Carroll Camden industrial district revitalization C. Intervention Designs c1- Phytoremediation Terraces c2- Adaptive Community c3- New Industrial development Chapter 3- Designing Middle Branch Harbor as an open system Reflection Bibliography 7 8 9 11 31 34 44 65 68 78 84 91 96 98 INTRODUCTION Coastlines are critical to the ongoing health and vitality of human settlements. Most people live in cities now, and many major cities worldwide are located in sensitive coastal environments. These metropolitan ecosystems are under increasing threat from urbanization: pollution, subdivision construction, and transit corridors, industrial and commercial development. Conversely, urban systems are threatened by natural forces such as hurricanes and flooding. As a result of these interactive processes, the edge condition between land and sea has become a critical factor in urban design. The big issue is how to create waterfront conditions that promote biodiversity and resilience at the same time as providing appropriate environments for the millions of people who live and work in these conditions. 6 7 PROJECT ABSTRACT This thesis researches the potential of an open systems approach to the design of urban coastlines. Open systems are created and informed by the matter- energy that continually flows through them. A crucial feature is their ability to deal with disturbance. Open systems do not just recover well from disturbance (hurricane, pollution, commercial development)but actually integrate it and evolve to more complex levels of operations. An important component is the feedback mechanism that enables new conditions to influence the material and organization structures of the system, thus entrenching resilience. The thesis investigated a series of complex coastal landscapes in Baltimore, MD by design an open system of landscape structures and process through a chain of wetlands, estuaries, river deltas and pebble beaches all of which are either developed or semi- developed. These new landscapes are then tested against a range of possible disturbances (flooding, economic decline and inappropriate urban development) to ascertain whether they will exhibit the degree of resilience- openness- necessary to reorganize into novel terrains that increase the potential for human and nonhuman inhabitation. The success of the designed landscapes therefore lies in their ability to exhibit both environmental and social adaptability through the development of new feature by means of bottom- up causation. This research shows that resilience to urban and natural disturbance can be designed into coastal landscape for the betterment of all species and the habitats that support them. Based on systems theory, an open system is a system that interfaces and interacts with its environment, by receiving inputs from and delivering outputs to the outside. Open systems possess permeable boundaries that permit interaction through which new information or ideas are readily absorbed, permitting the incorporation and diffusion of viable, new conditions. As Prigogine shows, open systems can transform themselves into structures of increased complexity. Dissipative structures receive their energy from outside. The jump to new forms of organization that characterize systems are the result of fluctuations amplified by positive feedback loops. An urban landscape system is a complex system - interconnected networks of processes(or functions) and structures(or elements) whose behavior is generally described as nonlinear, unpredictable, dynamic, and adaptive, and is characterized by regular emergence of new phenomena and the ability to self- organize. Such a system has the capacity for resilience and long- term adaptation to change, and thus for ecological, cultural, and economic viability. For example, following a sudden disturbance, an ecosystem reorganizes to ?renew? itself and regenerate to a similar or perhaps different state-- one that may be more or less desirable to the humans that inhabit it. Immediately after WHAT IS AN OPEN SYSTEM?[A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK] a disturbance, biodiversity at many scales is critical: the abundance, distribution, and diversity of an ecosystem?s structures(e.g., species) and functions(nutrient cycling) determine its ability to regenerate and reorganize itself, and influence its future pathway. In landscape architecture, open systems theory was developed into new strategies applied in urban development from the 1990s. Landscape architecture practitioners like Allen, Corner and Koolhaas developed urban landscape design strategies that took account of the unpredictable and open-ended character of urban systems, and used it to generate design proposals that were flexible and adaptive. 8 9 CHAPTER 1 MAPPING CONTEXT Baltimore Baltimore BALTIMORE CITY Baltimore?s fortuitous location on the northern Chesapeake Bay has been at the heart of its social and economic development. Water-related industry quickly developed around Baltimore harbor, and when tracks for the nation?s first railroad were laid there in 1829, the thriving port city increased both its accessibility to other cities and its attractiveness to immigrants and investors. Through careful city planning and cooperation between public and private investors, Baltimore has entered the ranks of America?s ?comeback cities? in recent years. Its downtown business district has been transformed into a mecca of sparkling new hotels, retail centers, and office buildings. But Baltimore has not wholly exchanged its traditional working-class image for high-technology polish. Many of its urban renewal programs focus on the preservation or renovation of historical buildings and neighborhoods amidst new construction. For example, its wildly popular Oriole Park at Camden Yards offers state-of-the-art amenities in a turn-of-the-century style baseball stadium. Nicknamed the ?charmed city,? Baltimore has become a top tourist destination. (City-Data. Com) 12 13 1.1 Location of Baltimore, MD Watershed Green lands Structures within watershed Chesapeake Bay F all line Gwynns Falls drains a 66.5-square-mile sub-basin of the larger Patapsco River watershed in Baltimore County and Baltimore City, Md. The headwaters of Gwynns Falls are located in the town of Glyndon in west-central Baltimore County, Md. The stream drains several residential communities in west-central Baltimore County before entering the southwestern corridor of Baltimore City. Flow becomes tidal approximately 1 mile above the mouth. Gwynns Falls discharges into the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River, which comprises the western part of Baltimore Harbor. The Middle Branch of the Patapsco River ultimately drains into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed lies mostly within the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain primarily by crystalline bedrock. A small section near the mouth of the watershed is located in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province, which is underlain by unconsolidated layers of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. The Piedmont and Coastal Plain are separated by the Fall Line, which is a transition zone where the unconsolidated sand, gravel, silt, and clay of the Coastal Plain begin overlapping the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont (Fenneman,1938). Gwynns Falls Watershed Back River Watershed Jones Falls Watershed Patapsco River Watershed Lower Gunpowder Watershed Bird River Watershed Middle River Watershed Gunpowder River Watershed Little Gunpowder River Watershed Loch Raven Reservoir Watershed Liberty Reservoir Watershed PrettyBoy Reservoir Watershed Hydrologic Characteristics Middle Branch 1.2 Watershed map 1.3 Gywnns Fall Watershed 1514 Public Facilities Industrial Residential Active Recreation Passive Recreation Habitat- Private Land Boat Launch Marina Public Institutions Commercial Habitat- Limited Programmed Activities Ball Field Cemetery Gwynns Falls Trail Play Lot Crabbing Spot Fishing Pier The Middle Branch has always been Baltimore?s lesser known harbor. Located less than one mile south of the Inner Harbor, it is completely different in character. Where the Inner Harbor is compact and deep water, the Middle Branch is expansive and shallow. The Inner Harbor consists of a bulkheaded shoreline, with an extensive brick promenade. People are physically separated from the water. The Middle Branch has limited bulkhead areas. The Inner Harbor has no identified habitat areas; the Middle Branch has some of the best waterfront habitat in the City. Masonville Cove, along the estuary?s southern shore, is one of the best waterfowl staging areas in the State of Maryland. Both harbors suffer from water pollution, trash and the challenges of contaminants left over from former industrial developments. The lands adjacent to the shores of the Middle Branch have gone through many changes, from farmland and resorts to heavy industry. The Middle Branch is now poised for a major rebirth. The majority of the older industrial uses occupying the shoreline are either vacant or are being relocated. The Middle Branch has not experienced this many opportunities for change since the 1800?s. From 1920?s, industry takes over the waterfront and the Middle Branch is virtually forgotten as a recreational, environmental and ecological resource until the 1970?s. In the 1970?s Baltimore began its first renaissance, establishing the now famous Inner Harbor out of abandoned shipping piers. At that time the City also began the revitalization of the Middle Branch, establishing the 1978 Middle Branch Park Plan. Throughout the 1980?s and 1990?s, the remaining industrial and recreational uses had an awkward relationship, neither really complementing nor harming the other. The Carr Lowry Glass Company and BGE Gas processing facility partnered with the City to create vegetated buffers along their shoreline to improve habitat in the area, but the facilities could not allow public access to their waterfront because of safety and security concerns.(Baltimore City Department of Planning, 2007) MIDDLE BRANCH HARBOR Southwest Charter School Diggs Johnson Middle School charles Carroll Barrister Elementary George Washington Elementary Sharp-Leadenhall Elementary Federal Hill Elementary Digital Harbor High School Thomas Johnson Elementary New Era Academy Southside Acadent Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elem/Middle Arundel Elementary Cherry Hill Elementary/Middle Patapsco Elementary/Middle Swann Park Middle Branch Park Indiana Ave Park Middle Branch Park Reedbird Park Middle Branch Park Ferry Bar Park Florence Cummings Park Westport Cherry Hill Inner Harbor Brooklyn 1.5 Middle Branch Harbor Landuse Map 1.4 Study Area 1716 EXISTING ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ECOLOGICAL VALUE HABITAT CONDITION CONTAMINANTS The Middle Branch is affected by the entire Patapsco River watershed which covers portions of Baltimore City and County. The Middle Branch connects habitats in the Patapsco Valley State Park system, Gwynns Falls Leakin Park, Reedbird Park, Masonville Cove, Swann Park, and the Fort McHenry wetland marsh. On an international level, many bird and fish species use the Middle Branch as a rest stop and feeding area during their annual migrations. ? Submerged Aquatic Vegetation(SAV) - Provide habitat for a wide variety of beneficial species. Bay grasses and bottom have harmed by habitat Nutrient and sediment runoff. The growth of SAV limited by the untreated sewage overflows and storm water run-off containing soap, motor oil, heavy metals, road salts and deicers, and animal wastes contaminate and cloud the water. ? Forest Cover - The removal of forest cover for development and the resulting fragmentation of forest has reduced habitat for migrating and native bird species. ? Wetland marsh? Areas of wetland marsh are located along the water edges of the western shore. There is also wetland marsh along the shoreline of the northern Middle Branch. Wetlands also exist at Fort McHenry and along Hanover Street and at Masonville Cove. Over 240 species have been counted here, these birds use the Middle Branch and the surrounding area to gather food, breed, nest and refuel on migrations. The Middle Branch and adjacent water bodies, including the Baltimore Harbor, are listed as degraded by the Maryland Department of the Environment. Historic industrial land uses and contaminated sediment washed in from watershed streams have contributed to the severe contaminant level. It is believed that much of the contamination has been encapsulated under cleaner sediments. Contaminants Fields Fish Spawning Areas Historic Water Fowl Staging Lawn with Few Trees Mowed Landscape With Many Trees Phragmites/High Marsh Scrub Shrub with Invasives Successional Forest with Some Invasives 1918 1.6 Existing Ecological Map EXISTING SOCIAL CONDITION Residential Industrial Commercial Public Institutions Parks Light Rail Route Railroads Major Roads Street Gwynns Falls Trail Light Rail Station Stable Social Node Active Social Node Marina Fishing Pier The existing neighborhoods span the Middle Branch geographically, historically, and in their character. Along the west shore, Westport is situated behind the industrial waterfront, physically separated from the water. The community is divided in half by I-295, and is ringed by heavy industrial uses along its northwestern edge including Patapsco Excavating Company and Wimpey Minerals, U.S.A. These uses create dust and truck traffic. The community of Cherry Hill sits behind the southern shoreline. Cherry Hill has seen the demolition or impending demolition of hundreds of public housing units, opening the door for new development in 1990s. Public schools, library and affordable houses are provided for for low- and moderate- income families. The Middle Branch and its communities are both served by transportation systems, and separated by them. There are three major highway systems and three major railroads traversing three sides of the estuary. Combined with local arterial roads, much of the waterfront is either physically or psychologically separated from the existing communities by these systems. ? Sculling and Canoeing ? Fishing/Crabbing ? Walking/Biking ? Baseball/Softball/Football/Soccer ? Small parks and playgrounds TRANSPORTATION COMMUNITIES PARKS & ACTIVITES 2120 1.7 Existing Social Map Gwynns Falls River Swann Park Inner Harbor Patapsco River Watershed Middle Branch Park Fishing piers Marina Migratory & native bird habitat Highways Industrial district Industrial & commercial mixed district Migratory &native bird habitat Post industrial brownfields site Westport neighborhood Electricity distribution transformer Carroll Camden industrial district M i g r a t i o n f y w a y Fish spawning habitat Fish spawning habitat 2322 1.8 Existing Habitat Polluted Areas Fish Spawning Areas Historic Water Fowl Staging Lawn with Few Trees Mowed Landscape With Many Trees Phragmites/High Marsh Scrub Shrub with Invasives Successional Forest with Some Invasives Residential Industrial Commercial Public Institutions Parks Light Rail Route Railroads Major Roads Street Gwynns Falls Trail Light Rail Station Stable Social Node Active Social Node Marina Fishing Pier EXISTING ECOLOGICAL CONDITION + EXISTING SOCIAL CONDITION 2524 1.9 Existing Map COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS The open systems are complex systems in which components are connected by networks of feedback loops operating at different levels, different scales and different rhythms. (Barnett, 2010). Based on the existing conditions, the connection maps define potential spatial ecological and social relationships that become part of urban landscape systems. These systems function together through a network of ecological corridors, social paths and destinations, enabling integrated feedback loops to operate in the urban systems, laying down a foundation for openness. 1.10 Potential Ecological Connections Waterfront Potential ecological corridor Potential social connection Access to water Park location 1.12 Potential Ecological Connections + Potential Social Connections Potential social path Access to water Park location Waterfront Potential ecological corridor 1.11 Potential Social Connections 2726 INTENSITIES Intensity 1 Estuary wetland Floodplain Brownfield Industrial site Contamination Arterial transportation Intensity 2 Demolished waterfront industrial Contamination Light rail station Westport community Regenerated ecology Intensity 3 Historic Cherry Hill communities Waterfront park Public institutions Contamination Arterial transportation Intensities are several crucial locations around Middle Branch Harbor; they are the most complex intersections formed by overlapping different components that play important roles in defining the characters of Middle Branch Harbor. These components come together to create a sensitive and dynamic urban system. An intensity may develop in a situation of dilemma, such as regenerated habitat on an abandoned contaminant site or on an industrial sites built within a floodplain. Intensities become the potential investigation sites would be explored more deeply and designed more specifically instead of investigating the whole harbor as one site, while the overlapped components performed as opportunities or barriers in the future design. 1.13 Intensity Map 2928 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN INVESTIGATION A. PERFORATED MEMBRANE PLATFORM AT WESTPORT Intensity 2- WESTPORT Demolished waterfront industrial Contamination Light rail station Westport community Regenerated ecology Contaminants resources Nonpoint Source Pollutions from air and runoff Point Source Pollutions from operating or former industries New habitats regenerated on the post industrial site Degraded community Site Because of the economic development, the industrial and transportation infrastructure occupied the waterfornt. At this design investigation, the light rail road platform was chosen as the site. The elevated railroad forms a blockage for ecological migration, social circulation and community safety. It is a com- mon issue happens in the most waterfront city. The challenge is how to create connections by breaking this blockage to enhance access to waterfront and encourage ecological migration. The elevated A.1 Westport Existing Condition 3534 Explore ? OPENNESS? This is an experimental design which explores the possibility of connecting the degraded waterfront open space with the existing urban fabric by creating a landscape infrastructure. By making this connection, the people of Westport will take advantage of the new opportunities it provides. A.3 Conceptual Perforated Membrane A.4 Elevation A.2 Membrane Platform Plan 3736 Light Rail Road Vehicle Flow Pedestrian Flow Surface Flow Habitat Flow The membrane platform generates the potential relationships, enhances human activity spaces and wild life habitat across this functional landscape. ESTABLISH POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP + ENCOURAGE FUTURE SUCCESSION Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Division Social& Ecological Condition Light rail road + Drive way + Regenerated habitats on abandoned industrial site Growth + Succession Establish Membrane Construction Raise Public Curiosity Implanting Medium + Seeding Initial opening and transition Social + Ecological Adaptations Habitat and wildlife evolution New social network Plants Growing medium Filter fleece Drainage Layer Waterproof membrane Steel deck frame Structure detail of membrane A.5 Potential Relationship Diagram A.6 Development Stages 3938 A.7 Membrane Ideogram 4140 A.8 Daytime under the membrane platform A.9 Nighttime under the membrane platform This functional landscape infrastructure, a membrane platform, achieves the goal of creating new access to the waterfront; the transportation corridors are no longer barriers in the effort of bringing people back to water. Furthermore, the membrane platform established an innovative ecological path to encourage the migration of regenerated habitat from the abandoned waterfront site to the neighborhood, and also created potential public spaces for enhancing multiple human activities. This a design investigation is based on the identification of a series potential relationship within the existing urban system. The membrane platform removes blockages by creating connections. Connectivity is the primary goal in any open system design. Socially and ecologically rich, the membrane platform performed a highly open scenario, involving ecological and social flows continuously interacting with a constructed urban system. There are two open processes embedded through time, ecological succession and human contribution and participation. These two processes are connected by a feedback loop. Feedback is a characteristic of any system in which the result, affects the input of the system, thus altering its operation.(Barnett, 2007). A successful ecological succession and migration would act as positive feedback to catalyze neighborhood ecological enrichment and public attraction, while too much human activity or lack of maintenance would be a negative factor to constrain ecological adaptation. 4342 B. CARROLL CAMDEN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT REVITALIZATION Site Circulation Brownfield sites B.1 Carroll Camden Context Map Vegetation Landmarks Landuse Stormsurge 4746 Proximity to water body +Contamination level Proximity to residential +Contamination level Proximity to public transportation +Contamination level Such as: Prevent hazard to human health and wildlife health: Proximity to water body+ high toxic Proximity to residential + high toxic Provide education/ display opportunities Proximity to residential + low toxic Proximity to transportation + low toxic Brownfiled Remediation Criteria Brownfield is an ?abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facility[y] where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination? (U.S. Environment Protection Agency 1997). Therefore, by definition, contamination is the barrier to redevelopment. The study ?The Legacy of Contamination and the Redevelopment of Inner-City Industrial Districts? (Marie Howland,2002), indicates that after the mid 1990s, contaminated parcels are selling, and the market has adjusted to contamination by lowering sales prices through tracking all sales, the selling price, length of time on the market and presence of contamination in one industrial area of Southwest Baltimore. At the same time, some ignored problems of older industrial areas also impediment to central city redevelopment, such as outdated parcel sizes, inadequate roads for modern truck access, and aging infrastructure, incompatible land uses, and unrealistic assumptions about the land?s possibilities. So the brownfields are viewed as a significant barrier to the redevelopment of urban industrial parcels. The remediation work would necessarily take account into the further design. B.2 Carroll Camden Industrial District Brownfield Map 4948 Gwynns Falls Trail Major RoadsBrownfield/ Industrial Stormsurge categories Ecological Blockage Wildlife habitat Open water Wetland Invasives/ Mixed WoodlandPharagmites/ Marsh Corrall Park Landmark Park Existing images Topography section Landuses + Topography gradient plan + Floodplain Dwellings Residential Industrial sites Railroad Brownfield/ Industrial Culvert system Contamination in Brownfield + Ground Refuse metals (arsenic, lead, antimony and copper),PCBs volatile/ semi- volatile organic compounds petroleum 1 0 0 y e a r f o o d p l a i n H ist or ical shor eline This diagram intersects spatial, social, topographical and landuse information. The Carroll Camden Industrial District adjacent the estuary of Middle Branch. On the rainy days, contaminants and ground refuse will be carried into the estuary without any interception and prior clean process. In the long term, the health of estuary declined severely because of this situation. The more serious fact is most area in this industrial district is with in 100 flood plain and facing the threats of stormsurge. EXISTING CONDITION 5150 B.3 Existing Condition Investigation This strategic framework allows Baltimore to establish a remediation mechanism to fix the health of both the ecology and economy by stages. A phytoremediation and hydrological network applied to the Middle Branch estuary can remediate and regenerate brownfields, provide a new logic for stormwater, filter urban surface flow and contribute to the city?s effort to improve the water quality of the polluted Middle Branch Harbor. Over time, the system, can extend into surrounding neighborhoods and connect to the regional ecology, thus broader social, cultural, and ecological viability and invent new hybrids. DESIGN PROPOSAL: SECTIONAL STRATEGY OF REMEDIATION BY STAGES 1 0 0 y e a r f o o d p l a i n H ist or ical shor eline Contamination in Brownfield + Ground Refuse metals (arsenic, lead, antimony and copper),PCBs volatile/ semi- volatile organic compounds petroleum Ecological Blockage Major RoadsBrownfield/ Industrial Remove invasive plant, protect native species Establish people?s access to waterfront Start remediation on brownfield site Start capture/ clean local Stormwater runoff on the remediation site. Start remediation on brownfield site Job creation for unemployed residents Display/ education opportunity Remediation continues Plant Succession & Provide more habitat Start creating neighborhood park/ education station amenities Historic restoration of Carroll park Landmarks & new destinations connected by Gwynns falls trail Remediation nearly completion Become healthy public open space Enhance development appeal Stimulate distressed industrial site redevelopments Start remediation on brownfield Cooperate with street filter system Remediation nearly Completion Enhance Landscape ecological and social performance Constructed wetland/ floating wetland Enrich estuary habitat Gradually increasing program flexibility Social+ecological adaptation Landmarks & new destinations connected to city Performance as sponge network Wetlands/ tidal terraces/ community parks/ industrial parks/ sport fields..... Emerge new landuse investments for further redevelopment. Habitat network develop Habitat and wildlife adaptation and evolution Create street stormwater bioswale Connected with remediation site Start remediation on brown- field site Stormwater runoff on the remediation site. Remediation continues/ Plant Succession/ Provide more habitat environment Protect wildlife habitat Limited programs Enhance public appeal Get more funding Habitat Regeneration Establish a hybrid habitat network Establish stormwater refine system Stormsurge categories Wildlife habitat Open water Wetland Pharagmites/ Marsh Corrall Park Landmark Park Dwellings Residential Industrial sites Railroad Brownfield/ Industrial Culvert system Gwynns Falls Trail STAGE 1 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 STAGE 2 5352 B.4 Design Proposal Diagram Existing Habitat + Brownfield + Phase 1 Remediation Plants succession STAGE 1 1-5YEAR ? Phytoremediation on brownfield sites ? Allow Plants succession & adaptation ? Change plants species for phytoremediation process based on the contamination level data observation ? Trap & clean stormwater runoff by plants 5554 Remove invasive plant, protect native species Establish people?s access to waterfront Start remediation on brownfield site Start capture/ clean local Stormwater runoff on the reme- diation site. Start remediation on brownfield site Job creation for unemployed residents Display/ education opportunity B.5 Developments Stage 1 Plan Existing connections +Existing Corral Park + Residential + New street water filter connections Plant succession + Phase 1 Remediation continues + Phase 2 Remediation STAGE 2 3-8YEAR ? Phytoremediation continues + Phase 2 phytoremediation ? Plants succession & adaptation ? Control invasive plants and promote native plants that have the function of phytoremediation ? Brownfield sites connected by street green infrastructure ? Enhance waterfront accessibility B.6 Development Stage 2 Plan Remediation continues Plant Succession & Provide more habitat Start creating neighborhood park/ education station amenities Create street stormwater bioswale Connected with remediation site Start remediation on brownfield site Stormwater runoff on the remediation site. Remediation continues/ Plant Succession/ Provide more habitat environment Protect wildlife habitat Limited programs Enhance public appeal Get more funding 5756 Existing bike trail + New bike/ pedestrian connections with water front Existing habitat + Floodplain + Wetland + Riparian tidal terraces STAGE 3 5-15 YEAR ? Remediation nearly completion; enhance development appeal ? Enhance ecological and social performance ? Topographical shifts at the waterfront for adaptation with water level changes ? Optimize multiple transportation accessibility B.7 Development Stage 3 Plan 5958 Historic restoration of Carroll park Landmarks & new destinations connected by Gwynns falls trail Remediation nearly completion Become healthy public open space Enhance development appeal Stimulate distressed industrial site redevelopments Start remediation on brownfield Cooperate with street filter system Remediation nearly Completion Enhance Landscape ecological and social performance ? Social + ecological adaptation, gradually increasing program diversity and biodiversity ? Phytoremediation site works as sponge network for absorbing water ? New development maybe take place in this district. At the same time introduce new feature interventions in the open system for future resilience and adaptation with disturbances. Connect with regional ecosystem and urban context Install new landuses for residential/ retail/ education/ sport field/ landscape corridor STAGE 4 15-25YEAR Gradually increasing program flexibility Social+ecological adaptation Landmarks & new destinations connected to city Performance as sponge network Wetlands/ tidal terraces/ community parks/ industrial parks/ sport fields..... Emerge new landuse investments for further redevelopment. Habitat network develop Habitat and wildlife adaptation and evolution B.8 Development Stage 4 Plan 6160 Open Flows Interaction in Time Fresh water habitat flow Estuary habitat flow Phytoremediation plants + native plants Preserve native wildlife habitat HT=Historical tour DL=Degrade land WT=Walking Trail RH=River habitat MH=Marsh habitat BH=Bird habitat PB= Planted buffer NI=New investment GI=Green industrial NJ=New job provided AW=Access to waterfront BO=Bird observation RO=Remediation observation PR=Phytoremediation IC=Invasive control PF=Public fund HPP= Habitat preserve program MP=Mobile program HI=House value increasing SE=School education PW=Public green work SF=Sports field NO=New opens pace NP=Native plants community WC=Runoff cleaning& collection HD=Housing development OL=Outdoor library LR=Land value rise MH=Multiple wildlife habitat EF= Enhance fish habitat RR=Restaurant/retail CG=Community garden PD=Plants diversity FS=Fish Spawn MR=Material recycle WR= Water recycle NC=New types of commercial Phytoremediation plants+native plants Preserve native wildlife habitat + attract new wildlife habitat Native plants create green infrastructure urban framework Enrich estuary plants and wildlife habitat Keystone plants establish the character of open space, street, tidal, estuary zone. Continue establish regional ecol- ogy within existing urban fabric New social flow Remediation site New development emerge Hydrologic Sponge System Form Process Habitat Diversification in Time Possible Program Flexibility in Time Program chart CO- EVOLUTION PROCESS The remediation approach applied as an open system injects sequential and open ended processes and involves long-term potential events into this area. It catalyzes and coordinates a diverse initiative that lays frame works for future development. The complexity of this open system is reflected in variable states of flexibility and diversity of its social and ecological systems. The remediation system can create an ecological network overtime to fix the ecological migration blockage for Gywnns Fall watershed formed by the industrial district, not only reserving rich estuary habitat but also enriching local habitat by regenerating landscape on the former toxin site. With the application of this remediation process, the brownfields gradually transform into clean lands with higher capacity, providing potential economic value and social value, creating opportunities for future investment or alternative landuse and boosting regional economic development. Additionally, the whole process involves public contribution and participation to help adjacent communities reengage with sites that have existed as barriers. B.9 Co-Evolution Diagram 6362 C. INTERVENTION DESIGNS Designing open systems enable an understanding of how the city can move to- wards a more organic model of open-endedness, flexibility, resilience, and adapta- tion and away from a mechanistic model of stability and control. In other words, urban systems are now open systems that behave in ways that are self-organizing and that are to some extent unpredictable. Changes are built into living systems; they are characterized in part by uncertainty and dynamic changes. A crucial feature is their ability to deal with disturbance. This project requires design strategies that are open-ended. Rather than focuses on pre-determined outcomes for city, the goal of design open systems is to set up con- ditions for a wide range of uses and appropriations for the city, both for those we can imagine now and those we cannot. In this chapter, three intervention designs developed in Carroll Camden Industrial District will be tested against a range of poosible disturbances that are key to the Middle Branch Harbor. It will explore their ability to deal with disturbances and show evidences that it is more reasonable to facilitate, rather than (attempt to) pre- vent disturbances from happening. Three interventions are: ? Phytoremediation terraces ? Adaptive community ? New Industrial development A daptiv e C ommunit y Gr een r oof s & solar ener gy C oastal far ms INTERVENTIONS MAP Biomass industr ial F ish far ms E c o - industr ies P h yt or emedia tion t er r ac es W a t er fr on t par k F loa ting w etlands A lgae far ms 6766 C1 PHYTOREMEDIATION TERRACES Existing landf or m P roposed landf or m Dry Brownfield - A brownfield site that is not located adjacent to a water source or in a flood zone At-Risk Coastal Brownfield - A brownfield site that is located in the FEMA 100 Year Flood Zone Coastal Brownfield - A brown- field site that is located in the coastal zone A brownfield, as defined by the EPA, as a former commercial or industrial site, the future of which is affected by real or perceived contamination. Brownfields are found in the city of Baltimore?s industrial and commercial sectors which include buildings such as abandoned factories, manufactories, dry cleaning facilities, and gas stations. The contamination found on these sites can include hydrocarbons (oils and fuels), pesticides, heavy metals (lead, nickel, etc.), and asbestos. Based on the location relationship with the estuary, the brownfields Carroll Camden Industrial District could be divided into three types: Dry Brownfield, At- Risk Coastal Control Brownfield and Coastal Brownfield. So with the process of remediation, the land will be also facing tidal flux and the flood threaten. Phytoremediation is considered a clean, cost-effective and non- environmentally disruptive technology. it is potentially the least harmful method because it uses naturally occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more natural state. VARIOUS PHYTOREMEDIATION PROCESSES C1.1 Brownfield Analysis C1.2 Phytoremediation Diagram 6968 1. Phytohydraulics grove 2. Storm water collection stream 3. Phytoextraction terrace 4. Path way 5. Storm water channel 6. Floating wetland 7. New planted tidal marsh land C1.3 Phytoremediation Terraces Plan 1 2 3 3 4 2 5 5 7 The phytoremediation terraces sets up as a initial condition for the future development. It performs as a soil and water cleansing system at this stage. However, it provides an easily accessed and recreational waterfront park. C1. 4 Water flow diagram C1.5 Phytoremediation Terraces Sections 7170 25 30 20 15 10 5 5- 7 ft 7- 11ft 11-19 ft 19- 24ft Mean High tide 2.2 ft Mean Low tide -0.6 ft 0 Storm Surge Category 2003 f_lood 8ft 25 30 20 15 10 5 5- 7 ft 7- 11ft 11-19 ft 19- 24ft Mean High tide 2.2 ft Mean Low tide -0.6 ft 0 Storm Surge Category 2003 f_lood 8ft Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron Smithil) Red Chokeberry (Photinia Pyrifolia) Poplars (Populus) Winterberry (Ilex Verticillata) Marsh Elder (Iva Frutescens) Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina Patens) Weeping Willow (Salix) Red Maple (Acer Rubrum) 5 : 1 * $ " - 1 - " / 5 4 European White Birch (Bertula Pendula) North Carolina Pine Pinus teada Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) Maple- Leaved Arrowwood (Viburnum Acerifolium) Silky Dogwood (Cornus Amomum) Switchgrass (Sanicum Virginatum) Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina Alternif_lora) Indian Mustard (Brassica Juncea) Eastern Cottonwood Populus Deltoides Sunf_lower Helianthus Anuus Southern Bluef_lag (Iris Virginica) Plant Process Heavy Metal/ Lead/Mercury Plant Process PAHs Plant Process VOCs/SVOCs Plant provide food Fresh to salt marshes/Salt Tolerance Flood Tolerance/Erosion Control Common Sneezeweed (Helenium Autumnale) Phytoremediation Replant Allow succession Harvest Plants species A,B,C left Related economic increase Related green jobs Related biomass by-products Working landscape Education opportunities The plant species were chosen based on the three criteria: target contaminants, the tolerance ability with salt and the tolerance ability with stormwater. Along with the phytoremediation process involves a long-term adaptation, the plants will thrive in the long term through responding to each situation, such as high toxic levels in the soil or water level change. The most adaptable plants are able to rapidly colonize disturbed and moderately contaminated sites; they can often tolerate and metabolize toxic materials such that they begin to remediate the site. Furthermore, influence the soil condition and existing habitat to create more complex waterfront ecological communities. 2 1 Detail design2: Pathway Detail design1: Boardwalk C1.6 Key Plants and Section 7372 Base Soil Soil Backf_ill Rock Boulder 6?-1?*1?-2?6? Gravel Base Course Compact Subgrade 4? Clean Out4 ? C le a n O u t River Run Gravel 6? Pea Gravel PVC Pipe Grasshopper sparrow Egret O2 PrePredator Squirrel Squirrel Fruits Seeds Insect Nereis Base Soil Soil Backf_ill Rock Boulder 6?-1?*1?-2?6? Gravel Base Course Compact Subgrade 4? Clean Out4 ? C le a n O u t River Run Gravel 6? Pea Gravel PVC Pipe Grasshopper sparrow Egret O2 PrePredator Squirrel Squirrel Fruits Seeds Insect Nereis Board Walk Live Stakes Compact Backf_ille Soil Marsh Egret Turtle Mussel Crayf_ish Snake Great blue heron Brown trout Sucker King rail Baltimore Checkerspot Willow f_lycatche Board Walk Live Stakes Compact Backf_ille Soil Marsh Egret Turtle Mussel Crayf_ish Snake Great blue heron Brown trout Sucker King rail Baltimore Checkerspot Willow f_lycatche Great blue heron Mussel Turtle Crayf_ish Sucher Egret Nutrents Low tide Low tide High tide C1. 7 Relationship between human, boardwalk, water, wildlife C1.8 Relationship between human, pathway, water, wildlife High tide The application of open systems as design approach embraces the challenges and opportunities posted by the paradox of dynamism: a dance between ephemerality and permanence. The long term plant adaptation could be looked at as a permanent process; the changes of everyday ecological flow showed here would be understood as an ephemerality phenomenon. The crucial thing for design is creating opportunities to promote dynamism and provide more potential for social and ecological adaptation. Possible post-flood scenario Dead tree sent to biomass industry C1.9 Construction Details Cultivating on the silt left by flood to support food consumption 7574 C1.10 Mean High Tide PEOPLE ADAPT WITH SEA LEVEL RISE C1.10 After Storm Scenario C1.11 Engaged New Programs and Infrastructures The phytoremediation terraces is a hybrid of ecological function and social adaptation in the context of remediating an urban place. As a process-oriented tool, phytoremediation takes a long time on the site. The time dimension can be turned into an advantage, each stage of the cleaning process has a distinct character while performing remediation and simultaneously creating green infrastructure to support a full range of social and recreational activities, and ecological life for a long time: nesting sites, fishing piers, vibrant meadow habitats, wetland habitats and shady groves. Therefore, it is a working landscape on one hand-repair the physical ecological function by cleaning the site and the city as it grows. On the other hand, it is an mechanism which are able to adapt with flood. Stormwater channels can perform as detention and retention area when it has storm or flood. Wetland plants here are able to root in water and withstand flooding. Furthermore, potential activities and new infrastructure will also emerge by facilitating regular safe flooding, rather than pre-empting any flooding and risking a catastrophic flood. 7776 C2 ADAPTIVE COMMUNITY Designing with open systems enables us to control and take advantage of flooding in a more effective way without shutting the city down. New prototypes of human living systems need to be developed to face the fact that the city could flood . This section shows designs for several propositions for human living systems that provide the potential for adaptable responses when flooding happens, low-rise lifting dwellings, functional courtyards, coastal farms. All of these endeavor to create a flexible and adaptable living model. C2.1 FLOODING SCENARIO EXISTING COMMUNITY CONDITION A daptiv e dw elling Sunken C our t y ar d C oastal far m( A bsor ption field) Gr een ener gy C2.2 PROPOSED CONDITION C2.3 FLOODING SCENARIO 7978 Storm Absorption Collection Hurricane Initial conditions for courtyard C2.4 Courtyard Design and Possible Open System or Silt may left by flood Process of adaptation Sunken Community Courtyard Promote species Support economy New habitat community New type of garden, e.g., rain garden, algae pond Human and habitat community adaptive with climate change Nutritious farmland Community productive garden Decomposition, silt, biological nutrients Control humidity, irrigation Biomass industrial Plants selective survive Flood water trap+ storage in underground tanks Live Dead Alternative energy 8180 C2.5 Disturbances and Adaptive Process Rain garden Swamp Community working field Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Possibility 3 Ecosystems have multiple possible operating states and may shift suddenly from any one of them, even in the small scale like the courtyard. Following a sudden disturbance of flood, the micro ecosystem in sunken community courtyard can reorganize to ?renew? itself to a similar or perhaps different state. Based on the degree of toxicity, volume and lasting period of water, the toxic tolerance, pumping capacity of the trees and different scenarios will show on the site. Designeing the courtyard as open systems can reveal natural cycles such as seasonal floods and regenerate natural processes?by cleaning and filtering rainwater or replenishing soils through arrested erosion and deposition?and do so as they intersect with social activities here. The merge of ecological and social temporal cycles links the activities of everyday life and the unique water events of Baltimore city. People can experience the dynamic bio-physical aspects of the environment instead of resisting it. Nature is not out there, but in here, interwoving into the human urban conditions. Hydrology, ecology and human life are intertwined. 8382 C2.6 Possible results Biorefinery Plant Processing Plant Aquaculture Market Algae Phytobioreactors Algae Open Ponds Barrie Island Estuary Wetland Aquaponics Ponds Algae Ponds Aquatic Plants Shellfish Cage Field Mesh Cage Field Pathway Road Orchard C3 NEW INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT There is no question that there are series on-going forces working as disturbances shaping the operation of urban systems, such as disturbances from climate change and economic change. The former design investigations have shown the possible responses with the climate change in the aspects of both ecology and human settlement. This section is going to explain the potential industrial uses by exploring the Estuary ecological potential for economic reuse of former phytoremediation terraces and the imminent economic shift in eco production. Criteria for industry redevelopment: Ecological friendly--No more pollution Can preserve or enrich regional habitat Social friendly -- Proximity to community Easy to access Performance multifunctional to support social programs Market friendly-- Support local markets demands Sustainability -- Reuse and recycle in production process Easy to shift to alternate uses when economic depression. 8584 C3.1 Industrial Plan Algae Open Pond Algae are the fastest growing plant organisms in nature and have the ability to convert large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen. Algae are used in food, animal feed, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. They can also be used for carbon sequestration and bioremediation of waste and waste water. Biorefinery Plant A biorefinery transforms biomass derived from renewable raw materials into a wide range of commodities by the means of advanced biotechnological processes such as enzymatic hydrolysis. The biomass comes from a variety of local sources such as trees, energy crops such as switchgrass and algae and agricultural products such as grain, maize and waste products such as municipal waste. Open Aquaculture Systems: Sticks, ropes, racks and cages (passive feeding) The culture of numerous shellfish species is carried out in systems open to natural waterways. The main species cultured with these methods are mussels and oysters. As these species are filter-feeders, they are capable of extracting nutritional requirements from the water column, with no fish meal being added. Urban Orchard/Farm A proposed production urban landscape integrated urban environment amenity, local food markets and communities. Open Aquaculture Systems: Sea-cage (active feeding) Open sea-cage aquaculture refers to the rearing of aquatic species, within enclosures in natural waterways. Floating mesh cages are anchored to the seafloor and vary in size depending on the scale of operation and the species cultured. Common species in Baltimore: yellow and white perch, croakers, eels and catfish Aquaponics System Aquaponics is the marriage of aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (the soilless growing of plants) that grows fish and plants together in one integrated system. The fish waste provides an organic food source for the growing plants and the plants provide a natural filter for the water the fish live in. Estuary Wetland Wetlands offer a buffer zone to existing shore lines, preventing erosion and accommodating tidal changes. Wetlands have their own ecosystem, foster diverse species of plants and animals. Woody Barrier Island Vegetated barrier islands may be useful as recreational zones and estuary wildlife habitation or as storm surge and flooding protection. It would promote marsh growth, and prevent further erosion as well. The island forms an open ecosystem accommodating with tidal changes. 8786 C3.2 Industrial Types Urban Orchard & Farm Field Algae farm Water Green Job Seeding Harvesting Food Harvesting Growing Invoving local communities Sunlight Algae grow Harvesting Biorefinery Plant Process Algae Dry Biomass Factory Aquaculture Feed Solid Fuel Nutrients CO 2 O 2 By reusing former phytoremediation terraces, exploring the estuary ecological potential for economy, this intervention developed an idea to re-imagine the industrial areas within the site. It establishes a mixed use district that encourages connections between the established city and the waterfront as well as introduce a sustainable way of integrating urban landscape system, economy system and social system. Mesh Cage Field Carbohydrates Eclectricity Generation Existing Industry Community Commercial CooperationCooperation Amenity Habitat Ethonal & Other Biofuels Animal Feed Feed Food Personal Care Biofuel Fish Waste Convert waste to fertilizer Plants filter water that returns to the fish Rising Har v esting Hydroponic Plants Escaped Fish Adapt with wild environment Predators Extra nutrients to ecosystem Nutrient Mudflat Microbes, Plankton & Worms Proteins Algae Oil NH 4+ 8988 C3.3 Generation Process CHAPTER 3 DESIGN MIDDLE BRANCH HARBOR AS AN OPEN SYSTEM Carroll Camden I-95 Westport West Federal Hill Middle Branch Spring Garden Industrial Area Port Convington Inner Harbor 1.Carroll Park 2.Adaptive dwellings 3.M &T Bank Stadium 4.Productive estuary 5.Existing industry park 6.Biomass industry 7. Tidal wetlands 8.Westport waterfront park 9.Overlook bridge 10.Membrane platform/bridge 11.Phytoremediation field 12.Gywnns Fall River park 13.Sport fields 14.Middle Branch affordable community 15.Middle Branch Park 16.Middle Branch industrial park 17.Greenway OVERALL PLAN FOR MIDDLE BRANCH HARBOR 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 10 10 10 10 16 18 18 18 17 17 17 14 15 8 9 3 B a l t i m o r e - W a s h in g t o n P k w y The last part of this project is providing an overall vision for the whole Middle Branch Harbor based on lessons learned from pervious researches and design explorations regard of open systems. All design investigations can be developed in multiple locations around the harbor to achieve the goal of helping Middle Branch Harbor adapt with disturbances by building increased resilience in to the urban system. The first phase of Middle Branch Harbor transformation is to prepare the ground of an emergent ecological infrastructure network. Remediate sites with highly adaptable plants to remove pollutants, clean stormwater and bring immediate transformations and beauty. Remediation fields in the Carroll Camden district can also applied on active or abandoned industrial sites in Westport and Middle Branch. Then by creating water cleansing infrastructure corridors in each district which connected to the wetlands around the harbor, it can clean surface run-off from neighborhoods. With the developing of the first phase, it provides basic habitat improvement, offers a safe network for migrating birds and other wildlife. All these can also attract attentions to the harbor, catalyze temporary cultural and social activities and will accumulate over years- new parks, educate events, ecological biking, bird observations productive gardens , and more. Once transport corridors create blockage in the system, the emergent green corridors will be the media to connect people to the water, and the membrane platform is also a good intervention of creating new ecological and spatial connections. The membrane platform can be built at Baltimore-Washington Pkwy., Westport railroad station and Waterview Ave at Middle Branch. With achieving the goal of connectivity and remediation in both spatial and ecological aspects through adaptive and self- organize processes in the Middle Branch Harbor, all the area will be both opportunistic and catalytic: gradually creating new hybrids, programs and activities around the Harbor. Furthermore, understanding changes are built into living systems, a series of interventions can be introduced to better respond to disturbances: tidal wetlands can emerge at the water edge; adaptive dwellings can be build within floodplain in the Carroll Camden and Westport; and new eco-industrials can cooperate with local communities and commercial organizations at the estuary of Middle Branch Harbor and a former industrial area in the Middle Branch district. 9392 3.1Middle Branch Harbor Plan Phytoremediation Phytoremediation Phytoremediation Flood Economic investment Economic decline Build stormwater clean network Build stormwater clean network Set up adaptive landscape initial condition Create waterfront destination Membrane connector Membrane connector Soften water edge Carroll Camden District Westport Neighborhood Middle Branch District 2012 Connect people to water Connect people to Middle Branch Park Waterfront recreation use Waterfront recreation use Create adaptive community Create adaptive buildings for living New residential Affordable residential Community & industry cooperation Community & industry cooperation Community entrepreneurial Community entrepreneurial Community production field Community producive field Local market Local market Waterway transportation Community clean up Community clean up Community productive field Productive landscape Set up adaptive landscape initial condition Landscape recovery and adapt Landscape recovery and adapt Landscape recovery and adapt Low impact development after clean up Low impact development investments Habitat preservation Habitat preservation Soften water edge Promote Biodiversity Promote Biodiversity Enrich soil Enrich soil 2062 POSSIBLE TIMELINE FOR MIDDLE BRANCH HARBOR Aquaculture farms Green job Aquaculture farms Aquaculture market Aquaculture market Algae farms Farmers market New biomass industrial New food processing industrial New food processing industrial Biorefinery industry 9594 3.2 Timeline diagram Over the past two decades, there has been a gradual but fundamental shift in the way people understand ecosystems (and thus landscapes) in terms of their structure and function. Resilience, adaptation and disturbance have replaced stability, harmony, equilibrium and balance as the operative words in ecosystem studies. Conceptions of stable, climax plant and animal communities have given way to an understanding of disturbance regimes, emergent and resilient properties, and chaotic self-organizing systems(Meyer, 2008). Applying this theory for designing Middle Branch Harbor in Baltimore, reveals urban systems are dynamic, not static and can be designed for disturbance and resilience in order to help our cities develop the necessary capacity to meet the challenges of the future. This project has addressed increasing the capacity of the Middle Branch Harbor for resilience by demonstrating the integration of an ongoing regeneration process that may be applied to degraded coastal sites. It has shown an adaptive way of reconnecting and settling people back to the water, a portrayal of the self-organization process after having undergone flooding and a way to reintroduce industrial uses to the estuary environment. This allows Middle branch Harbor to increase their abilities to better respond and adapt to the economic, social, and physical disturbances they will face as they confront the challenges of increasing energy scarcity, climate change, and economic change. The extensive research, mapping, and design tests for the Middle branch Harbor provide evidence that there are enormous opportunities to cooperate with disturbances, rather than to resist them, through an open system design approach-- increasing its capacity and complexity in terms of the variable state of integration of the human living system, ecosystem and social system. It sets REFLECTIONS up conditions for a wide range of uses and appropriations, both for those we can imagine now and those we cannot in order to be viable immediately and for years to come. However, some limitations of the project still exist. For example, the research, mapping, design, and texts contributed to this thesis evolved over a period of nine months this is far too little time to develop an in-depth understanding all of the complex dynamics ,physically,environmentally and socially, that are involved in the whole harbor area. This design approach developed from experiences and test results from one district of the harbor and was applied to the whole harbor area without sufficient tests on multiple locations, to some degree this may have overlooked specific qualities and opportunities belonging to other parts of the harbor. Additionally, this design approach lacks practice, adaptive design must necessarily reply on an evidence or feedback -based approach. There is no real opportunity to help understanding how open systems respond to disturbances in a real way, and conduct small- scale experiments that can be observed to learn from it through making mistakes. Last but not least, a greater level of research of local communities would allow greater focus to be placed upon specific, more realistic social and economic potentials for the adaptation of the site. 9796 BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnett, Rod. (2010) ?A Ten Point Guide to Open Systems Theory? http://www.rodbarnett.co.nz/pub/news/a-ten-point-guide-to-open-system/files/A_Ten_point_Guide_to_Open_systems_Theory.pdf Barnett, Rod. (2010) ?A Ten Point Guide to Disturbance in Landscape Architecture? http://www.rodbarnett.co.nz/pub/news/a-ten-point-guide-to-disturbance/files/A_Ten_Point_Guide_to_Disturbance_in_Landscape_ Architecture.pdf Barnett, Rod. 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