Aging in Place: Design Guidelines for New Construction in Residential Design 
 
by 
 
Margaret Anne Albriton 
 
 
 
 
A thesis submited to the Graduate Faculty of 
Auburn University 
in partial fulfilment of the 
requirements for the Degree of 
Master of Science 
 
Auburn, Alabama 
May 3, 2014 
 
 
 
 
Aging in place, universal design, residential, private residences 
 
Copyright 2014 by Margaret Anne Albriton 
 
 
Approved by 
 
Lindsay Tan, Chair, Asistant Profesor of Interior Design 
Paula Frances Pek, W. Alen and Martha Reimer Reed Asociate Profesor of Interior Design 
Carol Warfield, Profesor and Head of Department of Consumer & Design Sciences  
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract 
 
 
 This study examined the seven principles of universal design (equitable use, flexibility in 
use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical efort, 
and size and space for approach and use) represented in existing literature. Three main areas of 
private homes were examined as wel: overal travel and halways, bedrooms, and bathrooms. 
The study was qualitative and used a content analysis approach. Several current resources were 
examined including: codes, model codes and standards writing organizations and other sources. 
Credible experts in the field were interviewed as wel. The study analyzed the current 
information provided and identified gaps in the research to se what new guidelines were 
needed. A comparative chart was developed to show the comparisons in the data found. The 
study found that the universal design principles were significant and there is a need for 
implementing guidelines for residential aging in place.  
  
 iii 
 
 
 
 
 
Acknowledgments 
 
 
 This entire proces would not have been possible without the guidance, help, and support 
of those around me. 
 I would like to thank my major profesor, Lindsay Tan, and commite members, Dr. 
Carol Warfield and Paula Pek, for their continuous encouragement, advice, and support. Thank 
you Lindsay, for your tireles eforts to guide and ?hold my hand? through the entire proces. 
Also, thank you for your patience and for pushing me to the end. Thank you Dr. Warfield and 
Pek for supporting and encouraging me from my undergraduate studies on through my masters. 
You have both always been there for me through my academic career, as wel as through some of 
life?s personal chalenges. I cannot thank my major profesor and commite members enough 
and cannot expres how much you are truly appreciated. You are al family to me! 
 Above al, I would like to thank my family and friends for their love and support. I am 
grateful for their continuous encouragement. You have al been my ?cheerleaders? and 
continuously believed in me. Words cannot expres how thankful I am to be surrounded by so 
many who care so much for me and have always been there no mater what.  
 I consider myself one of the luckiest people because of those in my life. Without each 
and every one of you, this would not have been possible.  
  
 iv 
 
 
 
 
Table of Contents 
 
 
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii 
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... iii 
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. vii 
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii 
1. Introduction   ............................................................................................................................ 1 
 Purpose   ........................................................................................................................... 3 
 Justification   ..................................................................................................................... 3 
 Limitations   ...................................................................................................................... 3 
 Research Questions   ........................................................................................................ 4 
 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................... 4 
2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 6 
Problem ............................................................................................................................ 6 
Universal Design  ............................................................................................................. 7 
Aging in Place ................................................................................................................. 8 
3. Methodology   ......................................................................................................................... 15 
1. Information-gathering  ................................................................................................ 15 
1.1 Codes Search for Existing Guidelines and Recommendations .................. 15 
1.2 Sampling Procedure for Credible Experts .................................................. 16 
2. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 18 
3. Synthesis .................................................................................................................... 18 
 v 
Summary of Method  ...................................................................................................... 19 
4. Findings and Recommendations ............................................................................................. 21 
Overal Travel and Halways ......................................................................................... 21 
Existing guidelines and recomendations ....................................................... 21 
Expert recommendations .................................................................................. 24 
Gaps and recommendations ............................................................................. 25 
Summary ........................................................................................................... 28 
Bedrooms ....................................................................................................................... 29 
Existing guidelines and recommendations ....................................................... 30 
Expert recommendations .................................................................................. 32 
Gaps and recommendations ............................................................................. 33 
Summary ........................................................................................................... 38 
Bathrooms ...................................................................................................................... 38 
Existing guidelines and recommendations ....................................................... 39 
Expert recommendations .................................................................................. 51 
Gaps and recommendations ............................................................................. 52 
Summary ........................................................................................................... 55 
Other  .............................................................................................................................. 5 
5. Conclusion   ............................................................................................................................ 57 
Summary and Implications ............................................................................................ 57 
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 60 
Future Research  ............................................................................................................. 61 
References Cited ......................................................................................................................... 63 
 vi 
Appendix A ? IRB Correspondence .......................................................................................... 69 
Appendix B - Interview .............................................................................................................. 70 
Appendix B.1 ? Interview Questions ............................................................................. 70 
Appendix B.2 ? Completed Interviews .......................................................................... 71 
Appendix B.3 ? Summary of Interviews ........................................................................ 7 
Appendix C ? Survey of Existing Guidelines ............................................................................ 80 
Appendix C.1 ? Guide to Sources .................................................................................. 80 
Appendix C.2 ? Overal Travel/ Halways ..................................................................... 81 
Appendix C.3 ? Bedrooms ............................................................................................. 95 
Appendix C.4 ? Bathrooms .......................................................................................... 102 
Appendix C.5 - Other ................................................................................................... 135 
Appendix D ? Client Questionnaire ........................................................................................ 141 
  
 vii 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Tables 
 
 
Table 1 Experts .......................................................................................................................... 16 
  
 vii 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Figures 
 
 
Figure 1 Definitions of Health, Safety, and Welfare in Relation to Interior Designers ............... 1 
Figure 2 Principles of Universal Design ...................................................................................... 7 
Figure 3 Aging Population Growth  ........................................................................................... 10 
Figure 4 Florida Aging Population  ............................................................................................ 11 
Figure 5 User Independence ...................................................................................................... 14 
Figure 6 Summary of Method  ................................................................................................... 19 
Figure 7 Overal Travel and Halways ? Existing Guidelines and Recommendations ............. 22 
Figure 8 Overal Travel and Halways ? Gaps and Recommendations ..................................... 29 
Figure 9 Bedrooms ? Existing Guidelines and Recommendations ........................................... 30 
Figure 10 Bedrooms ? Gaps and Recommendations ................................................................ 34 
Figure 11 Bathrooms ? Existing Guidelines and Recommendations ........................................ 39 
Figure 12 Bathrooms ? Gaps and Recommendations ............................................................... 52 
 
 
 1 
Chapter 1 
Introduction 
 Interior design is of major importance; it impacts, influences and afects our world and 
lives in many diferent aspects. Acording to NCIDQ (2012a), interior design is ?the art and 
science of understanding people?s behavior to create functional spaces within a building? (para. 
2). Interior designers apply both creative and technical solutions in order to create functional, 
atractive, and beneficial spaces and environments for the occupants? quality of life (NCIDQ, 
2012a; Martin & Guerin, 2010). The built environment afects our daily lives; therefore, it is 
important that interior designers exercise their responsibility to design spaces that protect the 
occupant?s health, safety, and welfare (Martin & Guerin, 2010). Acording to Martin and Guerin 
(2005), ?interior designers are knowledgeable in human behavior and human factors, and have 
the expertise to combine users? needs with design theory to create space that mets project 
requirements? (p. xii). 
One of the main responsibilities of interior designers is protecting the health, safety, and 
welfare of the public. Martin and Guerin (2010) define each of these words in relation to interior 
design specificaly, (Se Figure 1).  
Figure 1. Definitions of Health, Safety, and Welfare in Relation to Interior Designers. 
Martin & Guerin (2010, p. E25 - E28). 
??Interior designers create interior environments that support people's soundness 
of body and mind; protect their physical, mental and social well-being; and 
prevent disease, injury, illness, or pain that could be caused by occupancy of 
interior environments "
Health!
??Interior designers create interior environments that protect people against actual 
or perceived danger; protect against risk from crime, accidents, or physical 
hazards; and prevent injury, loss or death that could be caused by occupancy of 
interior environments"
Safety !
??Interior designers create interior environments that support people's physical, 
psychological, social, and spiritual well-being; and assist with or contribute to their 
financial or economic management and responsibility "
Welfare!
 2 
These major responsibilities of interior designers are especialy important when designing 
spaces. 
 Universal design and aging in place are important to interior designers. The main goal for 
interior designers is to create spaces, lend knowledge, and take responsibility for critical features 
that protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public (NCIDQ, 2012c). Universal design is a 
design concept that deals with designing products and environments that can be usable by as 
many people of al ages and abilities as possible (Nussbaumer, 2012). Aging in place is defined 
when individuals continue to live in their private home through al stages of life, maintaining 
their independence for as long as possible (AARP, 2009; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008). With the 
aging population on the rise in the United States, universal design and aging in place are crucial. 
Acording to the Administration on Aging (2012), ?the aging population (65 and over) increased 
from 35 milion in 2000 to 41.4 milion in 2011?, and is ?projected to increase to 79.7 milion in 
2040? (p. 1). The state of Florida alone has the largest aging population (3.4 milion as of 2011), 
?comprising 23.6 percent of the state?s population? (Scott, 2012, p. 9).  
The biggest chalenge facing the design community is the lack of resources to incorporate 
universal design and aging in place in private residences. There are resources that provide 
recommendations for aging in place, but no specific guidelines with the focus of the design of 
private residences. Therefore, in this study, the researcher wil pair the few existing guidelines 
from codes and model codes with design recommendations from credible resources such as 
profesional organizations, peer review literature, and textbooks to create a summary of existing 
guidelines and recommendations. Gaps wil be noted and new knowledge wil be added through 
the creation of proposed new guidelines that wil be organized into reference sheets. These 
 3 
reference sheets wil provide interior designers, builders, and the client with the information 
needed to design homes that fit the specific needs of clients planning to age in place.  
Purpose 
 The purpose of this study is to examine the seven principles of universal design 
(equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for 
error, low physical efort, and size and space for approach and use) represented in existing 
literature. This study wil look at the current information provided and look at the gaps in the 
research to se what new guidelines are needed. A comparative chart wil be developed to show 
relationships in the data found. By doing this research, new guidelines and reference sheets wil 
be developed for profesionals designing for the growing market of residential aging in place.  
Justification 
 There is a lack of resources in existing literature to provide concrete and measurable 
guidelines to incorporate universal design and aging in place in private residences. With the lack 
of codes, guidelines, and standards, the researcher suggests the need for specific guidelines to 
design for those planning to age in place. Therefore, by developing new reference sheets with 
guidelines catered to specific needs, interior designers, builders, and clients wil be able to aces 
the guidelines that best fit the design needs of the client. The state of Florida wil be the main 
focus of the study because of its large aging population.  
Limitations 
 This study exhibits several limitations in relation to sampling and methodology. The first 
limitation is the sample size and limiting the study to only the state of Florida. A larger number 
of credible experts and other states ultimately need to be taken into consideration. Only one state 
was chosen for the study, therefore, limiting its generalizability to other states. However, this 
 4 
study can be a starting point for creating guidelines for other states as wel. The use of a 
convenience sample is a limitation in itself because of lack of ability to generalize the results for 
the entire population. This results in a low external validity and sampling bias. Using content 
analysis can result in limitations as wel (Ledy & Ormrod, 2010). For example: content analysis 
describes what is there, but does not answer ?why?, therefore, it is a purely descriptive method 
and causal relationships cannot be proven. Also, the analysis is limited by the availability of 
materials and it is a time-consuming method of research. However, it is a beginning efort to fil 
a void in available resources for the design of private residences for aging in place.  
Research Questions 
 The study?s main goal is to develop reference sheets with new guidelines for residential 
aging in place for clients in Florida. There wil be three steps in order to reach this goal. The 
three steps are as follows: 
1) Information- gathering through a codes search as wel as input from credible experts. 
2) Analyze and summarize the existing information. 
3) Fil in gaps with new information and create reference sheets.  
These steps wil be explained in more detail in the methods section.  
Definition of Terms 
 The following definitions provided are ones that may be unfamiliar to the reader or that 
may have varied definitions within literature.  
Aging in Place ? ?a concept in which individuals continue to live in their long-term 
homes and communities where they fel safe and comfortable and are able to maintain 
their independence for as long as possible, regardles of age, income level, or physical 
ability? (AARP, 2009, p. 1). 
 5 
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ? ?a comprehensive civil rights law that 
protects individuals with disabilities in the areas of employment (Title I), state and local 
government services and public transportation (Title II), public acommodations and 
commercial facilities (Title III), and telecommunication services (Title, IV)? (Harmon & 
Kennon, 2008, p. 28). 
Building codes ? ?regulations that stres the construction of a building and the hazardous 
materials or equipment used inside? (Harmon & Kennon, 2008, p. 465). 
Interior Design - ?the art and science of understanding people?s behavior to create 
functional spaces within a building? (NCIDQ, 2012b, para. 2). 
Interior Designer ? ? designs interior spaces that embody their understanding and 
responsibility to protect the occupant?s health, safety, and welfare? (Martin & Guerin, 
2010, p. 16). 
International Building Codes (IBC) ? a model building code developed by the 
International Code Council, which provides minimum standards to insure the health, 
safety, and welfare of the public as they relate to the building construction (Harmon & 
Kennon, 2008). 
Model building code ? has no legal status until it is adopted or adapted by government 
regulation (Harmon & Kennon, 2008). 
Standard ? ? a definition, a recommended practice, a test method, a clasification, or a 
required specification that must be met? (Harmon & Kennon, 2008, p. 33). 
Universal design ? designing products and environments that can be usable by as many 
people of al ages and abilities as possible (Nussbaumer, 2012).  
 6 
Chapter 2 
Literature Review 
Universal design and aging in place are important to interior designers. The main goal for 
interior designers is to create spaces, lend knowledge, and take responsibility for critical features 
that protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public (NCIDQ, 2012c). Residential design for 
aging in place informs design profesionals about the aging proces and the need to create homes 
that implement acesibility and adaptability no mater the age or abilities of the occupants 
(Lawlor & Thomas, 2008, p. xiv). Designing new homes from the ground up that apply aging in 
place principles is a necesity now more than ever, due to the rising aging population in the 
United States today. Therefore, it is crucial that interior designers are aware of this isue and 
strive to design homes that encourage a higher quality of living and life for those with the desire 
to continue to live in their private residences throughout al stages of life (Lawlor & Thomas, 
2008, p. xiv).  
Problem 
 There is a lack of resources to guide the incorporation of universal design and aging in 
place in private residences. This gives a chalenge for providing the specific information and 
guidelines to new homebuilders and to those who already own a home and plan to stay there. The 
lack of resources is the main chalenge, but there are several more specific sub-problems. There 
is a lack of codes currently available that are specific to private residences. The Americans with 
Disabilities Act (ADA) provides the guidelines some designers use as a default design standard, 
but the legislation does not create guidelines for private residences and may not be the best 
solution for particular clients or situations (Miton, & Nystuen,, 2011). 
 
 7 
Universal Design 
Universal design plays a major role in providing the best design solutions for the widest 
variety of users and users? needs. The Center for Universal Design (1997) developed seven 
principles of universal design, which include equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive 
use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical efort, and size and space for 
approach and use (se Figure 2). Each of the principles serves a main purpose in universal design 
in order to benefit each user in the best possible way.  
 
 
 
Image by author. 
 Equitable use focuses on designing for al users without leaving any one user out (Center 
for Universal Design, 1997). An example of this would be providing automatic doors with 
sensors at entrances so it is convenient for al users, as when you walk in Wal-Mart or Target. 
 Being able to adapt to right-handed versus left-handed users or other preferences and 
abilities of individuals describes what flexibility in use aims to do. Providing scisors that are 
designed for both right-handed and left-handed users is a good example of flexibility in use. 
 People have a wide range of skils, experience, and knowledge, so it is important to 
implement designs that are easy to understand and follow, which explains the third principle, 
simple and intuitive use. Those who have been in an airport and have sen the moving sidewalks 
have witnesed the application of simple and intuitive use.  
Equitable "
Use"
Flexibility in 
Use"
Simple and 
Intuitve Use"
Perceptible 
Information"
Tolerance 
for Error"
Low 
Physical 
Effort"
Size and 
Space for 
Approach 
and Use"
Figure 2. Principles of Universal Design 
 8 
 Some users have diferent sensory abilities than others; therefore it is important to use 
multiple ways to communicate esential information. This describes the meaning of the 
perceptible information principle. In a train station one may se signage advising them to stay 
behind the yelow line when a train is approaching. One may also hear an announcement quite 
frequently and even notice the yelow line with bumps on it. Al of these cues warning people to 
stay back are good implementations of perceptible information.  
 The fifth principle, tolerance and eror, aims to minimize hazards and provide fail safe 
features (Center for Universal Design, 1997). A good example of tolerance and error that is used 
probably on a daily basis is the Command+Z shortcut or Undo command on a computer. It 
alows one to ?undo? a mistake without being penalized.  
 Implementing designs that can be used the most eficiently and comfortably by users and 
with minimal physical efort is another principle of universal design. Touch lamps that operate 
without a switch exhibit low physical efort.  
 The last principle of universal design, size and space for approach and use, focuses on 
providing the appropriate size and space for users of al body sizes and mobility needs (Center 
for Universal Design, 1997). For example, providing wide gates at entrances of theme parks, 
sporting, or subway stations that acommodate al users.  
Aging in Place 
Acording to AARP (2009), aging in place is ? a concept in which individuals continue to 
live in their long-term homes and communities where they fel safe and comfortable and are able 
to maintain their independence for as long as possible, regardles of age, income level, or 
physical ability? (p. 1). More specificaly, residential design for aging in place is designing and 
creating homes that adapt to and met the needs of those going through the aging proces 
 9 
(Lawlor & Thomas, 2008, p. xiv). Aging in place can positively impact the older population in 
the United States today. Many times change is dificult or stresful for older adults, therefore 
staying in the same residence throughout al stages of life can be important. It is important to 
implement designs for aging in place at the beginning stages of new construction because at 
some point we wil al become part of the elder population or we could develop a disability at 
any age in life. The goal of aging in place is to design homes for users to maintain their 
independence throughout al stages of life (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008, p. 1-2).  
For example, consider this aging in place scenario. Suzy has lived in the same house 
since she and her husband, Steve, married. She is now seventy-eight years old and has recently 
had to begin using a wheelchair and sometimes a walker. The problem she is facing is she cannot 
fit her wheelchair down halways without bumping the wal and it wil not go through the 
doorway of the bathroom. Her walker fits down the halway, but she must turn sideways to get in 
the bathroom, which is not safe. Her husband is in prety good health, but with the smal 
clearances in the bathroom and halway, there is not room for both of them so he cannot help her 
as readily as desired. The options Suzy and Steve have are to relocate or temporarily move out so 
renovations can be made to acommodate their current and future needs. They would like to stay 
in the same house, so they have decided to go to an asisted living area until the renovations are 
complete. A few months later they moved back in and can now live independently in their home. 
Suzy can get to and from the bathroom with no problems now and if she needs asistance there is 
now room for Steve to help as wel. This short story shows the importance of designing or 
retrofiting a home for aging in place. Modifying homes to adapt to needs is usualy more of a 
hasle. Therefore, it is preferable to design homes with aging in place in mind at the beginning 
stages of new construction (Bel, 2013; Brown, 2012; Blu Homes, n.d.; Wang, n.d.).  
 10 
 Focusing atention on universal design and aging in place is crucial because the aging 
population in the United States is on the rise. ?The aging population (65 and over) increased 
from 35 milion in 2000 to 41.4 milion in 2011, which is an 18 percent increase. It is projected 
to increase to 79.7 milion in 2040? (Administration on Aging, 2012, p. 1)(Se Figure 3). 
Figure 3. Aging Population Growth 
 
Administration on Aging (2012) 
The first quarter of the 21
st
 century wil se the aging-in-place phenomenon become more 
prevelant because that is when almost al communities would se increases in the large number 
of aging baby-boomers (American Society of Interior Designers, n.d.; Frey, 1999). The state of 
Florida has the largest aging population in the United States (3.4 milion as of 2011) and ?nearly 
one in four is above the age of 65? (Bal, n.d., p.30) (Se Figure 4). Only three percent of elderly 
persons moved from 2011 to 2012, showing that most older people stay in the same residence 
(Administration on Aging, 2012). Over half (57%) of elders lived with their spouse in 2012, 
about 28 percent lived alone, and about 2 milion lived with a grandchild present (Administration 
on Aging, 2012). Acording to Farber, Shrinkle, Lynott, Fox-Grage, & Harrel (2011), ?nearly 
90 percent of people over the age of 65 want to stay in their home for as long as possible, and 80 
 11 
percent believe their current residence is where they wil always live? (p.1). A main isue for the 
older population is that if they want to age in place, their homes must be acommodating.  
Figure 4. Florida Aging Population 
 
Ball (n.d., p.30) 
More than 50,000 residents retire to Florida every year (Bal, n.d.). Florida strives to help 
the aging in many ways through numerous asistance programs set up through the state and 
federal government. These programs include food programs, services for those with memory 
disorders, home repair and modifications, home health aid, emergency alert response, and 
transportation to name a few (Beach, 2008). One major program Florida developed is the Elder 
Friendly Communities Program to raise awarenes of the importance of considering the needs of 
older residents as part of the planning proces (Bal, n.d.). An Elder Friendly Community creates 
an environment that evokes positive aging, encourages self care, and encourages elders to 
participate in a variety of activities, which al enhance an elder?s independence (Bal, n.d.). This 
reflects the main goal of aging in place. Florida continues to make strides toward helping the 
senior citizens of their state, recognizing the important role seniors play in their economy, 
society, and demographic changes of the state. However, with Florida?s rising aging population, 
there is stil a need for guidelines specific to residential design to facilitate aging in place.  
 12 
Groups such as AARP and MetLife provide many resources for the aging population. 
These groups are instrumental in providing necesary information and guidance to the elders, so 
for the aging population residential aging in place guidelines could benefit elders even more. 
ARP ?is a collection of diverse individuals and ideas working as one to influence positive 
change and improve the lives of those 50 and over? (AARP, 2013, para. 1). AARP is united with 
one common motto: ?To serve, not to be served.? (AARP, 2013, para. 6). It is clear that AARP 
strives to help those with many diferent lifestyles, cultures, and backgrounds to experience the 
best quality of life possible. AARP already provides resources pertaining to aging in place 
recommendations, but stil no specific guidelines with the focus of the design of private 
residences.  
The MetLife Foundation ?is dedicated to advancing financial inclusion, helping to build a 
secure future for individuals and communities around the world? (MetLife foundation, 2013, p. 
2). They also provide reports and research to help guide and inform the aging population. This 
study on residential aging in place could provide AARP and MetLife with more specific 
guidelines for the aging population with respect to the designs of private homes and changing 
lifestyles throughout the aging proces.  
The only code for residential aging in place for the state of Florida is modeled from the 
ADA guidelines. This code states that ?al new single-family houses, duplexes, triplexes, 
condominiums, and townhouses shal provide at least one bathroom, located with maximum 
possible privacy, where bathrooms are provided on habitable grade levels, with a door that has a 
29-inch clear opening? (Residential Facilities, 2012, sec. 233.3.6). Other workbooks and guides 
give simple recommendations and modifications, but they are not specific or based on a code. 
Many of the guides and workbooks are very general and usualy refer back to ADA guidelines, 
 13 
which lead to another isue. ADA is targeted to a broad population, but is not specific to private 
homes. Often times the design of private homes require special features designed for specific 
reasons for a particular client (Miton & Nystuen, 2011). Client needs vary from project to 
project; again showing these ADA guidelines may not necesarily be the best choice.  With these 
gaps, there are several things that need to be done. There is a need to provide aces to existing 
information and to develop new information. These two needs could be addresed in one study as 
wil be described in the next section.  
 Interior designers understand people?s behavior and environmental factors, design for the 
overal quality of life of the users, and design for the health, safety and welfare of the public 
(NCIDQ, 2012a; NCIDQ, 2012c; Martin & Guerin, 2005, 2010), esential factors when 
designing for aging in place and universal design. Aging in place incorporates al ages with the 
intention of individuals living in their private homes through al stages of life, while maintaining 
independence for as long as possible (ARP, 2009; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008). Universal design 
also incorporates al ages, as wel as those of al abilities and stages of life (Center for Universal 
Design, 1997). Acesibility connects with both aging in place and universal design, but is 
handicap specific (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; Miton & Nystuen, 2011). Overal user 
independence is at the core of these three topics (aging in place, universal design and 
acesibility) (se Figure 5), which are examined and discussed throughout this study.  
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
Figure 5. User Independence 
 
Image by author. 
  
 15 
Chapter 3 
Methodology 
 There were three parts to this research study. The first step was the information-gathering 
phase. The researcher conducted a codes search and contacted experts in the field to provide their 
knowledge and give input on developing questions, which wil be discussed in detail below. 
Then, the researcher created a summary chart of the existing data collected. Finaly, reference 
sheets were created using existing guidelines and recommendations, as wel as new information 
developed by the researcher for use in profesional practice.  
1. Information - gathering  
 The following paragraphs wil discuss the information-gathering proces. This phase 
consists of two phases, a codes search of existing guidelines and recommendations and expert 
interviews. 
1.1 Codes Search for Existing Guidelines and Recommendations 
 Multiple codes were searched in order to find existing standards and guidelines for 
universal design and aging in place in private residences. State codes, model codes, profesional 
organizations, peer reviewed articles and textbooks were examined during the codes search. 
Several levels of codes exist at the state, regional, and local level. State codes are codes 
applicable only at the state level. The state of Florida is the focus for this study. The International 
Building Code (IBC, 2012) and ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry 
Asociates, 2007) were the two model codes examined for applicable codes and 
recommendations. Model building codes have no legal status until they are adopted or adapted 
by government regulation (Harmon & Kennon, 2008). IBC is a model building code developed 
by the International Code Council (ICC), which provides minimum standards to insure the 
 16 
health, safety, and welfare of the public as they relate to the building construction (Harmon & 
Kennon, 2008). ADA is ?a comprehensive civil rights law that protects individuals with 
disabilities? (Harmon & Kennon, 2008, p. 28). Publications of profesional organizations such as 
ASID (American Society of Interior Designers), IIDA (International Interior Design 
Asociation), NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath Asociation), AARP, and MetLife were also 
examined. Several peer reviewed articles and textbooks pertaining to codes, universal design, 
and aging in place were used throughout the codes search.  
1.2 Expert Interviews 
 A convenience sample was used in contacting experts in the field. Three people were 
selected from the healthcare field and three from the design field; al were profesionals with 
experience working with senior citizens. This sampling technique selects subjects because they 
are easiest to recruit thus providing aces for the researcher (Castilo, 2009). Convenience 
sampling is drawn without any underlying probability (Castilo, 2009; Price, 2013). Table 1 
below shows the three areas of expertise, with the three experts from each category that were 
contacted.  
Table 1. Experts 
 
 The researcher contacted each expert by phone or e-mail first to discuss the purpose of 
the study and to request permision to use any information provided. Note: IRB is not necesary 
Healthcare!
?? Registered Nurse"
?? Home health/hospice nurse"
?? Occupational Therapist"
Design!
?? Contractor"
?? Interior Designer 1"
?? Interior Designer 2"
 17 
in this study because it is not considered human subjects research per Auburn University 
Institutional Review Board (Se Appendix A). Once those asked to be a part of an interview had 
agreed to do so, the researcher proceded with gathering the information needed through a series 
of open-ended questions asked via telephone and e-mail. Responses were recorded in writing by 
the researcher. Appendix B shows questions that were asked. The experts? input was used in 
formulating questions and guidelines to be utilized by those who are aging in place. Each expert 
that was contacted was relevant to this study in diferent ways. The contractor had first-hand 
experience in building in the state of Florida, thereby recognizing limitations and concerns for 
aging in place in private homes. One interior designer specialized in bath design, one area that 
was examined. The other interior designer had extensive experience in the design field, 
specializing in residential design. These design experts contributed to this study based on their 
experience.  
The Registered Nurse was selected based on experience working in the medical intensive 
care unit. The nurse was able to provide insights on designs of hospital rooms and what the main 
concerns are with implementing universal design in residential spaces. The home health/hospice 
nurse was able to give advice on what were the key components to incorporate into a private 
residence for those in the aging proces. Ocupational therapists help people across the lifespan 
participate in the things they want and need to do throughout everyday activities, with many 
clients being those with disabilities or older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes. 
Therefore, the occupational therapist was able to provide input about the major activities older 
persons participate in and the design needs that need to be addresed to alow these older persons 
to be active and independent in their daily lives.  
 18 
The information gathered from the experts also contributed to forming the client 
questionnaire portion of the new reference sheets and guidelines that were developed. The client 
questionnaire includes questions pertaining to current and future needs, preferences, and specific 
conditions the user may have that require a specific design (Se Appendix D for questions).  
2. Analysis 
 Content analysis of existing codes, standards, and recommendations found through the 
codes search were summarized in a comparative chart. Content analysis is a qualitative research 
method that examines the content of a particular body of material to identify themes or paterns 
(Ledy & Ormrod, 2010). Some examples that were examined are the ADA Guidelines 
(Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), hospital room spatial 
recommendations and clearances (Winkel, Collins, Juroszek, & Ching, 2006), the National 
Kitchen and Bath Asociation (NKBA,2012; Parrott, Beamish, Emel, & Peterson, 2013), and 
hospital bathroom requirements (Winkel et al., 2006). The information was organized into four 
categories applicable to the residential seting: overal travel and halways, bedrooms, bathrooms, 
and other (se Appendix C.1). Each category was cross-referenced with the source from the 
codes search to ilustrate how it relates to the seven principles of universal design. For example, 
if the ADA guidelines give standards for overal travel and halways that relate to principles one 
and seven of the universal design principles; these principles were noted. An example of this 
technique is shown in Appendix C.1. The next step was to synthesize the data summaries as wil 
be described in the next section. 
3. Synthesis 
 The data collected from the experts was matched to the summary chart created from the 
content analysis of standards and guidelines. The gaps in the existing data were shown, which 
 19 
resulted in incorporating new knowledge and the development of new guidelines for the 
reference sheets. The reference sheets combined existing data and filed in the gaps with new 
information. A client questionnaire was also developed to aid the user and design profesionals 
in identifying residential design features to facilitate the user?s aging in place proces. The 
reference sheets were divided into the four categories: overal travel and halways, bedrooms, 
bathrooms, and other, and contained the questionnaire and guidelines for the design of residential 
aging in place for each of those areas. Users are able to answer the questions based on their 
condition and needs, then designers can go to the reference sheets that provide the best 
guidelines for their particular need. For example: if the client is in a wheelchair and cannot 
aces the bathroom due to clearances being too narrow, the design profesional can go to the 
reference sheets and find the guidelines that fit the users? situation the best. Some people may 
need wider clearances to get in the bathroom and some may need a shower they can get in and 
out of, therefore, the reference sheets wil cater to many diferent user needs in diferent areas of 
the home. 
Summary of Method 
Figure 6. Summary of Method 
 
??Codes Search (1.1)"
??Expert Interviews
(1.2)"
Information- 
gathering!
??Content Analysis"
??Comparative Chart"
Analyze and 
Summarize!
??Development of 
reference sheets"
??User Questionnaire"
Synthesis!
 20 
 In summary, this study contained three main parts (Se Figure 6), which al led to the 
development of new guidelines for residential aging in place. The first step was information-
gathering, which consisted of a codes search and contacting experts in the field to provide insight 
in creating a questionnaire. Then, content analysis of the existing guidelines and/or standards 
was performed and a comparative chart was created. Finaly, new guidelines for the four main 
areas in the home, (overal travel/halways, bedrooms, bathrooms, and other), were formulated 
for the new reference sheets. A final reference guide was developed through these three parts 
containing a user questionnaire and reference sheets with guidelines for each area of the home 
that was examined in this study.  
 21 
Chapter 4 
Findings and Recommendations 
 After collecting the data and analyzing the information gathered in the codes search and 
from the credible experts, some principles of universal design were addresed through 
recommendation or guidelines from multiple sources while other areas were documented in only 
one source or none. These universal design principles that did not align with an existing 
guideline or recommendation were noted. Al existing codes, recommendations and guidelines 
from the literature were collected for data analysis.  
 The gaps in these data were identified and investigated, and the findings were organized 
by space (e.g., overal travel and halways). The full results of this data collection and analysis 
are communicated in the following sections and can also be sen in Appendices B.2, B.3 and C. 
The guide to sources chart (se Appendix C.1) summarily lists al sources and their findings for 
ease of aces; the summary chart can be cross-referenced to locate the more detailed charts in 
later appendices (se Appendix C).  
Overall Travel and Hallways 
 Overal travel and halways is discussed in the following sections. The existing guidelines 
and recommendations found in the literature that was examined, as wel as gaps and 
recommendations from the researcher are presented below. 
 Existing guidelines and recommendations. 
Six of seven principles of universal design were addresed by recommendations and 
guidelines for overal travel and halways, as documented in the literature included in this study. 
Principle four, perceptible information, was the only principle that did not align to the 
information gathered in this section. There are clear recommendations and guidelines for overal 
 22 
travel and halways related to door widths and clearances, halway widths, lighting, handrails, 
and ease of aces for those using asistive equipment (Se Figure 7). 
Figure 7. Overall Travel and Hallways - Existing Guidelines and Recommendations 
 
Image by author 
From the findings (se Appendix C.2) it was shown that every literature source included 
in this study (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007; IRC, 2011; 
Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; Winkel et al., 2006) discussed door widths 
and clearances and al but one source, healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006) (See Appendix 
C.2.b), discussed halway widths. Universal design principles, equitable use and size and space 
for approach and use, are both applicable in terms of door and halway widths and clearances by 
implementing designs that acommodate users with diferent abilities and providing sufficient 
space for al users. Healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006), the International Residential 
Code (IRC, 2011), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) (See 
Appendix C.2.d) all stated that egres doors should be a minimum of 3?-0? (914 mm) wide. The 
IRC (2011) and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011) advise a minimum clear width of 32 inches 
(813 mm) at doors should be provided.  
The IRC (2011) and healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006) also describe minimum 
door heights. The IRC states that a minimum clear height of the door opening shal not be les 
Overall 
Travel 
and 
Hallways"
Door widths 
and 
clearances "
Hallway 
widths"
Lighting" Handrails"
Ease of 
access"
Six of seven 
universal 
design 
principles"
 23 
than 78 inches (1981 mm) and healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006) advise 6?-8? (2032 
m). The information presented in the appendices, textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor 
& Thomas, 2008), and the IRC al state that the minimum width for halways should be no les 
than 3 fet (914 mm) wide, but some of these sources also suggest a larger width. 
Lawlor and Thomas (2008) and the IRC (2011) discuss lighting in the entry and 
pathways. The IRC requires ilumination levels be no les than 1 foot candle (11 lux) at walking 
surface level. Textbooks Miton and Nystuen, (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) reference 
the need for wel designed handrails.  Ease of aces is referenced by al sources, but specificaly 
by textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) in regard to those using 
asistive equipment (i.e., wheelchairs, walker, etc.). It is important to note that the halway width 
and clearance space is greater in these instances. Acording to the literature (Miton & Nystuen, 
2011), space for one wheelchair and one person is 48 inches (1219 mm), two wheelchairs is 60 
inches (1524 mm). Clear space for a wheelchair is a minimum of 30 x 48 inches (762 by 1219 
m) and a clear turning space of 5 fet (1524 mm) minimum. Lawlor and Thomas (2008) was 
the only source that advised flush thresholds and level flooring throughout the home. 
 The researcher concluded that the most wel-supported recommendations from the 
literature were made in regard to door widths and clearances, and halway widths. 
Recommendations for lighting, handrails and ease of aces regarding those using asistive 
equipment were also evident. Although flush thresholds and level flooring were only addresed 
by one source (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008, the relevance of this recommendation wil be discussed 
further.  
 Six of seven principles of universal design were addresed by these recommendations and 
guidelines for overal travel and halways. Principle four, perceptible information, was the only 
 24 
principle that did not align to the information gathered in this section. The researcher proposes 
that the principles of universal design are significantly represented by the recommendations for 
overal travel and halways, as evidenced in the literature sources included in this study. 
However, the researcher has also identified some gaps in existing literature that could be filed to 
improve the applicability of these principles to design practice. 
 Expert recommendations.  
 The most commonly discussed topics by experts were floor clearances, doorway widths, 
ease of aces to spaces, handrails, and halway widths that can alow for walkers, scooters, 
wheelchairs, etc. to comfortably maneuver up and down the halway (se Appendix B and 
Appendix C.2.e). When the experts were interviewed, each suggested that it be standard to 
implement doors that were at least 3 fet (914 mm) wide and wider halways. Experts also cited 
the need for wel-designed handrails. The experts suggested that handrails be implemented or at 
least planned for in new construction or home renovations. Ease of aces was referenced in 
regard to those using asistive equipment. It was noted from the experts that ease of aces 
through spaces was important. Some of the experts had personal experiences that influenced 
them in making these recommendations. For example, the home health nurse had first-hand 
experience while recovering from back and knee surgery. She explained that at the beginning of 
recovering from these surgeries, she had to relocate to a diferent home that was designed 
appropriately and was more acesible. She discussed how if a home is not designed 
appropriately or is not easily adaptable it could hinder the recovery proces.  
 One of the interior designers interviewed had first-hand experience as wel. She recently 
was involved in designing a residence for a family, which included a family member with MS 
 25 
(multiple sclerosis). With his/her lack of ability to climb stairs and other mobility needs, the 
design had to consider the overal travel, halways and entries of the home.  
 The experts provided useful information and recommendations for overal travel and 
halways. Some of the experts had first-hand experiences personaly or within their field of 
expertise. It is important to consider the needs of al users of al ages and abilities when 
designing the overal travel areas and halways within private homes.  
 Gaps and recommendations. 
 Several gaps were identified through this study. Lighting, handrails and thresholds were 
referenced in the literature (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; IRC, 2011; Miton & Nystuen, 2011) but 
the guidelines and recommendations in these areas could be beter articulated for application to 
design practice. Lighting, for example, is important when designing for aging in place and is 
relevant to implementing universal design principles; therefore the researcher suggests the 
following expert analysis be included in future recommendations and guidelines. 
 Light and color. 
The researcher acknowledges the importance of providing sufficient light levels, 
especialy in pathways. However, an increase in lighting levels may not always correlate to 
improved environmental conditions when al factors are considered. Increased light levels may 
result in glare and halos around the light. No mater the age or physical ability of any user, 
minimizing glare is crucial. Glare can be reduced by selecting appropriate fixtures ? with a 
concealed source or with a shade ? and by selecting appropriate flooring materials, (Figueiro, 
2008; Brabyn, Haegerstrom-Portrioy, Schneck, & Lott, 2000). Users could also benefit from 
motion sensor devices in halways and entrances that activate lighting when movement is 
detected.  
 26 
The researcher also recommends the use of natural lighting to be implemented wherever 
possible to improve physical and emotional health as wel as making spaces warm and inviting. 
Daylight is good for overal health and makes individuals fel good (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008, 
Lechner, 2009; Newham, Aries, Mancin, & Faye, 2007). One analogy for this is when it is 
almost spring time, everyone always talks about how they are ready for the sunshine and warm 
weather or when it is has been cloudy and gloom, people just want to se the sunshine. These are 
simple examples of how natural daylight is good for the soul.  
Color selections can also afect lighting and vision. The researcher recommends avoiding 
monochromatic color schemes and excesive use of dark materials and finishes. It can be 
dificult for users to distinguish diferent planar surfaces ? e.g. level changes or floor to wal 
intersections ? when those surfaces have a similar hue, saturation or value (Figueiro, 2008). 
Hazards can result from miscommunicating the location of planar changes. For example, if there 
are white floors, white wals, white baseboards and white ceilings, when someone walks down a 
halway they could easily trip at corners or level changes where it would be dificult to 
distinguish the sharp edge in a white-on-white space. The universal design principle of 
perceptible information would be addresed by including recommendations about colors in 
future guidelines, such as selecting colors that have contrast and make it easy to distinguish 
diferent planar changes and surfaces. 
Lighting controls. 
 The principle of perceptible information would also be supported through improved 
guidelines related to the placement of light switches in entries and halways. The researcher 
suggests that designers consider the needs of al users when placing light switches. Controls, 
such as switches, should be placed where they can be reached from standing and seated levels, 
 27 
including aces by children and wheelchair users. Two-way switches are recommended, 
especialy in halways, so that controls can be acesed from multiple locations within a space. 
For example, hazards can result when the user must walk down a halway in the dark, feling 
his/her way to the switch, to turn on the light. A two-way switch should be placed at both ends of 
the halway so the user can aces lighting control from either end of the halway. 
The researcher also recommends that users would benefit from being able to easily locate 
a light switch, even in a dark room. Using a switch that glows or is lit once it is off or when the 
room is dark would enable users to locate the switch easily. An alternative solution would be to 
implement remote-controlled or motion sensor fixtures, which might remove the need for 
switches to be placed within reach. For example, if a user gets up during the night to get a drink 
and has to walk down the halway, a motion sensor light could automaticaly come on. From the 
user?s perspective this means that there is no need to search for the switch in the dark or worry 
about tripping over something.  
Flooring. 
 The next recommendation for overal travel and halways is to select the appropriate 
flooring. As addresed earlier, the floors should be level throughout the home, but especialy in 
the main walkways and entries. A hazard could result if the floor is uneven or thresholds are not 
flush; users could trip and fal. Eliminate the use of rugs in main travel areas because this can 
lead to tripping or faling as wel (Tineti, 2003). It is also important to select a flooring material 
that is durable, slip-resistant, not high in gloss, and low maintenance.  
 Another gap that needs to be filed is in the area of handrail recommendations and 
guidelines. Handrails were addresed, but not in detail sufficient for application to design 
decisions. A user is not likely to anticipate when they may need asistance walking down a 
 28 
halway, therefore, it is important to include handrails or grab bars in halways. If handrails are 
not added during new construction, the researcher recommends considering the future addition of 
handrails by reinforcing the wals during new construction. The extra support of reinforced wals 
can then alow handrails to be added at any later time, as needed. To keep the home aestheticaly 
pleasing, while implementing handrails and grab bars, one can customize the design. They can 
be designed to resemble chair rail moulding and stil provide the support needed. In a residential 
environment guidelines for handrails are not as strict as those in commercial setings, which 
explains why handrails in private residences can be designed to be more aestheticaly pleasing.  
 In addition to the recommendations given for door widths and clearances and halway 
widths, the researcher also recommends that al doors have lever handles for ease of use by users 
with a range of mobility and dexterity. Also, the recommendation for a larger halway does not 
just benefit someone in a wheelchair or needing mobility asistance. Wider halways are also 
beneficial when moving furniture, hauling luggage back and forth, or even for parents when their 
children are learning to walk and want or need to hold their parent?s hand when walking down 
the halway. Also, it is important to note that anyone of any age can unexpectedly be put in the 
situation of needing asistance, such as crutches or a wheelchair; widening halways as suggested 
in the guidelines wil addres this isue.  
 Summary. 
Figure 8 ilustrates the various factors imparting overal travel and halways for aging in place. 
 
 
 
 
 29 
Figure 8. Overall Travel and Hallways - Gaps and Recommendations. 
 
Image by author. 
 As previously stated, the most wel documented guidelines for overal travel and 
halways were door widths and clearances and halway widths. Lighting, handrails, and ease of 
aces regarding those using asistive equipment were also significant. Six of seven of the 
universal design principles were noted to be aligned to this area of the study. Several gaps were 
identified in regard to lighting, handrails, and thresholds and the researcher made additional 
recommendations in regard to these identified gaps. Increasing light levels in major travel areas, 
selecting appropriate flooring, using larger halway widths and doorway widths, and applying 
lever handles were some of the recommendations provided by the researcher. Al clients are 
diferent and their needs vary as wel, so there may be no one-size-fits-al solution. It is 
important to ask household users about their specific needs, how long they plan to live in the 
house and what level of independence they desire. These simple programing questions wil 
benefit the designer when creating the best solution for each individual client situation. 
Bedrooms 
 The following sections discuss bedrooms. The existing guidelines and recommendations 
from the literature (Se Figure 9) are presented. Gaps and recommendations developed by the 
researcher are also discussed.  
Overall 
Travel 
and 
Hallways"
Light and 
Color"
Lighting 
Controls"
Flooring" Handrails"
Door 
Handles "
Larger 
Hallways"
 30 
Figure 9. Bedrooms ? Existing Guidelines and Recommendations 
 
Image by author. 
 Existing guidelines and recommendations. 
 As with overal travel and halways, bedroom guidelines and recommendations aligned to 
six of seven universal design principles. Again, perceptible information was the only principle 
not aligned to the existing knowledge in this area. From the findings (se Appendix C.3) it was 
shown that every source (Department of Justice, 201a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007; 
IRC, 2011; Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; Winkel et al., 2006) discussed 
providing clear space except for the International Residential Code (IRC, 2011).  
 Providing clear space aligns with the universal design principle, size and space for 
approach and use. Most sources (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; Winkel et 
al.2006; Kobus, Skaggs, Bobrow, Thomas, Payete, & Chin, 2008) advise to alow 30 to 36 
inches (762 to 914 mm) of clear space on both sides of the bed and at the foot of the bed with 36 
inches (914 mm) being the minimum clearance for wheelchair users. Miton and Nystuen (2011) 
and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) (Se Appendix C.3.d) state that major circulation areas require 
30 to 36 inches (762 to 914 mm) of clear floor space and minor circulation areas require 24 
inches (610 mm) of clear floor space. Alow clear turning space of 5 fet (1524 mm) in diameter 
Bedrooms"
Clear Floor 
Space"
Room Size"
Six of seven 
universal 
design 
principles"
 31 
within the room and 60 by 60 inch (1524 by 1524 mm) space to maneuver in the room once 
furniture is placed. Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Kobus et al., 2008; Lawlor & Thomas, 
2008) also discuss providing clear space to aces doors, drawers, and storage areas (closets). 
Miton and Nystuen (2011) state to alow 48 by 36 inches (1219 by 914 mm) of clear space to 
access the closet for wheelchair users and 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219 mm) adjacent to closet. 
Textbooks Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) also state that 32 inches 
(813 mm) should be provided for aces to closet/storage areas.  
 The depth of the closet should be at least 2?-10? (864 mm). Bi-fold doors can alow 
greater clear space at closets or use bypas sliding doors, double pockets doors, or double swing 
doors. Walk-in closets are the most acesible. Entry to walk-in closets should be 32 inches (813 
m) wide with an interior center aisle of 36 inches (914 mm) wide minimum. It is said to use 
adjustable mounting heights for shelves and clothes rods or pull-down rods and shelves, which 
describes both simple and intuitive use and low physical efort universal design principles. The 
adjustable heights should vary betwen 30 and 66 inches (762 and 1674 mm) above the floor.  
 Healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006), textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Kobus 
et al., 2008; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008), and the IRC (2011) discuss room size. Healthcare 
guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006) and the IRC (2011) state that the room shal have not les than 
120 square fet (36,576 sq mm) of gross floor area and the IRC suggests no les than 7 fet 
(2,134 mm) in any horizontal dimension. Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Kobus, et al., 
2008; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008), only suggest that rooms should be sufficiently sized and 
increased for universal design purposes.  
 Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) discussed entrances and 
doors within bedrooms. They recommended to provide a minimum clear space of 32 inches (813 
 32 
m) and use 36-inch (914 mm) doors, which is the same requirements discussed in overal travel 
and halways in the previous section. Lawlor and Thomas (2008) state to specify halways to and 
within the master suite at 42 inches (1967 mm) wide. They also suggest the use of low-pile 
carpet or glare-free flooring materials, extra outlets within bedrooms, consideration of bed 
heights, and a dedicated toilet and shower for each bedroom. Lawlor and Thomas (2008) 
suggested placing lighting controls within easy reach by lowering light switches to 42 to 48 
inches (1067 to 1219 mm) above finish floor and raising electrical outlets to 18 to 22 inches (457 
to 559 mm) above finish floor. 
 From the information gathered and presented above, the researcher can conclude that the 
most significant finding was to provide clear floor space around the bed, closet, doors, and 
within the overal room. These topics were discussed the most in depth in comparison to al other 
topics addresed. Room size was also significant. Flooring material, outlets, light controls, bed 
heights, and a dedicated toilet and shower were addresed briefly, but are stil important and wil 
be discussed in more detail in the following section.  
 Expert recommendations.  
 Experts provided clear recommendations for bedrooms related to ease of aces, clear 
space, flooring and door openings. Other recommendations they mentioned include outlets, bed 
height, closets with reachable rods and two master suites. Se Appendix B to reference the actual 
interviews and Appendix C.3.e for a list of key points made by experts.  
 When experts discussed clear space and ease of aces, each described alowing an ample 
amount of space to maneuver within the bedroom and closets without feling crowded, while 
also having sufficient space if mobility equipment should have to be used. Experts recommended 
providing clear space around doors and use 36-inch (914 mm) doors, which is the same 
 33 
requirement discussed in overal travel and halways. Experts suggest using wider doorways as 
standard for ease of aces and in case asistive equipment is used. Experts also discussed 
selecting appropriate flooring materials in bedrooms and some discussed keeping in mind 
materials that could be a tripping hazard (e.g., rugs). As previously stated, some experts had 
personal experience that influenced them in making these recommendations. 
 For example, the registered nurse and home health nurse both had experiences in the 
field. The registered nurse discussed the importance of homes and especialy bedrooms being set 
up correctly (e.g. enough plugs, location and placement of furniture and bathroom placement in 
relation to the bedroom). The registered nurse also expresed the importance of asking users 
what level of independence they expect and what their overal needs within the space are. The 
home health nurse also addresed the number of plugs in relation to equipment that may need to 
be used. During the interview she told the story about one of the homes she was working in at the 
time only had two wal outlets and an overhead lighting fixture with an outlet in it. When she and 
the other nurses had to plug up an oxygen tank or breathing machine, the cords had to hang from 
the ceiling or an extension cord was run across the room, which caused even more of a hazard.  
 It is evident through the information provided from the experts that the design of 
bedrooms plays a major role in the everyday lives of users. Again, it is important to consider the 
needs of each user in order to provide the best design solution.  
 Gaps and recommendations. 
 There were several gaps identified through the findings, which include eliminating rugs 
in main travel areas as much as possible, having a master suite at the grade level, providing as 
much daylighting as possible, selecting appropriate lighting fixtures for a range of needs, 
 34 
keeping privacy in mind, and planning for placement and number of electrical outlets (Se 
Figure 10). 
Figure 10. Bedrooms ? Gaps and Recommendations 
 
Image by author. 
 Flooring. 
 Flooring may not have been sufficiently addresed. While textbooks (Lawlor & Thomas, 
2008) suggest low-pile carpet, it is important to keep in mind how easily asistive equipment can 
maneuver over specific pile heights and floor material transitions. In fact it may be best to 
eliminate loose rugs as much as possible. Rugs can be a trip hazard for any user, but especialy 
for elders (Tineti, 2003). As people age their stability decreases and clumsines increases. If 
rugs are used, make sure they are secured to the floor and use visualy appropriate contrast in 
value, hue or saturation betwen the rug and the underlying flooring material.  
 Master suite. 
 It is recommended by the researcher that it become standard for the master suite to be 
located at the grade (ground) level. The master suite is a major living space that should be 
useable through al stages of life. In a multi-story house in which it is desirable to have al 
Bedrooms "
Flooring"
Master Suite"
Organization"
Daylighting" Lighting"
Privacy"
Furnishings"
Outlets"
 35 
bedrooms on an upper level, it may be possible to design for two master suites. Consider a 
scenario in which the client?s current bedroom is upstairs. If the client has knee replacement 
surgery, how wil he/she recover comfortably? The client wil not be alowed to go up and down 
stairs for a while, so he/she would not be able to get to any of the upstairs bedrooms. The lack of 
privacy, comfortable sleping space and aces to master suite amenities may inhibit the healing 
proces. This demonstrates one scenario in which it is important to design for a master suite at 
grade level.  
 Further, a design with two master suites is not only beneficial for personal use, but also 
can be a more functional design for guests. From the client?s perspective, one never knows when 
an elderly family member may require personal care and have to move in with the client. If there 
are two master bedrooms in the house, both can provide personal space in this new and 
unexpected arrangement.  
 Organization. 
 Another recommendation is to provide clean, uncluttered sleping spaces with amenities 
to alow for ease of aces for users with limited mobility. Clean and uncluttered space decreases 
the risk of tripping or running into furniture within the bedroom. Providing a siting area within a 
bedroom would be beneficial as wel, and can be adapted to the changing needs of a user over 
time. From the client?s perspective, if the client or the spouse were to become il and need 
asistance around the clock, the siting space could be converted to provide family or other 
caregivers with personal space within the master suite.  
 Daylighting. 
 The author suggest that providing as much daylighting as possible is always encouraged 
and is good for overal health. It is beter for users? vision as opposed to artificial lighting. 
 36 
Daylighting with a view also alows those with limited aces to the outdoors to be able to se 
outside. Although the sources reviewed for this study did not indicate the importance of natural 
daylighting, design literature does, in fact, document the importance of daylighting within living 
environments (Newham et al., 2007; Lechner, 2009). Providing views of the outdoors and nature 
aids in the healing proces (Rea, Figueiro, & Bullough, 2002; Oyama, 2004; Han & Ishida, 
2004), so if someone is not able to actualy be outdoors, this alows them to fel as if they are a 
part of the outside world.  
 The author suggests that fenestration can be controlled with automatic or electronicaly 
controlled window treatments. As addresed in the overal travel and halways section, light 
switches or mechanisms that are easy to se and aces are also important in bedrooms. Easy to 
use controls for daylighting, light switches and fans may support independence through al stages 
of life.  
 Lighting. 
 Lighting fixture selection is also important. Many diferent tasks occur in a bedroom ? 
slep, read, relax, dres ? so lighting decisions in this area must support a wide range of needs. 
 The researcher recommends that task lighting be provided on both sides of the bed and 
that the switches be easily acesible. Overhead lighting within the room should be provided and 
should be at an increased light level from task lighting by the bed, but should not result in glare. 
As with overal travel and halways, provide bedroom switches that light up at night or lights that 
can be controlled by a handheld device.  
 Privacy. 
 Another recommendation is to consider privacy when locating and planning bedrooms. It 
is important to design bedrooms such that visitors who are in the living room or at the front door 
 37 
cannot se directly into the room. Privacy is also important to remember with street front rooms. 
From the client?s perspective, if there was a new baby in the household and someone came over 
to bring dinner for the night, the client would not want the bedroom to be the first things the 
visitor sees when he/she comes in the front door. Although a client?s needs may change over 
time, an expectation of privacy in the bedroom may be a concern across the whole span of a 
client?s life. 
 Furnishings. 
When specifying bedside tables as wel as other furniture for the bedroom, be sure to 
select those that fit the needs of the client. Tables that are 20 inches (508 mm) high can mean 
les bending and seat heights 18 to 20 inches high (457 to 508 mm) make it easier to get in and 
out of chairs. 
Outlets. 
 The researcher makes additional recommendations for the location and placement of 
outlets, beyond what was addresed in the literature sources used in this study. It is important to 
plan for the location and number of outlets necesary in each space prior to construction. This is 
especialy important in bedrooms, which can become the main living space during certain times 
in a client?s life. Hazards can result from improper placement of outlets as wel as from having 
an insufficient number of outlets. 
  For example, if a user becomes il and has to have a breathing machine or other types of 
equipment hooked up he/she wil need additional outlets. If there are not enough outlets near the 
bed, an extension cord may be connected in order for the equipment to be in reach of the user. 
This forms an obstacle that people have to walk over constantly and may become a tripping 
hazard or a life-threatening hazard if critical equipment gets acidentaly unplugged. However, 
 38 
when outlets are placed correctly and the number of outlets is suficient for the space, there is 
les potential for hazard and inconvenience. Even users without specialized equipment may need 
additional outlets for everyday items such as lamps, cel phones, computers, TVs, DVD players 
and alarm clocks. 
 Summary. 
 The most wel-documented guidelines and recommendations identified were related to 
clear floor space within the room and specificaly around the bed, closet and doors (Department 
of Justice, 201a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007; IRC, 2011; Miton & Nystuen, 2011; 
Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; Winkel et al., 2006; Kobus et al., 2008; IRC, 2011). Six of the seven 
universal design principles were significant criteria for consideration for bedrooms as wel. Gaps 
and recommendations included eliminating rugs in main travel areas as much as possible, having 
a master suite at the grade level, providing as much daylighting as possible, selecting appropriate 
lighting fixtures for a range of needs, keeping privacy in mind, and planning for placement and 
number of electrical outlets. As previously stated, client needs may vary and there may be no 
one-size-fits-al solution. Ask each household user about his/her specific needs, how long he/she 
plans to live in the house and what level of independence he/she desires to support the best 
solution for his/her individual situation. 
Bathrooms 
 Bathrooms are discussed in the following sections. Existing guidelines and 
recommendations from the literature are discussed. Also, gaps and recommendations presented 
by the author are discussed. 
  
 
 39 
 Existing guidelines and recommendations. 
 Bathroom guidelines and recommendations aligned to al seven universal design 
principles. As noted in the findings (se Appendix C.4), not every principle aligned to every 
source but most sources engaged al of the universal design principles. Healthcare guidelines 
(Winkel et al., 2006) aligned to six of seven, but did not align with the perceptible information 
principle. The 2010 Florida Building Code, Residential (ICC, 2011) and the 2012 Florida 
Acesibility Code for Building Construction (Residential Facilities, 2012) were the only sources 
to which none of the universal design principles could be clearly aligned.  
 The most significant findings for bathrooms related to clear space, bathtub and shower 
dimensions, toilet placement, grab bars and control placement. Flooring material in shower and 
bathtubs, mirror placement and dimensions, storage, shelving and acesories recommendations 
were also wel-documented (Se Figure 11). 
Figure 11. Bathrooms ? Existing Guidelines and Recommendations 
 
Image by author. 
Bathrooms "Clear Space"
Bathtub and 
shower 
dimensions"
Toilet 
Placement"
Grab Bars"
Control 
Placement"
Flooring 
Materials"
Mirror 
Placement 
and 
Dimensions"
Storage, 
Shelving, 
Accessories"
All seven 
universal 
design 
principles"
 40 
 Al sources addresed recommendations related to clear space (se Appendix C.4). Clear 
space around doors, and at lavatories, sinks, vanities, bathtubs, showers and toilets were al 
discussed, which aligns with universal design principles equitable use and size and space for 
approach and use. Clear space around doors was described by the ADA (Department of Justice, 
2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006), the 
NKBA (NKBA, 2012; Parrott et al., 2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & 
Thomas, 2008) (Se Appendix C.4.g), the 2010 Florida Building Code, Residential (ICC, 2011) 
and 2012 Florida Acesibility Code for Building Construction (Residential Facilities, 2012). 
The ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) states that doors 
shal not swing into the clear floor space or clearance for any fixture unles it is in a private room 
where a clear space of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219 mm) minimum is provided within the room 
beyond the arc of the door swing.  
 Healthcare guidelines (Winkel et al., 2006) state that clear space of 30 by 48 inches (762 
by 1219 mm) is to be provided if the door swings into the room, clear of the door swing. The 
door shal have 32 inches (813 mm) minimum of clear width. The NKBA (2012) also states the 
clear opening of a doorway should be at least 32 inches (813 mm), 2?-10? (864 mm) door 
minimum. A more acesible clear opening should be at least 34 inches (864 mm), 3?-0? (914 
m) door minimum. Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) discuss 
doorway openings as wel. They suggest the doorway opening to be at least 32 inches (813 mm) 
as wel and should be unobstructed.  
 Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) state that a 3-foot (914 mm) 
door, when the door swings out, alows the turning radius to exist free of the door or a 32-inch 
(813 mm) pocket door is also useful. Doorways that are 34 to 36 inches (864 to 914 mm) wide 
 41 
permit beter aces. The door should open out to the hal rather than into the bathroom. The 
2010 Florida Building Code, Residential (ICC, 2011) and the 2012 Florida Acesibility Code 
for Building Construction (Residential Facilities, 2012) state the toilet rooms shal have a clear 
opening of not les than 29 inches (737 mm) at door.  
 Providing clear space at lavatories, sinks, vanities, bathtubs, showers and toilets were 
discussed by ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the IRC 
(2011), NKBA (2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & 
Thomas, 2008). ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b) states that a 30 by 48 inch (762 by 
1219 mm) minimum clear floor space, positioned for a forward approach and knee and toe 
clearance should be provided. Clearance in front of the bathtub shal extend the length of the 
bathtub and shal be 30 inches (762 mm) wide minimum. Diferent types of shower 
compartments exist with diferent clearances depending on the type of approach (Department of 
Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007).  
 The IRC (2011) states that there shal be a clearance of not les than 21 inches (533 mm) 
in front of a water closet, lavatory, or bidet to any wal, fixture, or door. The NKBA (2012) and 
Parrott et al. (2013) recommend planning a clear floor space of at least 30 inches (762 mm) from 
the front edge of al fixtures to any opposite bath fixture, wal, or obstacle. Plan a minimum clear 
floor space of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219 mm) centered at each fixture plus space for 
maneuvering including approach and turning for a person using a wheelchair. The minimum size 
of knee space is 36 inches (914 mm) wide by 27 inches (686 mm) high by 8 inches (203 mm), 
increasing to 17 inches (432 mm) deep in toe space. Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and 
Thomas (2008) also state that a clear space should be provided measuring 30 by 48 inches (762 
by 1219mm) in front of sinks, the bathtub, and the toilet.  
 42 
 Wheelchair acesible showers require a clear space of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219 
m) adjacent to the shower entry for approach and transfer. Wheelchair acesible vanity design 
requires a clear area under the sink that is a minimum of 27 inches (686 mm) above the floor; 29 
inches (737 mm) is recommended for most adults along with 30 inches (762 mm) of clear 
approach space. Acesible toilets, bidets, and sink fixtures require clearance and placement; 
various models require 3 to 9 inches (76 to 227 mm) of clearance betwen the fixture and the 
wal. Toilets should be at minimum 18 inches (457 mm) from the vanity-cabinets, bathtubs, or 
sidewals (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007; Miton & 
Nysteun, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008; NKBA, 2012; Parrott et al., 2013; IRC, 2011).  
 ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the NKBA 
(2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) 
provided information regarding the placement of mirrors. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 
2010b) suggested that mirrors located above lavatories or countertops shal be instaled with the 
bottom edge of the reflecting surface 40 inches (1016 mm) maximum above the finish floor or 
ground. Mirrors not above lavatories or countertops shal be instaled with the bottom edge of the 
reflecting surface 35 inches (889 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground. For those in a 
wheelchair, the top edge of the mirror should be 74 inches (1880 mm) minimum from the floor 
or ground. The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) suggest placing mirrors above or nearing 
the lavatory at a height that takes the user?s eye height into consideration. Plan for a full-height 
mirror to provide reflection at eye level, regardles of user?s height or stature. Miton and 
Nystuen, (2011) state that 40 inches (1016 mm) should be the maximum mirror height, when the 
mirror is not tilted; however, many wheelchair users prefer tilted mirrors and mounting 
guidelines are not indicated for titled mirrors.  
 43 
 The placement of toilets was discussed by al sources except the 2010 Florida Building 
Code, Residential (ICC, 2011) and the 2012 Florida Acesibility Code for Building 
Construction (Residential Facilities, 2012). ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan 
Terry Asociates, 2007) recommend the centerline of the water closet shal be 16 inches (406 
m) minimum to 18 inches (457 mm) maximum from the sidewal or 17 inches (432 mm) 
minimum and 19 inches (483 mm) maximum from the sidewal in acesible toilet rooms. The 
toilet shal be arranged for left-hand or right-hand approach. The seat height shal be 17 inches 
(432 mm) minimum and 19 inches (483 mm) maximum measured to the top of the seat. In 
residential dweling units, the height is permited to be 15 inches (381 mm) minimum and 19 
inches (483 mm) maximum above the finish floor, measured to the top of the seat (Department 
of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007).  
 The IRC (2011) states that a water closet, lavatory, or bidet should not be set closer than 
15 inches (381 mm) from its center to any side wal or vanity. The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et 
al. (2013) recommend the distance from the centerline of the toilet and or bidet to any bath 
fixture, wal, or other obstacle be at least 18 inches (457 mm). They also suggest considering the 
user height and ability when determining the toilet height. If a separate toilet compartment is 
used, the size should be at least 36 by 66 inches (914 by 1676 mm) with a swing-out or pocket 
door. To maximize aces, provide privacy in the toileting area without using a separate 
compartment.  
 Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) and experts discussed 
grab bars as wel. Implementing grab bars is one example that describes the universal design 
principle tolerance for error. Grab bars in residential dweling units shal not be required to be 
instaled in toilet or bathrooms provided that reinforcement has been instaled in the wals and 
 44 
located so as to permit the instalation of grab bars when needed. Miton and Nystuen (2011) and 
Lawlor and Thomas (2008) suggest to use 36 inch (914 mm) and 42 inch (1067 mm) grab bars 
mounted 33 to 36 inches (914 by 1676 mm) above the floor. They also suggest higher toilet seat 
heights, i.e. 18-inch (457 mm) optimum seat height. 
 Sinks and lavatories were also addresed when examining bathrooms. ADA (Department 
of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the NKBA (2012); and Parrott et al., 
(2013) and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) provide 
recommendations for sinks and lavatories. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan 
Terry Asociates, 2007) recommends that lavatories and sinks shal be instaled with the front of 
the higher side of the rim or counter surface 34 inches (864 mm) maximum above the finish 
floor. Hand-operated metering faucets shal remain open for 10 seconds minimum and faucets 
shal be operable with one hand and shal not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the 
wrist, which describes the universal design principle of low physical efort.  
 The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) suggest placement dimensions for diferent 
types of lavatories. Single-lavatory placement should be at least 20 inches (508 mm) from the 
centerline of the lavatory to the sidewal. For double-lavatory placement, the distance betwen 
the centerlines of the two lavatories should be at least 36 inches (914 mm). The minimum 
distance betwen the edges of two freestanding or wal-hung lavatories is 4 inches. The height 
for a lavatory varies betwen 32 and 43 inches (813 and 1092 mm) depending on the needs of the 
user. Lavatory controls should be within the user?s reach and operable with minimal efort. The 
NKBA also suggests specifying clipped or round corners rather sharp edges on al counters.  
 Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) also suggest information for 
sinks and lavatories. They state that wal-mounted sinks are ideal for use by those in wheelchairs, 
 45 
as they alow for chair clearance directly under the sink, easing aces to the sink bowl, faucet, 
and controls, which aligns with universal design principle equitable use. Wal-hung lavatories 
should be 18 by 22 inches (457 by 559 mm). If mounted in a cabinet or countertop, the sink bowl 
should be mounted as close to the front edge of the counter as possible. Single-lever or paddle 
faucet handles are suggested to be the best choice for bathroom use. This recommendation 
describes flexibility in use, tolerance for error, and simple and intuitive use. It is important for 
the design to consider the selection of lavatory faucets when designing bathrooms for use by 
individuals with disabilities, the elderly, and smal children. 
 Vanity cabinet height should be based on the size and height of the most frequent user. A 
taler toe kick, 9 inches (229 mm) with a 6-inch (152 mm) setback from the face edge of the 
cabinet is recommended (Lawlor & Thomas, 2008). Up to 1 foot (305 mm) of the 4 fet (1219 
m) required for forward approach can extend under a lavatory with clear aces to knee space. 
Removable doors or doors that pocket back into the vanity cabinet can be functional options as 
wel in order to provide knee space. Select low maintenance countertops for bathroom lavatories. 
 ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the NKBA 
(2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) 
al discuss bathtubs. Clearances for bathtubs were discussed previously. Al sources suggested 
providing a seat in bathtubs for beter acesibility. Grab bars inside bathtubs were addresed by 
al sources as wel. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) 
states that grab bars are not required to be instaled in bathtubs in residential dweling units 
provided that reinforcement has been instaled in the wals and located properly to permit 
instalation later.  
 46 
 The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) also recommend that the tub wals should be 
reinforced at the time of construction to facilitate instalation of grab bars later. Placement of 
grab bars should be planned to facilitate aces to and maneuvering within the tub area. When 
grab bars are used, they should be placed at 33 to 36 inches above the floor, must be 1.5 to 2 
inches (38 to 51 mm) in diameter, and extend 1.5 inches (38 mm) from the wal. Grab bars 
should be placed acording to the needs and height of the user. Miton and Nystuen (2011) and 
Lawlor and Thomas (2008) also suggest structural reinforcement for grab bars. They recommend 
that if grab bars are required, they should be provided on both ends of the tub and two bars of 
diferent heights are required along the side of the tub.  
 ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), NKBA 
(2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) 
al have suggestions for controls within bathtubs. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; 
Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) suggests that controls should be located on an end wal, betwen 
the bathtub rim and grab bar, and betwen the open side of the bathtub and centerline of the 
width of the bathtub. They should be operable with one hand and should not require tight 
grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist as stated before.  
 Acording to the NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) tub controls should be acesible 
from both sides and outside the tub and be located betwen the rim of the bathtub and 33 inches 
(838 mm) above the floor. Controls should be ofset toward the room and have an easy grasp, as 
with lever or loop handles. Hot and cold should be identified with red and blue indicators. Miton 
and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) recommend that controls should be placed 
where users can reach them and should be mounted near the entry side of the head wal, 
 47 
describing the universal design principle perceptible information. Presure-balanced valves and 
hot water limiters should be used and water shutoff valves should be acesible.  
 The NKBA (2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; 
Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) suggest providing a handheld shower spray unit and it must have 
an on/off control. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) 
recommends the bathtub shower spray units shal deliver water that is 120?F (49?C) maximum. 
ADA discusses enclosures for bathtubs and states that they shal not obstruct controls, faucets, 
shower and spray unit, or obstruct transfer from wheelchairs onto the bathtub seat and into 
bathtubs. They also suggest that enclosures shal not have tracks instaled on the rim of the open 
face of the bathtub. The NKBA (NKBA, 2012; Parrott et al., 2013) suggests the wal around the 
tub should be covered in a waterproof material extending at least 3 inches (76 mm) above the 
showerhead rough-in. They also suggest that steps not be placed outside of the tub and slip-
resistant surfaces should be used for the tub bottoms.  
 Bathtubs were discussed above, but showers were also addresed. ADA (Department of 
Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the IRC (2011), NKBA (2012), Parrott et 
al. (2013), and Miton and Nystuen (2011) and Lawlor and Thomas (2008) al provide 
suggestions in regard to showers. ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry 
Asociates, 2007) discusses diferent types of showers. Transfer type shower compartments shal 
be 36 by 36 inches (914 by 914 mm) inside dimension with a 36-inch (914 mm) wide minimum 
entry on the face of the shower. A standard roll-in shower shal be 30 inches (762 mm) wide 
minimum by 60 inches (1524 mm) deep minimum inside dimensions with a 60- inch (1524 mm) 
wide minimum entry on the face of the shower. Lastly, alternate roll-in showers shal be 36 
 48 
inches (914 mm) wide by 60 inches (1524 mm) deep minimum inside dimension with a 36-inch 
(914 mm) minimum entry.  
 Seats and grab bars shal be provided in showers or at least planned for at new 
construction. The suggestions for controls in showers are the same as for bathtubs. Acording to 
the IRC (2011), showers shal have not les than 900 square inches (22,860 sq mm) of interior 
cross-sectional area and shal not be les than 30 inches (762 mm) minimum. The height of 
showers should not be les than 70 inches (1778 mm) above the shower drain outlet. The hinged 
door should open outward. The aces and egres opening shal have a clear and unobstructed 
finished width of not les than 22 inches (559 mm).  
 The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) also discussed diferent types of showers and 
provided measurements for each. The interior shower size should be at least 36 by 36 inches 
(914 by 914 mm). They suggest planning for either a transfer or roll-in shower. Roll-in shower 
entries should be 32 inches (813 mm) for a 60-inch (1524 mm) deep shower and 36 inches (914 
m) wide for a 42-inch (1067 mm) deep shower to alow turning space. It is suggested to plan 
for a seat within the shower that is 17 to 19 inches (432 to 483 mm) above the shower floor and 
15 inches (381 mm) deep or to fit the parameters of the space and the needs of the user. Wals 
should be reinforced at the time of construction to alow for instalation of grab bars if and when 
needed.  
 Suggestions for controls of showers are the same as for bathtubs, except it is suggested 
that the controls to be located betwen 38 and 48 inches (965 and 1219 mm) above the floor 
depending on the user?s height. Also minimizing thresholds at the shower entry to no more than 
! inch (13 mm) is suggested. The wal around the shower pan should be covered in a waterproof 
 49 
material extending at least 3 inches (76 mm) above the showerhead rough-in and use a slip- 
resistant surface in the shower bottom.  
 Textbook sources (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) discuss diferent 
sizes of showers as wel, which aligns with equitable use universal design principle. They 
suggest that a 3-foot by 3-foot (914 by 914 mm) shower can help users maintain balance and 
alows them to catch themselves should they fal. A 5-foot by 5-foot (1524 by 1524 mm) shower 
alows for a wheelchair to roll directly into the stal and there should be at least 60 inches (1524 
m) in al directions. The minimum depth of a curbles shower should be 30 inches (762 mm), 
but a more generous minimum depth of 36 inches (914 mm) is recommended. There should be 
42 to 48 inches (1067 to 1219 mm) in depth for someone in a wheelchair to enter the shower and 
retain complete range of motion of bathing and acesing the water controls.  
 Again controls should be placed where the user can reach them and be able to turn them 
before geting into the shower Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008). Controls 
should be placed 15 to 48 inches (381 to 1219 mm) above finish floor. Presure-balanced valves 
and hot water limiters should be used as wel. Showerheads and curtain rods should be mounted 
at 72 inches (1829 mm) above the finish floor, but wil vary based on the individual height of the 
user. Grab bars should be instaled when needed. If a grab bar is needed, a vertical grab bar 
height is 18 inches (457 mm) minimum and should be located 4 inches (102 mm) maximum 
from the side of the shower. If a shower door is used, the door swing must be considered. It is 
important to keep a level threshold at the shower entry and a change in texture and patern of the 
flooring material wil provide a visual cue where the shower pan begins and main floor ends.  
 ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007), the NKBA 
(2012), Parrott et al. (2013), and textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 2008) 
 50 
discussed recommendations for storage, shelving, and acesories in bathrooms, which al align 
with the universal design principle, size and space for approach and use. ADA (Department of 
Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) recommends that shelves shal be located 
40 inches (1016 mm) minimum and 48 inches (1219 mm) maximum above finish floor. The 
NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) suggest to provide storage of frequently used items and 
accessories betwen 15 and 48 inches (381 and 1219 mm) above finish floor. Toilet paper 
holders should be located 8 to 12 inches (203 to 305 mm) in front of the edge of the toilet bowl, 
centered at 26 inches (660 mm) above the floor. Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & 
Thomas, 2008) recommend that soap, towels, and other related items shal be instaled within 
seated reach and within 15 to 48 inches (381 to 1219 mm) above the floor.  
 The NKBA (2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) were the only sources to provide 
recommendations for lighting, ventilation, and heat in bathrooms. NKBA (2012) suggests that, in 
addition to general lighting, task lighting should be provided for each functional area in the 
bathroom. Task lighting at a vanity should be beside the mirror and at eye level, with the lamp 
not visible to the eye. Lighting controls should be betwen 15 and 48 inches (381 and 1219 mm) 
above finish floor and operable with a closed fist and with minimal efort. A mechanical exhaust 
system, vented to the outside, was suggested for each enclosed area in the bathroom. Ventilation 
controls should be placed 15 to 48 inches (381 and 1219 mm) above finish floor as wel and 
should also be operable with minimal efort, be easy to read, and produce litle noise pollution. 
The NKBA (2012) also suggests a supplemental heat source, such as a heat lamp, a toe kick 
heater or floor heat, be considered.  
 From the information gathered and presented in the above paragraphs, the researcher can 
conclude that the most significant topics discussed were clear space, bathtub and shower 
 51 
dimensions, toilet placement, grab bars, and control placement. Flooring materials in showers 
and bathtubs, mirror placement and dimensions, storage, shelving and acesories 
recommendations, were also significant. Lighting, ventilation, and heat were only discussed by 
one source, but are stil important when designing bathrooms, especialy lighting.  
 Expert recommendations. 
 The most commonly addresed topics by experts (se Appendix B and C.4.h) in relation 
to bathrooms were to provide a handicap acesible bathroom, provide seats in showers, higher 
toilet seats, grab bars. They also discussed the location of fixtures and components within the 
bathroom.  
 Experts discussed being able to maneuver comfortably within bathrooms, which aligns 
with providing clear space. They suggested utilizing grab bars where and when necesary (e.g. in 
showers, bathtubs, and around toilets). The contractor and one interior designer addresed 
reinforcing wals at new construction to provide the appropriate support for grab bars if and 
when they are needed. Showers and bathtubs were both discussed. Experts suggested that they 
each be acesible by al users when used in private homes by providing seats and/or grab bars. 
Several experts suggested higher toilet seats and to implement this in new construction. Again, 
the experts provided these recommendations based on their experiences in the field or their own 
personal experiences.  
 One of the interior designers discussed her experiences within profesional practice of 
bath design. She discussed incorporating design for al ages. She suggested implementing 
various heights for vanities and countertops to include design that fit both adults and children. 
One important recommendation was to program each client in order to met his or her needs and 
expectations.  
 52 
 The contractor had both personal and profesional experience. His parents are at the age 
now where they need modifications in their home to acommodate their needs. He has now made 
those modifications for them, but discussed the importance of implementing designs at new 
construction to plan ahead for the future, rather than having to remodel later. He also has 
customers who are beginning to request changes to their living environments to acommodate 
their needs.  
 These examples give clear evidence that there is a need for designing for aging in place in 
private residences and that implementing designs at new construction is beneficial for the user. It 
is important to remember that there is no one-size-fits-al solution, as mentioned previously by 
the researcher as wel as by the occupational therapist. However, actions can be taken in the 
beginning stages of construction so users can have the opportunity to age in place.  
 Gaps and recommendations. 
 There were several gaps identified in the literature sources related to the bathroom area, 
which include flooring materials, lighting, shower and bathtubs relationships, and toilet 
compartments (Se Figure 12). 
Figure 12. Bathrooms ? Gaps and Recommendations 
 
Image by author. 
Bathrooms"
Flooring"
Lighting"
Showers and 
Bathtubs 
Relationships"
 53 
 Flooring. 
 Although guidelines were given for flooring in showers and bathtubs, recommendations 
were not provided for the overal main floor material. The researcher suggests that it is important 
to use slip resistant flooring materials in showers and bathtubs as stated previously, but it is also 
crucial to select appropriate flooring throughout the entire bathroom. The researcher suggests 
that the entire bathroom area be finished with a low maintenance, durable, slip resistant flooring 
that does not have a high gloss finish, which wil helps reduce glare. Bathrooms are some of the 
moistest areas in the home; be sure that flooring materials are sealed or naturaly impervious to 
moisture penetration.  
 Lighting. 
 The researcher suggests expanding on the lighting guidelines provided by the NKBA 
(2012) and Parrott et al. (2013) by recommending that diferent types of lighting be used within 
bathrooms: ambient, task, and acent or decorative lighting. Task lighting can provide lighting 
for daily tasks such as putting on makeup, shaving and drying hair. One example of functional 
task lighting would be to wal mount a light fixture on either side of a mirror. Additional lighting 
can be recesed in the ceiling of the shower and bathtub area. The researcher recommends the 
use of lamp dimers so the light levels can be adjusted for a variety of users and scenarios. For 
example, from the client?s perspective, in the morning when he/she is geting ready, bright light 
may be desired, but when the client wants to relax and soak in the tub at the end of a long day, 
he/she may want the lights to be dim and soft. Dimers can also be useful for low-level 
ilumination in the middle of the night.  
 Lighting plays a major role in everyday tasks in al spaces and should not be under 
designed in the bathroom space. The bathroom may be the location in which medicines are 
 54 
measured, injections are administered, or health care conditions are monitored. Light levels as 
wel as light color should be considered. Implementing both warm and cool light can be 
beneficial. Cool light may be used in areas of the bathroom where these tasks just mentioned 
take place. Cool light is brighter and cleaner and gives off a blue or white hue. Warm light can 
be used for the overal room area and is more intimate and gives off a yelowish hue (Lechner, 
2009).  
 Shower and bathtub relationships.  
 One gap is evidenced in the need for integrating related information in the existing 
guidelines. For example, showers and bathtubs were addresed in separate recommendations, but 
were not discussed in specific relation to one another. One recommendation when designing 
bathrooms is to provide both a shower and bathtub to acommodate users of al ages and 
abilities. When designing showers, it is recommended to instal one with a seat built in, so a seat 
does not have to be added later. Seating in showers and bathtubs is usualy asociated with 
acesibility for those with disabilities or who are aging; however, users of al ages and abilities 
can benefit from a shower seat.  
 From the client?s perspective, when one has to shave his/her legs, it may be preferable to 
sit down or to prop the leg up. Also, pregnant women may have a more dificult time bending 
once they are further along in their pregnancy. Designing showers with seats already instaled 
provides these and other users with everyday asistance as needed. If a toilet is separated from 
the main bathroom by a compartment or room then that room should be acesible as wel. In 
this case, additional guidelines or recommendations may be borrowed from commercial 
bathroom guidelines that addres public toilet stals. If a separate toilet room is not used, but 
visual privacy is desirable, the researcher recommends designing a partition betwen the toilet 
 55 
and the main area of the bathroom. This stil provides privacy and a separate space without using 
an actual door, which alows for more usable clear floor space. 
 Summary. 
 The most significant findings for bathrooms related to clear space, bathtub and shower 
dimensions, toilet placement, grab bars, and control placement. Flooring material in shower and 
bathtubs, mirror placement and dimensions, storage, shelving and acesories recommendations 
were also significant. Al of the universal design principles aligned to the guidelines for 
bathrooms. Identified gaps include flooring materials, lighting, shower and bathtub relationships, 
and toilet compartments.  
 The researcher also made several recommendations for bathrooms, including to select a 
flooring material within the entire bathroom that is slip-resistant and does not produce a glare, 
provide diferent types of lighting, provide both a shower and bathtub in bathrooms, and if a 
toilet compartment is used within a bathroom, that it should be acesible as wel.  
Other 
 Over the course of this study, some recommendations applied to every category ? overal 
travel and halways, bedrooms, and bathrooms ? or were valuable and relevant but not specific to 
a category (se Appendix 5.A, 5.G, and 5.H). ADA (Department of Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan 
Terry Asociates, 2007) provides recommendations for elevators in private residences and reach 
dimensions throughout the entire residence. Due to cost, most private residences do not have 
elevators at the time of new construction; usualy elevators are instaled if a user has a mobile 
disability or if the user is elderly. One way to alow for the addition of an elevator is to design 
levels so that closets of an appropriate size are positioned on top of each other on the diferent 
levels. In this way the closets can then become an elevator shaft, if needed. ADA (Department of 
 56 
Justice, 2010a, 2010b; Evan Terry Asociates, 2007) also provides recommended dimensions for 
reaching for those who may be in a wheelchair or other mobility asistive equipment. These 
suggestions can be applied in multiple areas of the home, including bathrooms, kitchens, storage 
spaces and laundry. 
 The most commonly suggested topics by experts include sensory factors, incorporate al 
ages, reinforce al wals in new construction, design depends on the needs of the client, and ease 
of aces. Al of these topics were applied throughout the above sections (overal travel and 
halways, bedrooms, and bathrooms). Textbooks (Miton & Nystuen, 2011; Lawlor & Thomas, 
2008) mention appropriate flooring material throughout spaces, appropriate lighting, table and 
seat heights, and rounded corners on furniture. Al of these topics were applied and discussed 
above as wel.  
 57 
Chapter 5 
Conclusions 
 This chapter provides a summary and implications from the findings in chapter four, as 
wel as suggestions for future research. The information is organized into two sections, summary 
and implications and future research. The summary and implications section identifies results of 
the study that may be useful to practitioners and users. The future research section wil discuss 
areas of the study that can be expanded on in the future.  
Summary and Implications 
 Through the information-gathering phase, a codes search of existing guidelines and 
recommendations and interviews with credible experts were performed. The codes search 
alowed the researcher to examine what recommendations and guidelines already exist. These 
findings were further enhanced through interviews with experts. Each expert that was 
interviewed was able to give useful recommendations or note areas of concern in private 
residences in regard to aging in place. Content analysis of the existing codes, standards, and 
recommendations were summarized in a comparative chart. The information was organized into 
four categories: overal travel and halways, bedrooms, bathrooms, and other. From the 
comparative chart, keywords and phrases were identified and listed. Reference sheets were then 
created to note what each source recommended and which universal design principles were 
aligned with that area. The summary chart and reference sheets gave a clear understanding of 
what information exists and what gaps needed to be filed. The researcher then gave 
recommendations and guidelines for areas that needed new or more knowledge.  
The most wel documented guidelines for overal travel and halways were door widths 
and clearances and halway widths. Lighting, handrails, and ease of aces regarding those using 
 58 
asistive equipment were also significant. Six of seven of the universal design principles were 
noted to be aligned to this area of the study. Several gaps were identified in regard to lighting, 
handrails, and thresholds and the researcher made additional recommendations in regard to these 
identified gaps. Increasing light levels in major travel areas, selecting appropriate flooring, using 
larger halway widths and doorway widths, and applying lever handles were some of the 
recommendations provided by the researcher. 
 In regard to bedrooms, the most wel-documented guidelines and recommendations 
related to clear floor space within the room and specificaly around the bed, closet and doors. 
Gaps and recommendations included eliminating rugs in main travel areas as much as possible, 
having a master suite at the grade level, providing as much daylighting as possible, selecting 
appropriate lighting fixtures for a range of needs, keeping privacy in mind, and planning for 
placement and number of electrical outlets. 
The most significant findings for bathrooms related to clear space, bathtub and shower 
dimensions, toilet placement, grab bars, and control placement. Flooring material in shower and 
bathtubs, mirror placement and dimensions, storage, shelving and acesories recommendations 
were also significant. Al of the universal design principles aligned to the guidelines for 
bathrooms. Identified gaps include flooring materials, lighting, shower and bathtubs 
relationships, and toilet compartments. The research also made several recommendations for 
bathrooms, including to select a flooring material within the entire bathroom that is slip-resistant 
and does not produce a glare, provide diferent types of lighting, provide both a shower and 
bathtub in bathrooms, and if a toilet compartment is used within a bathroom, that it should be 
acesible as wel. 
 59 
Al clients are diferent and their needs vary as wel, so there may be no one-size-fits-all 
solution. It is important to ask household users about their specific needs, how long they plan to 
live in the house and what level of independence they desire. These simple programing 
questions wil benefit the designer when creating the best solution for each individual client 
situation. As stated previously, designing and creating spaces for the overal health, safety, and 
welfare of each user is the main goal for interior designers; therefore, understanding each clients? 
needs is crucial when designing for those who want to age in place. By implementing the 
recommendations and guidelines presented in this study, users wil have the opportunity to age in 
place. 
 The findings of this study suggest that there is a need for more, and more clearly 
articulated, guidelines for residential aging in place and universal design, which validates the 
overal goal of this research. The researcher recommends that designers incorporate these 
expanded guidelines and recommendations at the time of new construction. Further, the 
researcher has provided questionnaires that may asist in uncovering client needs and 
expectations related to aging in place (se Appendix D). 
From the information gathered and presented in this study, the researcher plans to 
develop a booklet for interior designers, builders, contractors, profesional organizations, and 
government agencies to serve as a reference and guide when designing for aging in place. The 
booklet wil include a questionnaire to determine client needs, as wel as the recommendations 
and guidelines for diferent areas in the home. The booklet wil esentialy be an easy pocket-
guide during the programing and design development phases of new construction projects and 
renovations.  
 
 60 
Conclusion 
 Interior design is of major importance; it impacts, influences and afects our world and 
lives in many diferent aspects. Acording to NCIDQ (2012a), interior design is ?the art and 
science of understanding people?s behavior to create functional spaces within a building? (para. 
2). The main goal for interior designers is to create spaces, lend knowledge, and take 
responsibility for critical features that protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public 
(NCIDQ, 2012c). 
With the aging population on the rise in the United States, universal design and aging in 
place are crucial. The Administration on Aging (2012) states that the aging population wil 
nearly double in the next 25 years, estimated to reach 79.7 milion by 2040. The biggest 
chalenge facing the design community is the lack of resources to incorporate universal design 
and aging in place in private residences. There are resources that provide recommendations for 
aging in place, but no specific guidelines with the focus of the design of private residences. 
 The purpose of this study was to examine the seven principles of universal design 
(equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for 
error, low physical efort, and size and space for approach and use) represented in existing 
literature. The researcher paired the few existing guidelines from codes and model codes with 
design recommendations from credible resources such as profesional organizations, peer review 
literature, and textbooks to create a summary of existing guidelines and recommendations. Gaps 
in existing knowledge were noted and new knowledge was added through the creation of 
proposed new guidelines that have been organized into reference sheets. These reference sheets 
are intended to provide interior designers, builders, and the client with the information needed to 
 61 
design homes that fit the specific needs of clients planning to age in place within their private 
residence.  
Future Research 
 This study exhibits several limitations in relation to sampling and methodology. The first 
limitation is the sample size and limiting the study to only the state of Florida. A larger number 
of credible experts and other states ultimately need to be taken into consideration. Only one state 
was chosen for the study, therefore, limiting its generalizability to other states. However, this 
study can be a starting point for creating guidelines for other states as wel. A convenience 
sample was used to contact experts in the field. Three experts from the healthcare field and three 
experts from the design field were contacted. The use of a convenience sample is a limitation in 
itself because of lack of ability to generalize the results for the entire population. This results in a 
low external validity and sampling bias. Using content analysis can result in limitations as wel. 
For example; content analysis describes what is there, but does not answer ?why?, therefore, it is 
a purely descriptive method and causal relationships cannot be proven. Also, the analysis is 
limited by the availability of materials and it is a time-consuming method of research. 
There are several areas for future research that could reach beyond the limitations of the 
study at hand. The first opportunity would be to expand the range of literature sources used in 
this study. Those sources that were not included in the study at hand could provide additional 
guidelines and recommendations for the residential environment. Further, by expanding upon the 
range of literature surveyed it might be possible to adapt non-residential guidelines and 
recommendations to the needs of the residential designer and client. Second, this study is 
concerned only with overal travel and halways, bedrooms, and bathrooms. Future studies could 
expand on this work by repeating the method on additional areas of the residential environment 
 62 
such as the kitchens, living areas, stairways and homes as a whole and in relation to the site. A 
third area for future study would be to addres the same areas of the home using a diferent 
method. Interviews of credible experts and content analysis were used to gather information in 
the study at hand. The experts were able to provide first-hand knowledge in their field of 
expertise, which was beneficial to this study. The content analysis method was able to show what 
knowledge exists and what additional guidelines and recommendations needed to be addresed. 
Future research could conduct a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) through behavior observations 
to document daily activities performed in diferent areas of the home. The researcher 
recommends observations be conducted of a range of homes, from those that are minimaly 
acesible to those that are advertised or certified to be universaly designed. Also, user surveys 
could asist in correlating observations to the client?s reported levels of satisfaction with the 
designed space. One final area for future research would be to examine the cost diference in 
retrofiting a home to met aging in place needs versus designing and planning for the lifespan of 
the client at the time of new construction. 
The study at hand suggests that there is a need for more, and more clearly articulated, 
guidelines for residential aging in place and universal design. Any of the above addresed future 
research areas could further support designers in implementing succesful design strategies for 
residential aging in place.  
  
 63 
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ww.asid.org/sites/default/files/aging_in_place1.pdf 
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Castilo, J. J. (2009). Convenience sampling. Retrieved on October 2, 2013 from 
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Department of Justice (2010a). 2010 ADA standards for accesible design. Retrieved on August 
28, 2013 from 
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Department of Justice (2010b). Americans with disabilities act (ADA) standards. Retrieved on 
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Evan Terry Asociates (2007). Pocket guide to the ADA. (3
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Farber, N., Shrinkle, D., Lynott, J., Fox-Grage, W., & Harrel, R. (2011). Aging in place: A 
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International Code Council, Inc.  
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Kobus, R. L., Skaggs, R. L., Bobrow, M., Thomas, J., Payete, T. M., & Chin, S. P. (2008). 
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Lechner, N. (2009). Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects. (3rd 
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lighting in a daylit space. Lighting Research and Technology, 40(1), 25-41 
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 69 
Apendix A 
IRB Correspondence 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
Apendix B 
Interview 
B.1. Interview Questions 
Questions for credible experts. 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 71 
B.2. Completed interviews 
Title: Registered Nurse 
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Registered Nurse (~ 1 ! years) 
Currently travel nurse (California); ICU 
Licensed in AL, CA, FL 
Works in ICU 
Graduated with BS from AUM in May 2012 
Yes, end of life care. Ses aging first hand. Neds to be set up correctly for 
when nurse comes in. If not set up correctly, they wil end up in hospital 
anyway. (i.e. enough plugs, location and placement of furniture and 
bathroom, etc) 
Yes, se it first hand every day 
- Sensory (eye sight, feling, hearing) - handicap bathroom 
- easy aces to equipment, personal items, - bathroom near bedroom 
  near bed     - spacing, handrails 
- walker, scooter can get in halways, turn - depends on client 
   easy      - design based on client 
- flooring (carpet vs. hardwood, no rugs!) - level of independence 
 72 
B.2. ? continued 
 
Title: Home Health Nurse 
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home health director 
Nursing home 
Hospice 
Marketing 
Doctors? office 
Dialysis 
Yes; first-hand experience with back surgery and knee surgery. Dificult 
recovering if home is not designed appropriately or is not easily adaptable. 
Yes, first hand experience with back and knee surgery 
- equipment need to be able to hook up; outlets! - doorways 
- bathroom atached to bedroom   - steps (alternate way  
- showers (grade level)      enter home and in) 
- higher counter tops (not crouching) 
- higher toilet @ beginning 
-  bed heights 
 73 
B.2. ? continued 
Title: Ocupational Therapist 
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I am an occupational therapist/public administrator. I currently work as an 
OT educator. 
Yes, I believe that design for aging in place is important. I believe that at 
any age, the environment plays a critical role in productive 
living/occupational engagement. Aging is a continuum and environmental 
needs should be addresed across that spectrum (birth to death). 
My experience with aging needs includes earning the CAPS designation 
through the NAHB. I have also had an opportunity to serve on my local 
Rebuilding Together Board of Directors. As a clinician, I have had the 
opportunity to perform home evaluations in my patients' homes prior to 
their discharge. The goal was to identify bariers/obstacles (natural and 
built) that would have prevented them from going to a safe home 
environment.  
 It al depends on the individual. Every person is diferent--and so are their 
needs. It's not a one size fits al type of endeavor. Aces is so much more 
than meting regulations/ordinances/law (e.g. - ADA); it's much more 
personal. 
 74 
B.2. ? continued 
Title: Contractor   
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Additional information provided: References Florida Building Code, ADA, and NAHB 
Working in the construction industry for 28 years. Became a registered 
residential contractor in 1994. Became certified general contractor in 2002. 
Have been doing busines at Armbruster construction Inc. for 18 years. 
Performing work such as residential homebuilding, residential and light 
commercial!renovation and remodeling. 
Design for aging in place is very important. Neds such as security, safety, 
ease-of-use, and comfortable living are often overlooked. A great number of 
the adult population are reaching the age to where it is necesary to 
acommodate them with their basic "special-needs". Most homes are not!built 
or designed for wheelchair and walker use or limited mobility. Builders only 
met the minimum standards and usualy to no rhyme it reason. 
I have both personal and profesional experience in these areas. Both of my parents 
are reaching the age to where they are in need of modifications to their home which 
I have met to meet their needs. Also customers of mine are beginning to request 
changes to their living environments to accomodate their needs. Things such as 
door swings, door openings, grab bars, hand rails, curb heights and floor clearances 
need to be considered. Customers are also interested in simplifying on their own 
such as vinyl and brick and also low maintenance landscaping. 
Items mentioned above. As insignificant as it may sem I strongly believe 
that blocking in wals should be standardized and required for areas such as 
bathroom's and stairwels.  
 75 
B.2. ? continued 
 
Title: Interior Designer 1 
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contractor 
NKBA (cabinet manufacturer) 
Fre lance kitchen and bath designer for 10 years 
Yes, because the aging population is rising 
Families are moving in together (diferent generations)  
Yes, in profesional practice over past 5 years redesign kitchen and bath for 
aging parents (tub removed, toilets, higher lavatories). Children need to 
reach vanities (varied heights). 
At new construction reinforce al wals for grab bars, program client. 
Even a broken arm= aging in place 
- how long plan to live there   - physical needs 
- reinforce wals    - open space (clear open space 
- 3? doors as standard    - bath and bed on 1
st
 floor) 
- entryway aestheticaly appealing  - faucets (easy to use for al) 
- slip resistance for al ages   - seats in shower 
- incorporate al ages    - sight 
- 2 master (up and down)   - handicap height toilets 
 
 76 
B.2. - continued 
Title: Interior Designer 2 
 
1. What is your profesional background? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Do you think design for aging in place is important and why? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Do you have personal or profesional experience with aging needs? If yes, please explain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. What are some things you think should be addresed in designing for aging in place? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
My profesional background is a Bach of Science in Interior Design from 
BYU-I (2001), followed by experience with architects and designers in the 
commercial sector of the industry. In 2010, I completed my NCIDQ exam. 
In 2008, I started teaching interior design in Lethbridge College, a two-year 
interior design diploma program. 
Enables clients to stay in their homes and workplaces as they age. This is 
important given the high cost of real estate and the streses/discomforts to 
move and adapt to a new environment. 
Yes, most recently (spring/summer 2013) designed a residence for a mid forty 
year old who had MS. The idea was to create an environment with flexibility 
and with al needs on one level of the home given his change of mobility and 
lack of ability to climb stairs. Although I did not design the floor plan, 
concerns were raised with the high number of stairs to enter the home. 
Although, the main level of the home was wel thought out, the client wil 
struggle to enter the home if mechanical asistance is ever required. 
?overal ease of entry and movement throughout the space 
?materiality that provides low transitions, value contrasts, low maintenance 
?ease of ability to use handles, knobs, switches 
?ease of access to the spaces   - bathrooms that can be adapted  
?halway widths that alow for mechanical asisted movement 
?doorway widths are at least 32" clear  - closets with reachable rods 
?lever dor handles and faucets   - grab bars in shower 
?pull/knobs with minimal efort to open items - seats in shower 
?togle switches    - raised toilet seats 
?smoth transitions betwen diferent floring materials 
 77 
B.3 Summary of Interviews 
  
 78 
B.3 - continued 
 
 79 
B.3 ? continued 
 
 80 
Apendix C 
Survey of Existing Guidelines 
C.1 Guide to Sources 
 
 
 
Overall 
Travel/ 
Hallways 
Bedroom Bathroom Other 
ADA Appendix C.2.a Appendix C.3.a Appendix C.4.a Appendix C.5.a 
Healthcare 
Guidelines 
Appendix C.2.b Appendix C.3.b Appendix C.4.b  
Florida 
Building Code 
2010, 
Residential 
  Appendix C.4.c  
2012 Florida 
Acesibility 
Code for 
Building 
Construction 
  Appendix C.4.d  
International 
Residential 
Code 
Appendix C.2.c Appendix C.3.c Appendix C.4.e  
NKBA   Appendix C.4.f  
Textbooks Appendix C.2.d Appendix C.3.d Appendix C.4.g Appendix C.5.b 
MetLife Provides resources to help secure the future for individuals and 
communities. Provide resources such as home asesments and other 
reports/literature. 
AARP Provides multiple online resources for the aging population. Provide 
resources such as home asesments, home modification articles and 
other report/literature. 
Experts Appendix C.2.e Appendix C.3.e Appendix C.4.h Appendix C.5.c 
 
* Note. The citation for each source can be found in the appendices. 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
C.2 Overal Travel/ Halways 
 
C.2.a 
ADA  
 
This information was drawn from the following sources: 
 
Department of Justice (2010a). 2010 ADA standards for accesible design. Retrieved on August 
28, 2013 from 
http:/ww.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf 
Department of Justice (2010b). Americans with disabilities act (ADA) standards. Retrieved on 
August 28, 2013 from http:/ww.aces-
board.gov/atachments/article/1474/ADAstandards.pdf 
 
? 403 Walking Surfaces 
o 403.5 Clearances 
! Walking surfaces shal provide clearances complying with 403.5 
! 403.5.1 Clear Width 
? Except as provided in 403.5.2 and 403.5.3, the clear width of 
walking surfaces shal be 36 inches (915mm) minimum.  
! 403.5.2 Clear Width at Turn 
? Where the acesible route makes a 180 degree turn around an 
element which is les than 48 inches (1120mm) wide, clear width 
shal be 42 inches (1065mm) minimum leaving the turn. 
o Exception: Where the clear width at the turn is 60 inches 
(1525mm) minimum compliance with 403.5.2 shal not be 
required.  
 82 
! 403.5.3 Pasing Spaces 
? An acesible route with a clear width les than 60 inches 
(1524mm) shal provide pasing spaces at intervals 200 fet (61m) 
maximum. Pasing spaces shal be either: a space 60 inches 
(1525mm) minimum by 60 inches (1525mm) minimum; or an 
intersection of two walking surfaces providing a T-shaped space 
complying with 304.3.2 where the base and arms of the T-shaped 
space extend 48 inches (1220mm) minimum beyond the 
intersection.  
? 404 Doors, Doorways, and Gates 
o 404.2 Manual Doors, Doorways, and Manual Gates 
! Manual doors and doorways and manual gates intended for user pasage 
shal comply with 404.2 
? 404.2.3 Clear Width 
o Door openings shal provide a clear width of 32 inches 
(815mm) minimum. Clear openings of doorways with 
swinging doors shal be measured betwen the face of the 
door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees. Openings 
more than 24 inches (610mm) deep shal provide a clear 
opening width of 36 inches (915mm) minimum. There shal 
be no projections into the required clear opening width 
lower than 34 inches (865mm) above the finish floor or 
ground. Projections into the clear opening width betwen 
 83 
34 inches (865mm) and 80 inches (2030mm) above the 
finish floor or ground shal not exced 4 inches (100mm).  
! Exceptions: 1. In alteration, a projection of 5/8 inch 
(16mm) maximum into the required clear width 
shal be permited for the latch side stop. 2. Door 
closers and door stops shal be permited to be 78 
inches (1980mm) minimum above the finish floor 
or ground.  
? 404.2.4 Maneuvering Clearances 
o This section discusses the diferent directions to approach a 
door and the clearances that should be alowed for each 
approach.  
? 404.2.7 Door and Gate Hardware 
o Handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operable parts on 
doors and gates shal be 34 inches (865m) minimum and 
48 inches (1220mm) maximum above the finish floor or 
ground. Where sliding doors are in the fully open position, 
operating hardware shal be exposed and usable from both 
sides.  
! Exceptions: 1. Existing locks shal be permited in 
any location at existing glazed doors without stiles, 
existing overhead rolling doors or griles, and 
similar existing doors or griles that are designed 
 84 
with locks that are activated only at the top or 
bottom rail. 2. Aces gates in barrier wals and 
fences protecting pools, spas, and hot tubs shal be 
permited to have operable parts of the release of 
latch on self-latching devices at 54 inches 
(1370mm) maximum above the finish floor or 
ground provided the self-latching devices are not 
also self-locking devices and operated by means of 
a key, electronic opener, or integral combination 
lock.  
? 302 Floor or Ground Surfaces 
o 302.1 General 
! Floor and ground surfaces shal be stable, firm and slip resistant and shal 
comply with 302. 
o 302.2 Carpet 
! Carpet or carpet tile shal be securely atached and shal have a firm 
cushion, pad, or backing or no cushion or pad. Carpet or carpet tile shal 
have a level loop, textured loop, level cut pile, or level cut/uncut pile 
texture. Pile height shal be ! inch (13mm) maximum. Exposed edges of 
carpet shal be fastened to floor surfaces and shal have trim on the entire 
length of the exposed edge. Carpet edge trim shal comply with 303. 
? 303 Changes in Level 
o 303.1 General 
 85 
! Where changes in level are permited in floor or ground surfaces, they 
shal comply with 303 
o 303.2 Vertical 
! Changes in level of " inch (6.4mm) high maximum shal be permited to 
be vertical 
o 303.3 Beveled 
! Changes in level betwen " inch (6.4mm) high minimum and ! inch 
(13mm) high maximum shal be beveled with a slope not steper than 1:2 
? 304 Turning Space 
o 304.1 General 
! Turning space shal comply with 304 
o 304.2 Floor or Ground Surfaces 
! Floor or ground surfaces of a turning space shal comply with 302. 
Changes in level are not permited. 
o 304.3 Size 
! Turning space shal comply with 304.3.1 or 304.3.2 
? 304.3.1 Circular Space 
o The turning space shal be a space of 60 inches (1525mm) 
diameter minimum. The space shal be permited to include 
knee and toe clearance complying with 306 
? 304.3.2 T-shaped Space 
o The turning space shal be a T-shaped space within a 60 
inch (1525mm) square minimum with arms and base 36 
 86 
inches (915mm) wide minimum. Each arm of the T shal be 
clear of obstructions 12 inches (305mm) minimum in each 
direction and the base shal be clear of obstructions 24 
inches (610mm) minimum. The space shal be permited to 
include knee and toe clearance complying with 306 only at 
the end of either the base or arm.  
o 304.4 Door Swing 
! Doors shal be permited to swing into turning spaces. 
? 305 Clear Floor or Ground Space 
o 305.1 General 
! Clear floor or ground space shal comply with 305 
o 305.2 Floor or Ground Surfaces 
! Floor or ground surfaces of a clear floor or ground space shal comply 
with 302. Changes in level are not permited.  
o 305.3 Size 
! The clear floor or ground space shal be 30 inches (760mm) minimum by 
48 inches (1220mm) minimum 
o 305.4 Knee and Toe Clearance 
! Unles otherwise specified, clear floor or ground space shal be permited 
to include knee and toe clearance complying with 306 
o 305.5 Position 
! Unles otherwise specified, clear floor or ground space shal be positioned 
for either forward or paralel approach to an element 
 87 
? 306 Knee and Toe Clearance 
o 306.1 General 
! Where space beneath an element is included as part of clear floor or 
ground space or turning space, the space shal comply with 306. 
Additional space shal not be prohibited beneath an element but shal not 
be considered as part of the clear floor or ground space or turning space 
o 306.2 Toe Clearance 
! 306.2.1 General 
? Space under an element betwen the finish floor or ground and 9 
inches (230mm) above the finish floor or ground shal be 
considered toe clearance and shal comply with 306.2 
! 306.2.2 Maximum Depth 
? Toe clearance shal extend 25 inches (635mm) maximum under an 
element 
! 306.2.3 Minimum Required Depth 
? Where toe clearance is required at an element as part of a clear 
floor space, the toe clearance shal extend 17 inches (430mm) 
minimum under the element 
! 306.2.4 Additional Clearance 
? Space extending greater than 6 inches (150mm) beyond the 
available knee clearance at 9 inches (230mm) above the finish 
floor or ground shal not be considered toe clearance 
! 306.2.5 Width 
 88 
? Toe clearance shal be 30 inches (760mm) wide minimum 
o 306.3 Knee Clearance 
! 306.3.1 General 
? Space under an element betwen 9 inches (230mm) and 27 inches 
(685mm) above the finish floor or ground shal be considered knee 
clearance and shal comply with 306.3 
! 306.3.2 Maximum Depth 
? Knee Clearance shal extend 25 inches (635mm) maximum under 
an element at 9 inches (230mm) above the finish floor or ground  
! 306.3.3 Minimum Required Depth 
? Where knee clearance is required under an element as part of a 
clear floor space, the knee clearance shal be 11 inches (280mm) 
deep minimum at 9 inches (230mm) above the finish floor or 
ground, and 8 inches (205mm) deep minimum at 27 inches 
(685mm) above the finish floor or ground  
! 306.3.4 Clearance Reduction 
? Betwen 9 inches (230mm) and 27 inches (685mm) above the 
finish floor or ground, the knee clearance shal be permited to 
reduce at a rate of 1 inch (25mm) in depth for each 6 inches 
(150mm) in height 
! 306.3.5 Width 
? Knee clearance shal be 30 inches (760mm) wide minimum 
? 505 Handrails 
 89 
o 505.4 Height 
! Top of gripping surfaces of handrails shal be 34 inches (865mm) 
minimum and 38 inches (965mm) maximum verticaly above walking 
surfaces, stair nosing, and ramp surfaces. Handrails shal be at a consistent 
height above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces 
? Advisory: A maximum height of 28 inches (710mm) measured to 
the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair 
nosing is recommended for handrails designed for children. 
Sufficient vertical clearance betwen upper and lower handrails, 9 
inches (230mm) minimum, should be provided to help prevent 
entrapment 
o 505.5 Clearance 
! Clearance betwen handrail gripping surfaces and adjacent surfaces shal 
be 1 ! inches (38mm) minimum 
*Al universal design principles apply to these ADA guidelines. 
  
 90 
C.2 continued 
 
C.2.b 
Healthcare Guidelines 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Winkel, S. R., Collins, D. S., Juroszek, S. P. & Ching, F. D. K. (2006). Building codes ilustrated 
for healthcare facilities. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
? Section 1006.2 
o Requires that the ilumination level of a means of egres be not les than 1 foot 
candle (11 lux) at the walking surface level 
? Egres doors should always be 3?-0? x 6?-8? (914 x 2032mm) doors to provide the 
required minimum opening clearances. Maximum individual door width for swinging 
egres doors is 48 inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
C.2 continued 
 
C.2.c 
International Residential Code 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
International Residential Code (IRC). (2011). International residential code for one- and two- 
family dwelings. UDA: International Code Council, Inc. 
 
A. Section R311- Means of Egres 
A.1. R311.2- Egres door 
A.1.1. At least one egres door shal be provided for each dweling unit. The egres door 
shal be side-hinged and shal provide a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813mm) 
when measured betwen the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 
degrees (1.57rad). The minimum clear height of the door opening shal not be les 
than 78 inches (1981MM) in height measured from the top of the threshold to the 
bottom of the stop. Other doors shal not be required to comply with these minimum 
dimensions. Egres door shal be readily operable from inside the dweling unit 
without the use of a key or special knowledge of efort.  
A.2. R311.6- Hallways 
A.2.1. The minimum width of a halway shal be not les than 3 fet (914mm). 
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
2. Flexibility in Use 
      4.   Perceptible Information  
  
 92 
C.2 continued 
 
C.2.d 
Textbooks 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Miton, M. & Nystuen, C. (2011). Residential interior design: A guide to planning spaces. (2
nd
 
ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.  
 
? 32 inches (813mm) clear space at doors- for swinging doors, use doors with a minimum 
width of 36 inches (914mm) 
? Halways and or paths of travel must be a minimum of 36 inches (914mm) wide 
? As necesary, for wheelchair users, provide clear turning space (5 fet [1524mm] 
minimum diameter) or room for T-shaped turn 
? Stairs are problematic for wheelchair users and others with mobility limitations, requiring 
that ramps or elevators be provided in place of stairs 
? Well-designed handrails are required in areas of vertical circulation  
? Required space for one wheelchair and one ambulatory person 48 inches (1219mm) 
? Required space for two wheelchairs 60 inches (1524mm) 
? Clear space for wheelchair must be provided in areas where the user must aces items 
such as closets, plumbing fixtures, and other items for daily use; this clear space should 
be a minimum of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219mm) 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Lawlor, D. & Thomas, M. A. (2008). Residential design for aging in place. Hoboken, New 
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
? Entry should be large enough for those of various ages and abilities to maneuver easily 
? Entry door should be as wide as possible with at least 18 inches of clear floor space on 
the pull side of the door 
 93 
? Entry floor should be level and without thick, high-pile area rugs 
? Wide doorways and flush thresholds should be included throughout the home as wel as 
at entrance and long halways 
? Halway that has a 42-48 inch minimum width alows space for a caregiver to provide 
asistance if need be and is spacious 
? Provide adequate lighting in entry and pathways 
? Use pocket doors when possible (don?t create a barrier) 
? Specify halways at minimum 42 inches wide 
 
* Al universal design principles apply 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
C.2 continued 
 
C.2.e 
Experts Recommendations 
 
? Floor clearances 
? Doorway widths 
? Ease of aces to spaces 
? Handrails 
? Halway widths that alow for walkers, scooters, wheelchairs, etc.  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
C.3 Bedrooms 
 
C.3.a 
ADA  
 
This information was drawn from the following sources: 
 
Department of Justice (2010a). 2010 ADA standards for accesible design. Retrieved on August 
28, 2013 from 
http:/ww.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf 
Department of Justice (2010b). Americans with disabilities act (ADA) standards. Retrieved on 
August 28, 2013 from http:/ww.aces-
board.gov/atachments/article/1474/ADAstandards.pdf 
 
? 807.2.3 Beds 
o Where beds are provided, clear floor space complying with 305 shal be provided 
on at least one side of the bed. The clear floor space shal be positioned for 
paralel approach to the side of the bed 
  
 96 
C.3 continued 
 
C.3.b 
Healthcare Guidelines 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Winkel, S. R., Collins, D. S., Juroszek, S. P. & Ching, F. D. K. (2006). Building codes ilustrated 
for healthcare facilities. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
? Inpatient treatment room 240 gross square fet 
? Outpatient areas 100 gross square fet 
? Sleping areas 120 gross square fet 
? 36? (914mm) minimum clear space on both sides of bed and at foot of bed  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
C.3 continued 
 
C.3.c 
International Residential Code 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
International Residential Code (IRC). (2011). International residential code for one- and two- 
family dwelings. USA: International Code Council, Inc.  
 
A. Section R304- Minimum Room Areas 
A.1. R304.1- Minimum area 
A.1.1. Every dweling unit shal have at least one habitable room that shal have not les 
than 120 sq ft (11m
2
) of gross floor area, 
A.2. R304.3- Minimum dimensions 
A.2.1. Habitable rooms shal not be les than 7 fet (2134mm) in any horizontal 
dimension. 
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
  
 98 
C.3 continued 
 
C.3.d 
Textbooks 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Miton, M. & Nystuen, C. (2011). Residential interior design: A guide to planning spaces. (2
nd
 
ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.  
 
? Provide a minimum clear space of 32 inches (813mm) at doors- use 36-inch (914mm) 
doors to acomplish this 
? Provide a minimum clear circulation space of 32 inches (813mm) for aces to bed and 
closet/storage 
? Provide a clear turning space (5 fet [1524mm] in diameter) or room for a T-shaped-turn 
conveniently located within the room 
? Provide clear space to aces doors (clear area on latch side of door) 
? Provide clear space to aces drawers and other storage areas 
? Adjust mounting heights of clothing rods and shelves 
? Major circulation occurs at the entrance and most traveled areas; major circulation areas 
require 30 to 36 inches (762 to 914mm) of clear floor space 
? Minor circulation areas- those les traveled- are most comfortable designed at 24 inches 
(610mm). However, they can function at 22 inches (559mm) and can be tightly sized at 
18 inches (457mm) 
? The areas required to make the bed is a minimum of 18 inches (457mm) and is more 
comfortably designed at 24 inches (610mm) 
? Major circulation areas require 36 inches (914mm) for wheelchairs 
 99 
? For wheelchair users, al circulation space is best kept at 36 inches (914mm) or more, 
with 32 inches (813mm) the minimum required for wheelchairs 
? A clearance of 36 inches (914mm) around beds is required for wheelchairs, with a clear 
space 48 by 36 inches next to the closet 
? 8-9 foot (2743-2438mm) ceiling height for closets 
? Provide a clear space (for wheelchair users) 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219mm) adjacent 
to closet for paralel aces 
? Bifold doors can alow for greater clear space at closet 
? Pull-down rods are acesible through the use of a wand; pull-down shelves are also 
available 
? 2?-10? (864mm) deep closet more beneficial 
? walk-in closets more acesible 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Kobus, R. L., Skaggs, R. L., Bobrow, M., Thomas, J., Payete, T. M., & Chin, S. P. (2008). 
Building type basic for healthcare facilities. (2
nd
 ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley 
& Sons 
 
? Increased room sizes are necesary for universal and other patient rooms to acommodate 
greater space needs for equipment, family support, separate staf sinks and increased 
utilities 
? Rooms should be sufficiently sized 
? Each room should contain a dedicated toilet and shower 
? Each room should have storage space !
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Lawlor, D. & Thomas, M. A. (2008). Residential design for aging in place. Hoboken, New 
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 100 
 
? Clear floor space 
? Specify halways to and in master suite at 42 inches wide 
? Minimum doorway alowances into and within the suite should be minimum of 32 inches 
wide 
? Alow 36 inches of clear space on either side of the bed 
? 60 by 60 inch space to maneuver with the room once furniture is placed 
? Walk-in closets that are at least 32 inches wide, center aisle is a minimum of 36 inches 
wide and storage systems within are easy to reach and adjusted for specific needs of the 
client 
? Closet rods that have an adjustable height of 30 to 66 inches above floor 
? Non-walk-in closets, consider bypas sliding doors, double pocket doors, double swing 
doors, or bi-fold doors 
? Windowsils at 30 inches above finished floor 
? Specify extra outlets 
? Place lighting controls within easy reach of the bed 
? Low-pile carpet or glare-free flooring material 
? Consider the combined height of matres, box springs and bed frame 
? Height adjustable beds 
? Specify lower light switches (42 to 48 inches AF) and higher electrical outlets (18 to 22 
inches AF) 
? Use lighting controls 
* Al universal design principles apply  
 101 
C.3 continued 
 
C.3.e 
Expert Recommendations 
 
? Reinforce wals 
? Ease of aces 
? Flooring 
? Door openings 
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 102 
C.4 Bathrooms 
 
C.4.a 
ADA  
 
This information was drawn from the following sources: 
 
Department of Justice (2010a). 2010 ADA standards for accesible design. Retrieved on August 
28, 2013 from 
http:/ww.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf 
Department of Justice (2010b). Americans with disabilities act (ADA) standards. Retrieved on 
August 28, 2013 from http:/ww.aces-
board.gov/atachments/article/1474/ADAstandards.pdf 
 
? 603 Toilet and Bathing Rooms 
o 603.1 General 
! Toilet and bathing rooms shal comply with 603 
o 603.2 Clearances 
! Clearances shal comply with 603.2 
? 603.2.1 Turning Space 
o Turning space complying with 304 shal be provided within 
the room 
? 603.2.2 Overlap 
o Required clear floor spaces, clearance at fixtures, and 
turning space shal be permited to overlap  
? 603.2.3 Door Swing 
 103 
o Door shal not swing into the clear floor space or clearance 
required for any fixture. Doors shal be permited to swing 
into the required turning space.  
! Exceptions: 1. Doors to a toilet room or bathing 
room for a single occupant acesed only through a 
private office and not for common use or public use 
shal be permited to swing into the clear floor space 
or clearance provided the swing of the door can be 
reversed to comply with 603.2.3,  2. Where the 
toilet room or bathing room is for individual use 
and clear floor space complying with 305.3 is 
provided within the room beyond the arc of the door 
swing, doors shal be permited to swing into the 
clear floor space or clearance required for any 
fixture 
o 603.3 Mirrors 
! Mirrors located above lavatories or countertops shal be instaled with the 
bottom edge of the reflecting surface 40 inches (1015mm) maximum 
above the finish floor or ground. Mirrors not located above lavatories or 
countertops shal be instaled with the bottom edge of the reflecting 
surface 35 inches (890mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground 
? Advisory: A single full-length mirror can acommodate a greater 
number of people, including children. In order for mirrors to be 
 104 
usable by people who are ambulatory and people who use 
wheelchairs, the top edge of mirrors should be 74 inches 
(1880mm) minimum from the floor or ground.  
o 603.4 Coat Hooks and Shelves 
! Coat hooks shal be located within one of the reach ranges specified in 
308. Shelves shal be located 40 inches (1015mm) minimum and 48 inches 
(1220mm) maximum above the finish floor. 
? 604 Water Closets and Toilet Compartments 
o 604.1 General 
! Water closets and toilet compartments shal comply with 604.2 through 
604.8.  
? Exception: Water closets and toilet compartments for children?s 
use shal be permited to comply with 604.9 
o 604.2 Location 
! The water closet shal be positioned with a wal or partition to the rear and 
to one side. The centerline of the water closet shal be 16 inches (405mm) 
minimum to 18 inches (455m) maximum from the sidewal or partition, 
except that the water closet shal be 17 inches (430mm) minimum and 19 
inches (485mm) maximum from the sidewal or partition in the 
ambulatory acesible toilet compartment specified in 604.8.2. Water 
closets shal be arranged for a left-hand or right-hand approach 
o 604.3 Clearance 
 105 
! Clearances around water closets and in toilet compartments shal comply 
with 604.3 
? 604.3.1 Size 
? Clearance around a water closet shal be 60 inches (1525mm) 
minimum measured perpendicular from the side wal and 56 inches 
(1420mm) minimum measured perpendicular from the rear wal 
o 604.4 Seats 
! The seat height of a water closet above the finish floor shal be 17 inches 
(430mm) minimum and 19 inches (485mm) maximum measured to the top 
of the seat. Seats shal not be sprung to return to a lifted position 
? Exceptions: 1. A water closet in a toilet room for a single occupant 
acesed only through a private office and not for common use or 
public use shal not be required to comply with 604.4.,  2. In 
residential dweling units, the height of water closets shal be 
permited to be 15 inches (380mm) minimum and 19 inches 
(485mm) maximum above the finish floor measured to the top of 
the seat 
o 604.5 Grab Bars 
! Grab bars for water closets shal comply with 609. Grab bars shal be 
provided on the sidewal closest to the water closet and on the rear wal.  
? Exceptions: 2. In residential dweling units, grab bars shal not be 
required to be instaled in toilet or bathrooms provided that 
 106 
reinforcement has been instaled in wals and located so as to 
permit the instalation of grab bars complying with 604.5 
o Advisory: Reinforcement must be sufficient to permit the 
instalation of rear and side wal grab bars that fully met 
al acesibility requirements including, but not limited to, 
required length, instalation height, and structural strength 
! 604.5.1 Side Wal 
? The sidewal grab bar shal be 42 inches (1065mm) long minimum, 
located 12 inches (305mm) maximum from the rear wal and 
extending 54 inches (1370mm) minimum from the rear wal.  
! 604.5.2 Rear Wal 
? The rear wal grab bar shal be 36 inches (915mm) long minimum 
and extend from the centerline of the water closet 12 inches 
(305mm) minimum on one side and 24 inches (610mm) minimum 
on the other side 
o 604.8 Toilet Compartments 
! Discusses dimensions for wheelchair acesible toilet compartments. 
These can be referenced and applied in a home if the bathroom contains a 
single toilet room within the bathroom.  
? 606 Lavatories and Sinks 
o 606.1 General 
! Lavatories and sinks shal comply with 606 
o 606.2 Clear Floor Space 
 107 
! A clear floor space complying with 305, positioned for a forward 
approach, and knee and toe clearance complying with 306 shal be 
provided 
? Exceptions: 3. In residential dweling units, cabinetry shal be 
permited under lavatories and kitchen sinks provided that al of 
the following conditions are met: a) the cabinetry can be removed 
without removal or replacement of the fixture, b) the finish floor 
extends under the cabinetry, and c) the wals behind and 
surrounding the cabinetry are finished 4. A knee clearance of 24 
inches (610mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground shal be 
permited at lavatories and sinks used primarily by children 6 
through 12 years where the rim or counter surface is 31 inches 
(785mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground 5. A paralel 
approach complying with 305 shal be permited to lavatories and 
sinks used primarily by children 5 years and younger  
o 606.3 Height 
! Lavatories and sinks shal be instaled with the front of the higher of the 
rim or counter surface 34 inches (865mm) maximum above the finish 
floor or ground 
? Exceptions: 2. In residential dweling units kitchens, sinks that are 
adjustable to variable heights, 29 inches (735mm) minimum and 
36 inches (915mm) maximum, shal be permited where rough-in 
 108 
plumbing permits connections of supply and drain pipes for sinks 
mounted at the height of 29 inches (735mm)  
o 606.4 Faucets 
! Controls for faucets shal comply with 309. Hand-operated metering 
faucets shal remain open for 10 seconds minimum 
o 607 Bathtubs 
! 607.1 General 
? Bathtubs shal comply with 607 
! 607.2 Clearance 
? Clearance in front of the bathtubs shal extend the length of the 
bathtub and shal be 30 inches (760mm) wide minimum. A 
lavatory complying with 606 shal be permited at the control end 
of the clearance. Where a permanent seat is provided at the head 
end of the bathtub, the clearance shal extend 12 inches (305mm) 
minimum beyond the wal at the head end of the bathtub.  
! 607.3 Seat 
? A permanent seat at the head end of the bathtub or a removable in-
tub seat shal be provided. Seats shal comply with 610. 
! 607.4 Grab Bars 
? Grab bars for bathtubs shal comply with 609 and shal be provided 
in acordance with 607.4.1 and 607.4.2 
o Exceptions: 2. In residential dweling units, grab bars shal 
not be required to be instaled in bathtubs located in bathing 
 109 
facilities provided that reinforcement has been instaled in 
wals and located so as to permit the instalation of grab 
bars complying with 607.4  
o 607.4.1 Bathtubs with Permanent Seats 
! For bathtubs with permanent seats, grab bars shal 
be provided in acordance with 607.4.1 
! 607.4.1.1 Back Wal 
? Two grab bars shal be instaled on the back 
wal, one located in acordance with 609.4 
and the other 8 inches minimum (205mm) 
and 10 inches (255mm) maximum above the 
rim of the bathtub. Each grab bar shal be 
instaled 15 inches (380mm) maximum from 
the head end wal and 12 inches (305mm) 
maximum from the control end wal 
! 607.4.1.2 Control End Wal 
? A grab bar 24 inches (610mm) long 
minimum shal be instaled on the control 
end wal at the front of the bathtub  
o 607.4.2 Bathtubs without Permanent Seats 
! For bathtubs without permanent seats, grab bars 
shal comply with 607.4.2 
! 607.4.2.1 Back Wal 
 110 
? Two grab bars shal be instaled on the back 
wal, one located in acordance with 609.4 
and other located 8 inches (205mm) 
minimum and 10 inches (255mm) maximum 
and shal be instaled 24 inches (610mm) 
maximum from the head end wal and 12 
inches (305mm) maximum from the control 
end wal 
! 607.4.2.2 Control End Wal 
? A grab bar 24 inches (610mm) long 
minimum shal be instaled on the control 
end wal at the front edge of the bathtub 
! 607.4.2.3 Head End Wal 
? A grab bar 12 inches (305mm) long 
minimum shal be instaled on the head end 
wal at the front edge of the bathtub  
! 607.5 Controls 
? Controls, other than drain stoppers, shal be located on an end wal. 
Controls shal be betwen the bathtub rim and grab bar, and 
betwen the open side of the bathtub and the centerline of the 
width of the bathtub. Controls shal comply with 309.4 
! 607.6 Shower Spray Unit and Water 
 111 
? A shower spray unit with a hose of 59 inches (1500mm) long 
minimum that can be used both as a fixed-position shower head 
and as a hand-held shower shal be provided. The shower spray 
unit shal have an on/off control with a non-positive shut-off. If an 
adjustable-height shower head on a vertical bar is used, the bar 
shal be instaled so as not to obstruct the use of grab bars. Bathtub 
shower spray units shal deliver water that is 120?F (49?C) 
maximum 
? 607.7 Bathtub Enclosures 
o Enclosures for bathtubs shal not obstruct controls, faucets, 
shower and spray units or obstruct transfer from 
wheelchairs onto bathtub seats or into bathtubs. Enclosures 
on bathtubs shal not have tracks instaled on the rim of the 
open face of the bathtub.  
o 608 Shower Compartments 
! This section discusses shower compartments and acesible shower 
compartments (roll-in shower compartments). These guidelines can be 
referenced and used in residential bathrooms for those who may need an 
acesible shower.  
o 609 Grab Bars 
! This section discusses guidelines for grab bar placement and instalation.  
o 610 Seats 
 112 
! Diferent types of seats for bathing units exist. There are guidelines for 
each of these, but most have been discussed in previous sections.  
* Al universal design principles apply 
  
 113 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.b 
Healthcare Guidelines 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Winkel, S. R., Collins, D. S., Juroszek, S. P. & Ching, F. D. K. (2006). Building codes ilustrated 
for healthcare facilities. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
 
?  A clear space of 30? by 48? (762 by 1219mm) is to be provided if the door swings into 
the room, clear of the door swing 
? Door shal be 32? minimum clear width 
? 60? (1524mm) clear dimension  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.c 
2010 Florida Building Code, Residential 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
International Code Council (ICC). (2011). 2010 Florida building code, residential. USA: 
International Code Council, Inc.  
A. Section R320 Acesibility  
A.1. R320.1 Shal be in acordance with the provisions of the Florida Building Code, 
Acesibility  
A.1.1. R320.1.1 
o Al new single-family houses, duplexes, triplexes, condominiums and townhouses 
shal provide at least one bathroom, located with maximum possible privacy, 
where bathrooms are provided on habitable grade levels, with a door that has a 
29-inch (737mm) clear opening. However, if only a toilet room is provided at 
grade level, such toilet rooms shal have a clear opening of not les than 29 inches 
(737mm).!
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
1. Equitable Use 
2. Flexibility in Use 
3. Simple and Intuitive Use 
4. Perceptible Information 
5. Tolerance for Error  
6. Low Physical Efort 
7. Size and Space for Approach and Use 
 115 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.d 
2012 Florida Acesibility Code for Building Construction 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Residential Facilities. (2012). 2012 Florida Acesibility Code for Building Construction. 
Retrieved on September 14, 2013 from 
ww.floridabuilding.org/fbc/commites/acesibility/ac/Changes_to_Law/2012_Florid
a_Acesibility_Code_Final%20.pdf 
 
A. 233.3.6 
A.1. Al new single-family houses, duplexes, triplexes, condominiums and townhouses shal 
provide at least one bathroom, located with maximum possible privacy, where 
bathrooms are provided on habitable grade levels, with a door that has a 29-inch clear 
opening. However, if only a toilet room is provided at grade level, such toilet room shal 
have a clear opening of at least 29 inches.  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
1. Equitable Use 
2. Flexibility in Use 
3. Simple and Intuitive Use 
4. Perceptible Information 
5. Tolerance for Error 
6. Low Physical Efort 
7. Size and Space for Approach and Use 
 116 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.e 
International Residential Code 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
International Residential Code (IRC). (2011). International residential code for one- and two- 
family dweling. USA: International Code Council, Inc. 
 
A. Section R307- Toilet, Bath and Shower Spaces 
A.1. R307.1- Space Required  
"#$## Fixtures shal be spaced in acordance with Figure R307.1 and in acordance with 
the requirements of Section P2705.1!
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     p. 55 
 117 
 
B. Section R306- Sanitation 
B.1. R306.1- Toilet facilities 
? Every dweling unit shal be provided with a water closet, lavatory and a bathtub or 
shower 
C. Section P2705- Instalation 
C.1. P2705.1- General 
! The instalation of fixtures shal conform with the following: 
o Floor-outlet or floor-mounted fixtures shal be secured to the drainage 
connection and to the floor, where so designed, by screws, bolts, washers, nuts 
and similar fasteners of copper, bras or other corrosion-resistant material 
o Wall-hung fixtures shal be rigidly supported so that strain is not transmited 
to the plumbing system 
o Where fixtures come in contact with wals and floors, that contact area shal 
be water tight 
o Plumbing fixtures shal be usable 
o Water closets, lavatories and bidets. A water closet, lavatory or bidet shal not 
be set closer than 15 inches (381mm) from its center to any side wal, 
partition, or vanity or closer than 30 inches (762mm) center-to-center betwen 
adjacent fixtures. There shal be a clearance of not les than 21 inches 
(533mm) in front of a water closet, lavatory, or bidet to any wal, fixture or 
door  
o The location of piping, fixtures or equipment shal not interfere with the 
operation of windows or doors 
 118 
o In flood hazard area as established by Table R301.2(1), plumbing fixtures 
shal be located or instaled in acordance with Section R322.1.7 
o Integral fixture-fiting mounting surfaces on manufactured plumbing fixtures 
or plumbing fixtures constructed on site, shal met the design requirements of 
ASME A112.12.2/CSA B45.1 or ASME A112.19.3/ CSA B45.1 
D. Section P2708- Showers 
D.1. P2708.1- General 
o Shower compartments shal have not les than 900 square inches (0.6m
2
) of 
interior cross-sectional area. Shower compartments shal be not les than 30 
inches (762mm) in minimum dimension measured from the finished interior 
dimension of the shower compartment, exclusive of fixture valves, shower heads, 
soap dishes, and safe grab bars or rails. The minimum required area and 
dimension shal be measured from the finished interior dimension at a height 
equal to the top of threshold and at a point tangent to its centerline and shal be 
continued to a height of not les than 70 inches (1778mm) above the shower drain 
outlet. Hinged shower doors shal open outward. The wal area above built-in tubs 
having instaled shower heads and in shower compartments shal be constructed 
in acordance with Section R702.4. Such wals shal form a water-tight joint with 
each other and with either the tub, receptor or shower floor  
! Exceptions 
? Fold-down seats shal be permited in the shower, provided the 
required 900-square-inch (0.6m
2
) dimension is maintained when 
the seat is in the folded-up position 
 119 
? Shower compartments having not les than 25 inches (635mm) in 
minimum dimension measured from the finished interior 
dimension of the compartment provided that the shower 
compartment has a cross-sectional area of not les than 1,300 
square inches (0.838m
2
) 
? P27081.1 Aces 
o The shower compartment aces and egres opening shal 
have a clear and unobstructed finished width of not les 
than 22 inches (559mm) 
* Al universal design principles apply 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.f 
NKBA Recommendations 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
NKBA (2012). Kitchen and bathroom: Planning guidelines with acces standards. Hoboken, 
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
1) Door/Entry 
? The clear opening of a doorway should be at least 32? (813mm). This would require a 
minimum 2?10? (864mm) door.  
? If the existing structure precludes changing the opening, then a minimum 2?0? (610mm) 
door is alowable.  
o Aces Standard: 
! The clear opening of a doorway should be at least 34? (864mm). This 
would require a minimum 3?0? (914mm) door.  
2) Door Interference 
? Aces Standard  
o The door area should include clear floor space for maneuvering, which varies 
according to the type of door and the direction of approach.  
3) Clear Space 
? Plan a clear floor space of at least 30? (762mm) from the front edge of al fixtures (e.g., 
lavatory, toilet, bidet, tub, and shower) to any opposite bath fixture, wal or obstacle.  
o Aces Standard 
 121 
! Plan a minimum clear floor space of 30? x 48? (762mm x 1219mm) 
centered at each fixture, plus space for maneuvering including approach 
and turning for a person using a wheelchair. 
! Plan a knee space at the lavatory or work space to alow for a front 
approach for a seated user. Recommended minimum size of a knee space 
is 36? wide x 27? high x 8? deep (914mm x 686mm x 203mm), increasing 
to 17? (432mm) deep in the toe space, which extends 9? (229mm) from 
the floor. Insulation for exposed pipes should be provided.  
! Consider the user?s method of transfer to the toilet to plan a clear space to 
fit the user?s needs.  
4) Single-Lavatory Placement 
? The distance from the centerline of the lavatory to the sidewal/tal obstacle should be at 
least 20? (508mm). 
? The minimum distance betwen a wal and the edge of a freestanding or wal-hung 
lavatory is 4? (102mm).  
5) Double-Lavatory Placement 
? The distance betwen the centerlines of two lavatories should be at least 36 (914mm). 
The minimum distance betwen the edges of two freestanding or wal-hung lavatories is 
4? (102mm).  
6) Lavatory/ Vanity Height 
? The height for a lavatory varies betwen 32? and 43? (813mm and 1092mm) to fit the 
user.  
o Aces Standard 
 122 
! Lavatory controls should be within the user?s reach and operable with 
minimal efort 
7) Counter 
? Specify clipped or round corners rather than sharp edges on al counter.  
8) Shower Size 
? The interior shower size is at least 36? x 36? (914mm x 914mm).  
o Aces Standard  
! Plan either a transfer or a roll-in shower. 
! Roll-in shower entries: For a 60? (1524mm) deep shower, a 32? (813mm) 
wide entry is adequate. For a 42? (1067mm) deep shower, the entry must 
be at least 36? (914mm) wide to alow for turning space.  
9) Tub/ Shower Controls 
? The shower controls should be acesible from both inside and outside the shower spray 
and be located betwen 38? and 48? (965mm and 1219mm) above the floor depending on 
user?s height. 
? The tub controls should be acesible from both inside and outside the tub and be located 
betwen the rim of the bathtub and 33? (838mm) above the floor.  
o Aces Standard 
! Controls should be offset toward the room and easy to grasp, as with lever 
or loop handles.  
! Hot and cold should be identified with red and blue indicators.  
! Provide a handheld spray at a height acesible to the user.  
10) Shower/ Tub Seat 
 123 
? Plan a seat within the shower that is 17?-19? (432mm x 483mm) above the shower floor 
and 15? (381mm) deep.  
o Aces Standard 
! Plan a seat in the shower and/ or bathtub to fit the parameters of the space 
and the needs of the user.  
11) Tub/Shower Surround 
? The wal area above a tub or shower pan should be covered in a waterproof material 
extending at least 3? (76mm) above the showerhead rough in.  
12) Grab Bars 
? Plan grab bars to facilitate aces to and maneuvering within the tub and shower areas.  
? Tub and shower wals should be prepared (reinforced) at time of construction to alow for 
instalation of grab bars to support a static load of 250 lbs (113kg).  
? Grab bars should be placed at 33? to 36? (838mm to 914mm) above the floor. 
? Grab bars must be 1 "? to 2? (32mm to 60mm) in diameter and extend 1 !? (38mm) 
from the wal.  
o Aces Standard 
! Wals throughout the bathroom should be prepared (reinforced) at time of 
construction to alow for instalation of grab bars to support minimum of 
250 lbs. (113kg) of force in any direction. 
! Grab bars should be placed acording to the needs and height of the user, 
particularly near the tub/shower and the toilet.  
13) Glazing 
? Aces Standard 
 124 
o Consider line of sight of user when planning height of bottom of glazing.  
14) Tub/Shower Door 
? Aces Standard 
o Minimize thresholds at the shower entry to no more than !? (13mm).  
15) Steps 
? Steps should not be placed outside of tub. 
? If steps are used, grab bar/ handrail is mandatory.  
16) Flooring 
? Slip-resistant surfaces should be specified for the general bath flooring, shower floors, 
and tub/shower bottoms. 
17) Equipment Aces 
? Aces Standard 
o Equipment controls should be placed betwen 15? and 48? (381mm and 
1219mm) above the finished floor.  
18) Toilet/Bidet Placement 
? The distance from the centerline of toilet and/or bidet to any bath fixture, wal or other 
obstacle should be at least 18? (457mm). 
o Aces Standard 
! Consider user height and ability when determining toilet height.  
19) Toilet Compartment 
? The size for a separate toilet compartment should be at least 36? x 66? (914mm x 
1676mm) with a swing-out or pocket door.  
o Aces Standard 
 125 
! To maximize aces, provide privacy in the toileting area without using a 
separate compartment.  
20) Storage 
? Provide adequate, acesible storage for toiletries, bath linens, grooming, and general 
bathroom supplies at point of use. 
o Aces Standard 
! Provide storage of frequently used items betwen 15? and 48? (381mm 
and 1219mm) above the finished floor.  
21) Acesories 
? Place a mirror above or near the lavatory at a height that takes the user?s eye height into 
consideration. 
? The toilet paper holder should be located 8? to 12? (203mm to 305mm) in front of the 
edge of the toilet bowl, centered at 26? (660mm) above the floor.  
? Additional acesories, such as towel holders and soap dishes, should be conveniently 
located near al bath fixtures. 
o Aces Standards 
! Plan a full-height mirror to provide reflection at eye level, regardles of 
the user?s height or stature. 
! Acesories should be placed betwen 15? and 48? (381mm and 
1219mm) above the floor, and operable with a closed fist and with 
minimal efort.  
22) Electrical Receptacles 
? Al GFCI receptacles should be located at electrical appliance points of use.  
 126 
23) Lighting 
? In addition to general lighting, task lighting should be provided for each functional area 
in the bathroom (e.g., grooming, showering). 
o Aces Standard 
! Task lighting at the vanity should be beside the mirror and at eye level, 
with the lamp not visible to the eye.  
! Lighting controls should be betwen 15? and 48? (381mm and 1219mm) 
above the floor and operable with a closed fist and with minimal efort.  
24) Ventilation 
? Plan a mechanical exhaust system, vented to the outside, for each enclosed area.  
o Aces Standard 
! Ventilation controls should be placed 15? to 48? (381mm to 1219mm) 
above the floor, operable with minimal efort, easy to read, and with 
minimal noise pollution.  
25) Heat 
? A supplemental heat source (e.g., heat lamp, toe kick heater, or floor heat) should be 
considered.  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed include: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 127 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.g 
Textbooks 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Miton, M. & Nystuen, C. (2011). Residential interior design: A guide to planning spaces. (2
nd
 
ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.  
 
? Wall-mounted sinks are ideal for use by those in wheelchairs, as they alow for chair 
clearance directly under the sink, easing aces to the sink bowl, faucet, and controls 
? Single-lever faucet handles are the best choice for bathroom use 
? Designers must consider the selection of lavatory faucets when designing bathrooms for 
use by individuals with disabilities, the elderly, and smal children  
?  Bathtub acesibility is highly dependent on the specific needs of the individual client 
? Ases current and future needs of client 
? Bathtubs can be acesible if they have a seat, structural reinforcement for grab bars, 
controls mounted near the entry side of head wal, 30-in by 60-in (762 by 1524mm) 
minimum clear floor space, hand-held shower spray  
? Grab bars (if required) should be provided at both ends of the tub, and two bars (of 
diferent heights) are required along the side of the tub  
? 3? by 3? shower can help users maintain balance and alows them to catch themselves 
should they fal; requires a folding seat 
? 5? by 5? shower alows for a wheelchair to roll directly into the stal; can have a shower 
seat 
? Shower controls should be placed where user can reach them and turn before they get in 
shower  
 128 
? Presure-balanced valves and hot water limiters 
? Grab bars in showers 
? Water shutoff valves should be acesible 
? If a shower has a door, the door swing must be considered  
? Showerheads and curtain rods are often mounted at 72 inches (1829mm) A.F.F., although 
mounting heights wil vary based on individual needs 
? Wheelchair-acesible showers require a clear space of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 
1219mm) adjacent to the shower entry for approach and transfer as wel as for grab bars 
? Up to 1 foot (305mm) of the 4 fet (1219mm) required for forward approach can extend 
under a lavatory with clear aces to knee space 
? Vertical grab bar height is 18 inches (457mm) minimum; bar should be located 4 
(102mm) inches maximum from side of shower  
? Sink bowl mounted as close to front edge as possible 
? Wheelchair-acesible vanity design requires a clear area under the sink that is a 
minimum of 27 inches (686mm) above the floor; 29 inches (737mm) is recommended for 
most adults along with 30 inches (762mm) of clear approach space 
? 40 inches (1016mm) is the maximum mirror height, when mirror is not tilted (tilted 
mirrors are preferred by many wheelchair users)  
? Controls and outlets should be 15 to 48 inches (381 to 1219mm) above the floor  
? Soap, towels, and other related items should be instaled within seated reach and within 
15 to 48 inches (381 to 1219mm) above the floor  
 129 
? Wheelchair-acesible toilet, bidet, and sink fixtures require clearance and placement; 
various models require 3 to 9 inches (76 to 229mm) of clearance betwen fixture and 
wall 
? Creating an acesible half-bath makes home visitable; doorways that provide an opening 
of at least 32 inches (813mm) and clear turning area (5 foot diameter [1524mm]) within 
the room must be provided  
? A 3-foot (914mm) door, when door swings out, alows the turning radius to exist free of 
door or a 32-inch (813mm) pocket door  
? Wall-hung lavatory, 18 by 22 inches (457 by 559mm) in half bath 
? 36-inch (914mm) and 42-inch (1067mm) grab bars mounted 33 to 36 inches (838 to 
914mm) above floor in half bath  
? Clear space measuring 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219mm) in front of sink [half bath] 
? Clearance of 30 by 48 inches (762 by 1219mm) in front of toilet (paralel aces) [half 
bath] 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Lawlor, D. & Thomas, M. A. (2008). Residential design for aging in place. Hoboken, New 
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
? Alow plenty of room for the door to swing out fully 90 degrees or more for someone to 
exit easily from shower 
? Make entrances to the bathroom a minimum of 32? of clear unobstructed space betwen 
the doorjambs, but when space alows, make the doorways and openings as wide as 
possible, which wil result in open clear space around vanity 
? Doorways that are 34 to 36 inches wide permit beter access 
? Hinge door to open out toward the hal rather than into bathroom 
 130 
? 5-ft turning radius for wheelchair (if needed) 
? Bathroom door thresholds should not exced one-quarter inch in height unles the 
threshold betwen the bathroom and adjacent room is beveled to blend the varying 
heights 
? Taler toe kick (9 inches with a 6-inch setback from the face edge of the cabinet) 
? Vanity cabinet height should be based on the size and height of the most frequent user 
? Removable doors or doors that pocket back into vanity cabinet 
? Select low maintenance countertops 
? Instal toward front of cabinet 
? Lever or paddle handle controls 
? Toilets should be at minimum 18 inches from vanity cabinets, bathtubs, or sidewals 
? Level threshold at shower entry, change in texture and paterns in the flooring material 
wil provide a visual clue where the shower pan begins and the main floor ends 
? Tubs should have seats as wel 
? Minimum depth of a curb-les shower to be 30 inches, more generous minimum depth of 
36 inches is recommended; 42-48 inches in depth alows for someone in a wheelchair to 
enter shower and retain complete range of motion for bathing and acesing the water 
controls 
? At least 60 inches in al directions for roll-in shower 
? Choose appropriate material 
 
* Al universal design principles apply  
 
 
 
 
 131 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Lawlor, D. & Thomas, M. A. (2008). Residential design for aging in place. Hoboken, New 
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
 
 
 
p. 135 
 
 
 
p. 131 
 
 132 
 
 
p. 138 
 
 
 
p. 142 
 
 
 
 133 
 
p. 144 
 
 
 
p. 145   
 134 
C.4 continued 
 
C.4.h 
Expert Recommendations 
 
? Handicap bathroom 
? Seats in shower 
? Higher toilets as standard  
? Grab bars 
? Location  
 
* Principles of universal design not addresed: 
4. Perceptible Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
C.5 Other 
 
C.5.a 
ADA  
 
This information was drawn from the following sources: 
 
Department of Justice (2010a). 2010 ADA standards for accesible design. Retrieved on August 
28, 2013 from 
http:/ww.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf 
Department of Justice (2010b). Americans with disabilities act (ADA) standards. Retrieved on 
August 28, 2013 from http:/ww.aces-
board.gov/atachments/article/1474/ADAstandards.pdf 
 
? 409 Private Residence Elevators 
o 409.1 
! Private residence elevators that are provided within a residential dweling 
unit required to provide mobility features complying with 809.2 through 
809.4 shal comply with 409 and with ASME A17.1. Elevator operation 
shal be automatic 
o 409.4 Elevator Cars 
! Private residence elevator cars shal comply with 409.4 
? 409.4.1 Inside Dimensions of Elevator Cars 
o Elevator cars shal provide a clear floor space of 36 inches 
(915mm) minimum by 48 inches (1220mm) minimum and 
shal comply with 305. 
? 409.4.2 Floor Surfaces 
 136 
o Floor surfaces in elevator shal comply with 302 and 303 
? 409.4.3 Platform to Hoistway Clearance 
o The clearance betwen the car platform and the edge of any 
landing sil shal be 1 ! inch (38mm) maximum 
? 409.4.4 Leveling 
o Each car shal automaticaly stop at a floor landing within 
tolerance of ! inch (13mm) under rated loading zone 
loading conditions 
? 409.4.5 Illumination Levels 
o Elevator car ilumination shal comply with 407.4.5 
? 409.4.6 Car Controls 
o Elevator car control buttons shal comply with 409.4.6, 
309.3, 309.4 and shal be raised or flush 
! 409.4.6.1 Size 
? Control buttons shal be # inch (19mm) 
minimum in their smalest dimension 
! 409.4.6.2 Location 
? Control panels shal be on a side wal, 12 
inches (305mm) minimum from any 
adjacent wal 
? 308 Reach Ranges 
o 308.1 General 
! Reach ranges shal comply with 308 
 137 
! Advisory: Children?s Reach Ranges (Forward or Side Reach) 
? Maximum of 36 inches (915mm) for ages 3 and 4, 40 inches 
(1015mm) for ages 5 through 8, and 44 inches (1120mm) for ages 
9 through 12; Minimum of 20 inches (510mm) for ages 3 and 4, 18 
inches (455mm) for ages 5 through 8, and 16 inches (405mm) for 
ages 9 through 12 
o 308.2 Forward Reach 
! 308.2.1 Unobstructed  
? Where a forward reach is unobstructed, the high forward reach 
shal be 48 inches (1220mm) maximum and the low forward reach 
shal be 15 inches (380mm) minimum above the finish floor or 
ground.  
! 308.2.2 Obstructed High Reach 
? Where a high forward reach is over an obstruction, the clear floor 
space shal extend beneath the element for a distance not les than 
the required reach depth over the obstruction. The high forward 
reach shal be 48 inches (1220mm) maximum where the reach 
depth is 20 inches (510mm) maximum. Where the reach depth 
exceds 20 inches (510mm), the high forward reach shal be 44 
inches (1120mm) maximum and the reach depth shal be 25 inches 
(635mm) maximum.  
o 308.3 Side Reach 
! 308.3.1 Unobstructed  
 138 
? Where a clear floor or ground space alows a paralel approach to 
an element and the side reach is unobstructed, the high side reach 
shal be 48 inches (1220mm) maximum and the low side reach 
shal be 15 inches (380mm) minimum above the finish floor or 
ground 
! 308.3.2 Obstructed High Reach 
? Where a clear floor or ground space alows a paralel approach to 
an element and the high side reach is over an obstruction, the 
height of the obstruction shal be 34 inches (865mm) maximum 
and the depth of the obstruction shal be 24 inches (610mm) 
maximum. The high side reach shal be 48 inches (1220mm) 
maximum for a reach depth of 10 inches (225mm) maximum. 
Where the reach depth exceds 10 inches (225mm), the high side 
reach shal be 46 inches (1170mm) maximum for a reach depth of 
24 inches (610mm) maximum.  
o Exceptions: 1. The top of washing machines and clothes 
dryers shal be permited to be 36 inches (915mm) 
maximum above the finish floor. 
* Al universal design principles apply 
 
 
 
 
 139 
C.5 continued 
 
C.5.b 
Textbooks 
 
This information was drawn from the following source: 
 
Lawlor, D. & Thomas, M. A. (2008). Residential design for aging in place. Hoboken, New 
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 
 
? Select appropriate floor materials 
? Select appropriate lighting 
? A table that is 20 inches high can mean les bending 
? Slightly rounded furniture corners 
? Seat heights 18-20 inches to make it easier to get in and out of 
 
* Al universal design principles apply  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
C.5 continued 
 
C.5.c 
Expert Recommendations 
 
? Sensory  
? Design depends on needs of client 
? Incorporate al ages 
? Reinforce wals 
? Ease of use 
 
* Al universal design principles apply 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 141 
Apendix D 
Client Questionnaire 
1. Please list and describe your physical acommodations and abilities: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Check any of the listed equipment you currently use to asist you with mobility and daily 
activities: 
 
__ Cane  __ Grab rails in the bathroom 
 
__ Walker  __ Hospital bed 
 
__ Wheelchair  __ Shower seat 
 
__ Commode  __ Other (specify): ____________________ 
 
3. Which of the following activities do you need help with? 
 
__ Bathing   __ Transferring (to and from areas of living) 
__ Toileting  __ Walking/mobility indoors 
__ Walking/mobility outdoors  __ Going up and down stairs 
__ Housekeping   
Please check yes or no for the following: 
4. Are halways wide enough to navigate with a wheelchair or other mobility device? 
___ Yes        ___ No 
5. Are rooms (bathroom, bedroom, kitchen) big enough to navigate? 
___ Yes       ___ No 
 142 
6. Are doorways wide enough to get through? 
___ Yes        ___ No 
7. Are steps the only way to in and out of the home? 
___ Yes        ___ No 
8. Do you have steps inside the home that you would need to use? 
___ Yes       ___ No 
9. Are counters, drawers, and cabinets at a level where you can aces them? 
___ Yes       ___ No