: Water Quality and PFAS - State Policy Innovation to Control an Emerging Contaminant - A Study of Administrative Rulemaking

Abstract

This dissertation examines the determinants of state-level policy innovation in regulating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in water resources. PFAS, often referred to as "forever chemicals," are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, posing significant risks to human health and the environment. Despite the widespread contamination, regulatory responses have varied significantly across states.

Utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, the study integrates quantitative analysis of PFAS rulemaking across 50 states from 2005 to 2019 with qualitative case studies of North Carolina and Alabama. The research adapts Alka Sapat's framework for the adoption of administrative policy innovations to explain variations in state administrative water quality rulemaking for PFAS.

Quantitative findings indicate that administrative agencies in states with higher per capita income and the presence of PFAS manufacturing facilities are more likely to engage in PFAS rulemaking. The period post-2016, marked by increased public awareness and federal health advisories, significantly influenced state actions. However, industrial interest groups negatively impacted the likelihood of rulemaking, while environmental interest group contributions did not show a significant effect.

The qualitative case studies reveal the critical role of leadership and advocacy in driving policy innovation. North Carolina's proactive stance, driven by strong leadership, effective advocacy, and significant public health concerns, contrasts with Alabama's reactive approach, influenced by limited resources, industry-friendly leadership, and a lack of effective advocacy efforts. The findings underscore the importance of institutional commitment, public awareness, and balanced regulatory frameworks in advancing environmental policies.

This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of state environmental policy innovation, extending Sapat's framework to the context of PFAS regulation. It provides practical recommendations for policymakers, emphasizing the need for adequate resources, proactive leadership, and public engagement to address emerging contaminants effectively. The study highlights the complexities of environmental regulation and the critical role of state administrative agencies in safeguarding public health and the environment.